Changing public transport governance in Dutch metropoles: To tender or not to tender

With winds of change from the European Commission reaching the Netherlands, the national government altered the Law on Passenger Transport in 2000 to best reflect European demands. This new law meant competitive tendering became obligatory. At first, the metropolitan transport authorities in the three largest cities (Amsterdam, The Hague, and Rotterdam) were granted an extended deadline for tendering. However, due to shifting winds from Brussels, in 2007 the Dutch national government dropped the obligation to tender for the three cities. Suddenly the authorities had to decide for themselves whether or not to tender. This article describes the different routes and outcomes of the three metropolitan authorities. Where the metropolitan authority in Rotterdam aimed at conservation of their existing model, the authorities of Amsterdam and The Hague embraced change. In The Hague conformation to the letter of the law seemed an important driver, whereas confrontation between different interests in the region was the starting point for change in Amsterdam.     

揭秘麦哲伦船队环球航行

费尔南多·麦哲伦1480年出生在葡萄牙波尔图的一个贵族家庭,12岁被选入王宫,成了莱奥诺拉王后的侍童,随王室游历全国大长见识。国王去世后,他被派到航海事务厅任职,从而学到了大量的航海知识。1505年,麦哲伦参加了葡萄牙海军,赴印度作战;1511年参加了攻占马六甲海峡之役。     

三峡库区船队拖带效率探讨

通过分析三峡成库后的通航条件、川江船队基本情况以及相关实船试验结果，探讨从营运组织、船队队形、航速等方面人手提高库区船队拖带效率的技术策略。     

从船队经营看方便旗船

在国际海运日益全球化竞争的今天,要求非常宽松的船舶开放登记制度已变得非常普遍.悬挂方便旗也将作为各国船舶所有人一种重要的经营手段.     

谈建造中的船舶所有权——对一宗建造中船舶所有权争议案的剖析

建造中的船舶所有权归属一直以来都是一个颇有争议的法律问题,因船舶建造引发的争议也大多与船舶所有权有关。由于船舶建造周期相对较长,建造中的船舶所有权需要放在一定的时间中去考量,在船舶建造的特定期间内,建造中的船舶所有权可能数易其手,所有权可能在不同的民事主体之间发生流转,建造中船舶所有权之复杂性是可想而知     

小型船队在淮河航运中前景光明

综合分析淮河流域航道条件、水运货物、水运设施现况，指出淮河流域的航运要求运价低廉、运输量大，而小型船队的特点正好适应淮河流域的水运要求。     

虚拟目标算法在舰队协作中的应用

在海上军事领域,对上空导弹的精确定位﹑跟踪及打击是舰船制导领域重要的研究方向。同时,由于定位跟踪的目标有多个,需要舰队间协作,进行航路规划对多弹协同的弹道进行预测,其本质是一个多目标规划非线性问题。虚拟目标算法采用二维建模,多弹的路径规划引入条件约束,是解决弹道路径定位跟踪的有效算法。本文在分析海上导弹飞行能力﹑路径约束条件的基础上,利用虚拟算法设计导弹多目标的跟踪算法,最后给出了仿真结果。     

不确定性在动态船队规划模型研究中的应用

通过分析传统船队规划问题,提出了利用鲁棒优化来建立不确定条件船队规划模型,在验证模型有效性时将已知概率的情景结合描述需求的不确定性,最后通过与需求确定情况相比较,说明本文的设计使得船队规划具有模型和解双重鲁棒性。     

舰船编队EMI分析中不定因素的研究

舰船编队的电磁干扰（EMI）分析预测比单舰情况复杂，这是由于编队中各舰相对运动产生的不定因素对预测结果会产生一定的影响。具体讨论了编队中舰舰间距离、方位和雷达天线转动等不定因素的扰动对耦合度的影响，提出了在舰船编队电磁兼容性分析预测中应采用统计分析技术。     

编队协同防空系统通信网设计初探

目前编队防空正由平台防空模式向协同防空模式过渡,这对防空系统通信网设计带来了一定的挑战.本文首先分析了美军编队协同防空系统的组成和作战样式,据此分析了其通信网组成及相关参数指标.以美军为借鉴.提出了我军编队协同防空系统的初步设想,并据此提出了防空通信网的技术体制,并就其中涉及到的关键技术进行了相关讨论.     

CO2 emission statistics for the world commercial fleet

The purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions of the world commercial fleet. The analysis is based on the Lloyds-Fairplay world ship database for 2007 and produces various emissions statistics of the following major ship types: bulk carriers, crude oil tankers, container vessels, product/chemical carriers, LNG carriers, LPG carriers, reefer vessels, Ro-Ro vessels and general cargo ships. A separate analysis is carried out for small vessels under 400 GRT and for passenger vessels. The main outputs from this analysis for each ship type-size bracket are the emitted grams of CO₂ per tonne-km and an estimate of the total CO₂ produced in a year. The methodology for estimating these statistics is described, and a comparison with other studies is made.     

舰艇编队多平台压制性支援干扰效能分析

支援干扰在舰艇编队电子对抗作战中具有重要意义.基于雷达有源压制干扰手段下的多平台协同支援干扰问题,和传统单平台自卫式干扰相比,具有不易暴露目标和能有效分配干扰资源等显著优势.本文在对舰艇编队实施多平台压制性支援干扰问题的效能分析中,重点讨论多平台协同干扰对有效干扰扇面和掩护区的影响,得出了多平台协同支援干扰提高使用效能的方法结论,对于编队协同压制性支援干扰的战法研究具有一定的借鉴意义.     

Technology Choice and Productivity in the Turkish merchant fleet in the last two decades

Sea transportion has become a significant sector in Turkey since the early 1980s. It has developed due to the domestic subsidies provided and also because of the favourable conjuncture in the world ship Sale and Purchase markets in this period. In the 1990s this sector has started to gain some self-confidence and has completed the 'Infant Inudustry' period. However, bacause its structure is open to international competition, the protection policies available in the 1980s have been found to be inadequate. The capacity of the Turkish merchant fleet has expanded to a considerable extent in the last two decades, but it is comprised of over-aged and old fashioned ships built using outdated technology. and a sudden and cat-astrophic crisis could be approaching. A precaution in the long run could be to have special types of ships carrying convenient loads at minimum costs.     

Port reform in Australia: issues in the ownership debate

Australia port reform initiatives have taken on a variety of forms — from out-right sale and transfer of ownership, to the sale of particular assets of infrastructure or services, or to long-term lease arrangements; or in some cases state governments, unable to relinquish control, have opted for corporatization or commercialization strategies. Reform is driven by the belief that ownership impacts on efficiency and efficiency is perceived to suffer if governments either retain ownership or direct control. As a result a major aim of reform is to either remove or distance governments from day to day port operations. The sale of ports removes government control outright and privatized ports are subject to identical regulatory constraints as any company in the private sector. But corporatization strategies are such that government ownership is retained and ports have been transformed into statutory state owned corporations. Effectiveness of this strategy requires legislation to be such that port corporations are free to operate like their private sector counterparts. To date this has not occurred and some serious impediments are emerging which are embedded in legislation and which, rather than reduce, have indeed, increased government control.     

De-manning the fleet: federal government reforms and Australia's shipping debate

Australia's merchant fleet underwent a delayed response to the trends responsible for the attrition of the OECD fleets over the past decades. A combination of political factors and the heritage of protectionism led to centrally-directed and government-sponsored programmes of modernization. Essentially, compliance with the federal government's shipping policy was achieved through the linkage of reform to tax incentives and to the management of change by tripartite shipowner, government and trade union committees. This paper explores the basic pattern of the reforms, their costings, assessment and policy alternatives.     

美国舰船及编队通信手段分析

通信是舰艇编队实施作战指挥控制的重要基础,在舰艇编队作战指挥中发挥着至关重要的作用。本文梳理了美国海军舰艇编队基本的无线通信手段及其管理方式,并归纳了其特点。     

顶推船队联结力试验研究

对推船与驳船之间的系结力进行模型试验,测量不同航速、不同浪向角对应的驳船和推轮联结处的纵向力、横向力和垂向力,将试验结果换算到实船,供顶推船设计参考。     

美国舰船及编队通信手段分析

通信是舰艇编队实施作战指挥控制的重要基础,在舰艇编队作战指挥中发挥着至关重要的作用。本文梳理了美国海军舰艇编队基本的无线通信手段及其管理方式,并归纳了其特点。