圆形直管湍流光滑管区的摩擦因数计算

提出了一个简单适用的显式方程,可用于流体处在直圆形湍流光滑管区时的摩擦因数的计算。在3000≤Re≤108时,该方程的计算结果与卡门-普朗特方程的平均偏差为0.503%,最大偏差不超过0.87%,其计算精度高于其他现有的经验公式。     

基于统一解的近距离双线平行盾构地面沉降计算

文章提出盾构法隧道统一土体移动模型二维解的修正公式,并利用该公式计算近距离条件下双线平行盾构施工产生的总的地面沉降。该方法适用于双线隧道近距离工况,采用近距离界定系数C=L/(h+R)≤0.66作为本文公式适用条件,当C0.66时本文公式不再适用;当C≤0.66时,沉降曲线呈"V"形;当0.66C≤0.79时,沉降曲线呈"V-W"形;当C0.79时,沉降曲线呈"W"形。算例分析结果表明:当C≤0.66时,本文方法计算得到的地面沉降值与实测值非常吻合;近距离双线平行盾构施工引起的地面沉降曲线符合正态分布规律,但最大沉降值有时会偏离中轴线。     

热油管道输送含蜡原油的轴向温降计算

在含蜡原油热油管道输送工艺计算中,根据比热容随温度变化的趋势,得出3个不同温度区域内的比热容表达式,分别将其代入能量平衡方程中,推导出热油管道输送含蜡原油的轴向温降公式,将其与苏霍夫温降公式进行对比。结果表明:应用该公式能更精确的计算出热站间距、出站温度,减少不必要的损失。     

悬移质含沙量沿垂线的分布理论研究

文章基于悬移质含沙量沿垂线分布的概念及理论研究现状,通过实测数据资料计算,对比分析了悬移质含沙量沿垂线分布实测值与扩散理论劳斯方程及各修正方法计算结果的拟合程度,证实了扩散理论公式的合理性以及相关修正方法的可行性。     

含水原油水力计算

讨论了含水原油为牛顿流体和非牛顿流体情况下管流的水力计算。当含水原油为牛顿流体时，其压降计算按传统方法采用达西公式计算；当含水原油为非牛顿流体时，介绍了幂律流体和宾汉流体的本构方程、流态判别方法、层流和紊流压降计算公式。还介绍了含水原油为牛顿流体时黏度计算的一些经验公式，并提出了一种回归含水原油黏度(牛顿流体)、表观黏度(非牛顿流体)计算公式的新方法，将回归公式的计算结果与实测结果进行了比较。     

浅埋地铁隧道围岩压力计算方法研究

文章通过对太沙基公式和谢家杰公式局限性的分析,结合浅埋地铁隧道变形、破坏发展规律,提出了一种改进的浅埋地铁隧道围岩压力计算方法,并对该方法与现行计算方法进行了对比分析。结果表明,改进方法计算得到的围岩压力小于谢家杰公式、大于太沙基公式,与工程实际吻合度更好,可为城市地铁浅埋隧道围岩压力估算提供理论参考。     

大跨径悬索桥基准索股线形调整研究

基准索股的线形调整是悬索桥主缆索股施工控制的关键,其精度直接影响了主缆架设的空缆线形甚至成桥线形。文章采用数值解析法对某地锚式悬索桥(主缆跨径:310m+700m+175m)基准索股线形进行计算,推导了基准索股线形的悬链线公式,公式涉及塔偏、塔高等影响因素,根据边界协调条件,得到了适用于边跨和中跨的基准索股垂度与有应力索长之间的微分关系式,通过与有限元模型结果对比,结果显示小里程侧边跨调缆公式误差为-3.676%,中跨误差为-0.003%,解析计算结果具有较好的精度,可直接进行工程应用;大里程侧边跨调缆误差为-20.661%,误差超过10%,应在一定修正后方能进行工程应用。     

热输原油管道总传热系数的研究及应用

为研究加热输送原油管道总传热系数的计算,确定仪长线的总传热系数,对仪长线沿线各段四季分4次采用探针法测量现场土壤导热系数,结果基本在0.9～2.0 W/(m·℃)之间。考虑到仪长线管径从864 mm到406 mm,采用分段式计算方法,根据苏霍夫温降公式、油流至管内壁放热系数α₁的计算公式以及热平衡方程,计算出各管段的总传热系数,并确定了沿线各段总传热系数为2.0～3.0 W/(m²·℃)。根据仪长线运行参数,利用苏霍夫温降公式,进行投产后管道“总传热系数”的反算,结果表明投产初期大冶—武汉段数值比设计值大60%。     

天然气长输管道管存计算方法研究

目前,大多数管存计算公式采用稳态方法,精度较低。为精确计算管道管存,应精确计算存气管道气体温度、压力及压缩因子。文中将管段内气体由起点至终点参数动态变化看作一个多变指数为n的热力学参数变化过程,依据气体流动状态方程、运动方程推导出新的管存计算公式,计算过程采用分段计算累加的方法。经实例计算,与其他计算公式及TGNET软件模拟结果进行对比,推导公式计算精度较高。     

利用地下导洞实现桩基托换的设计方法

文章采用了一种在地下导洞群内进行桩基托换的方法,并对导洞施工导致的原桩负摩阻力、承载力和附加沉降进行了讨论,基于弹性理论推导了计算桩附加沉降的公式。利用该方法对广州地铁工程进行了分析验证,结果表明文中的公式能较准确地描述桩的附加沉降。在复杂环境条件下的桩基托换中,该方法具有一定的应用价值。     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

The Impact of Container Type Diversification on Regional British Port Development Strategies

Abstract

Despite a concentration of container traffic in the southeast of the UK over the last few decades, regional ports are attempting new development strategies to capture or retain specific traffic segments. These include intra-European short-sea traffic and a potentially increasing feeder market. These trends are reflected in the movement of different container types, which result in a number of planning challenges related to changing infrastructural and operational requirements. This paper uses highly disaggregated data on container type movements to address three issues that can inform these planning challenges. First, the imbalance of trade resulting in empty container repositioning; second, the requirement for gauge-cleared rail routes to cater for the increasing proportion of high-cube containers; and third, the specialisation of European short-sea traffic at secondary UK ports. The results reveal the disproportionate repositioning of empty containers at Scottish ports and the importance of 45?ft, high-cube and pallet-wide containers at regional ports, highlighting their focus on intra-European short-sea traffic and raising difficulties relating to their lower quality of landside infrastructure (particularly rail) in comparison to the large south-eastern ports. The potential repercussions on hinterland infrastructure development raise questions about both public and private sector responses to regional port development.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

A century of evolution of the accessibility concept

The concept of accessibility has acquired numerous meanings along multiple dimensions during the century of its evolution. This essay argues for the salience of two dimensions: application-based and definition-based. In its application, accessibility has incorporated positive and normative dimensions which have varied in prominence over time. In its definition, accessibility has varied between a mode of evaluation incorporating measured mobility and proximity, on the one hand, and a predefined market basket of urbanist improvements to transportation and land use systems, on the other. Advocates of the accessibility shift should emphasize both the measured approach to accessibility and accessibility’s normative side.     

天然气站往复式压缩机活塞失效分析

针对天然气站往复式压缩机活塞的断裂事故,运用失效分析方法,开展了活塞断口扫描电镜分析、能谱和金相分析。根据断口形貌的电镜和金相观察结果,结合理论知识,分析确定了该活塞发生断裂事故的主要原因,即在特定工况下该活塞的材料缺陷是造成断裂的主要因素。     

中国城市道路规划方位性问题研究

文章结合中国的传统建筑文化理念和现代科学原理,从历史文化、能源节约、环境保护、房地产定价、交通安全等多方面分析研究了城市道路在规划和设计时所应遵从的定向规则。     

Planning guidelines for metro–bus interchanges by means of a pedestrian microsimulation model

The big paradigm for cities nowadays is to study the movement of pedestrians at the interface between metro and bus systems – metro–bus interchanges. When these interchanges are not well designed, walking is inefficient and can be unsafe for pedestrians. This paper analyses, by means of a pedestrian microsimulation model, metro–bus interchange spaces in order to propose planning guidelines for the city of Santiago de Chile. Specific objectives are (1) to identify the variables that provide efficiency and safety in those spaces; (2) to simulate different scenarios using the pedestrian simulation model LEGION; (3) to propose planning and design guidelines for pedestrian spaces at metro–bus interchanges; and (4) to contrast the recommendations in the recently opened terminal station on Line 1 of Metro de Santiago: Los Dominicos Station.     

Predicting queue variability to enable analysis of overload risk

ABSTRACT

Predicting the risk of traffic demands and delays exceeding critical limits at road junctions, airports, hospitals, etc., requires knowing how both mean and variance of queue size vary over time. Microscopic simulation can explore variability but is computationally demanding and gives only sample results. A computationally efficient approximation to the mean is used in many modelling tools, but only empirical extensions for variance in particular situations have been available. The paper derives theoretical formulae for time-dependent and equilibrium variance, believed to be novel and to apply generally to queues covered by the Pollaczek–Khinchin mean formula, and offering possible structural insights. These are applied in an extended approximation giving mutually consistent mean and variance estimates with improved accuracy. Tests on oversaturated peak demand cases are compared with Markov probabilistic simulation, demonstrating accuracy (R^2?>?0.99) for typical random, priority-like (M/M/1) and traffic-signal-like (M/D/1) queues. Implications for risk analysis, planning and policy are considered.     

生命大过天

文章介绍了广西壮族自治区公路管理局开展专项行动,治理以桥梁为重点的交通基础设施安全隐患的情况,针对在役桥梁、在建桥梁和农村公路桥梁存在的安全隐患提出了相应的治理措施。