The Chatter of Semi-Active On-Off Suspensions and its Cure

ABSTRACT

Semi-active suspensions are those in which otherwise passively generated damper forces are modulated using feedback control and small amounts of control effort. Recently it was discovered that two-stage, ON-OFF, semi-active control would chatter between the ON and OFF states in a manner similar to bang-bang, active control systems. This chatter is dependent upon the switching algorithm. This paper describes the dynamics of this chatter and suggests alternative control policies for its cure.     

The chatter of racing motorcycles

The chatter of motorcycles appears during braking and consists of a vibration of the rear and front unsprung masses at a frequency in the range of 17-22 Hz depending on the motorcycle. This vibration could be very strong and acceleration of the unsprung masses can reach 5-10 g. The chatter is an auto-excited vibration and this fact explains why it appears suddenly when the mechanism of auto-excitation is generated. This paper presents the chatter phenomenon both from an experimental and a numerical point of view. First, the chatter is defined on the basis of some experimental data from racing motorcycles and from the comments of some racing teams technicians. Then, chatter is analysed in different motion conditions and for different braking styles by means of linear and non-linear simulations of the motorcycle dynamics. A physical interpretation of the phenomenon is also proposed.     

A modified integral sliding mode control to lateral stabilisation of 4-wheel independent drive electric vehicles

This paper presents a novel sliding mode controller (SMC) and its application in the lateral stability control of a 4-wheel independent drive electric vehicle. The structure of the SMC is modified and online-tuned to ensure vehicle system stability, and to track the desired vehicle motion references when an in-wheel motor fault happens. The proposed controller is faster, more accurate, more robust, and with smaller chattering than common SMCs chatter. The effectiveness of the introduced approach is investigated through conducted simulations in the CARSIM and MATLAB software environments.     

A Sliding Mode Controller for Wheel Slip Ratio Control System

A sliding mode controller has been developed for a wheel slip ratio control system for commercial vehicles with sluggish braking actuators to replace conventional if-then rule-like ABS control laws. New techniques overcome the tendency of sliding mode controllers to chatter. Computer simulation (hardware-in-the-loop simulation) and actual vehicle tests verified the effectiveness of this method to suppress chattering and keep the wheel slip ratio in a desirable range during braking on low-friction road surfaces.     

Full drive-by-wire dynamic control for four-wheel-steer all-wheel-drive vehicles

Most of the controllers introduced for four-wheel-steer (4WS) vehicles are derived with the assumption that the longitudinal speed of the vehicle is constant. However, in real applications, the longitudinal speed varies, and the longitudinal, lateral, and yaw dynamics are coupled. In this paper, the longitudinal dynamics of the vehicle as well as its lateral and yaw motions are controlled simultaneously. This way, the effect of driving/braking forces of the tires on the lateral and yaw motions of the vehicle are automatically included in the control laws. To address the dynamic parameter uncertainty of the vehicle, a chatter-free variable structure controller is introduced. Elimination of chatter is achieved by introducing a dynamically adaptive boundary layer thickness. It is shown via simulations that the proposed control approach performs more robustly than the controllers developed based on dynamic models, in which longitudinal speed is assumed to be constant, and only lateral speed and yaw rate are used as system states. Furthermore, this approach supports all-wheel-drive vehicles. Front-wheel-drive or rear-wheel-drive vehicles are also supported as special cases of an all-wheel-drive vehicle.     

解决深孔镗削中的刀具振动

铸钢件MAN铸造桥桥壳在镗两端轴头塞焊内孔时发生振动现象,本文分析了现有的刀具方案,通过减小刀尖圆弧半径,增大刀具临界主偏角,经工艺验证,此种工艺方案效果明显。     

A study on the stability of a motorcycle wheel–swingarm suspension with chain transmission

The present study describes a possible driving mechanism for a self-excited oscillation observed in motorcycle dynamics, often referred to as chatter. This phenomenon, affecting the performance of road racing motorcycles, has been simulated in straight running braking manoeuvres with multibody motorcycle models. It involves rear suspension bounce and driveline oscillation in the frequency range between 17 and 22?Hz. A simplified model of a motorcycle rear suspension with chain transmission is proposed and its stability in equilibrium configurations is studied via eigenvalue analysis. The sensitivity with respect to all its governing parameters is analysed by means of stability maps and the self-excitation mechanism is explained with the aid of energy balance analysis and phase diagrams. It is found that the key role for the instability onset is played by the gradient of the nonlinear characteristic slip function of the tyre.     

板簧变形与制动振跳分析

操纵稳定性是汽车重要性能,车桥摆振严重恶化汽车操纵稳定性,制动振跳是车桥摆振的表现形式之一。文章通过理论与试验相结合的方式探索制动振跳的诱发因素,对可能影响制动振跳的悬架布置形式、铜板弹簧刚度、前后轴制动力及其分配、前后轮抱死时间差、前桥下沉量、悬架系统阻尼等因素进行全面分析,简述了其对制动振跳的影响。然后根据装配工艺性、行驶平顺性等约束条件进行综合考虑,得出解决问题的方案。     

Fueling Control of Spark Ignition Engines

Presented in this paper is an adaptive, model based, fueling control system for spark ignition-internal combustion engines. Since the fueling control system is model based, the engine maps currently used in engine fueling control are eliminated. This proposed fueling control system is modular and can therefore accommodate changes in the engine sensor set such as replacing the mass-air flow sensor with a manifold air pressure sensor. The fueling algorithm can operate with either a switching type O 2 sensor or a linear O 2 sensor. The fueling control system is also parceled into steady state fueling compensation and transient fueling compensation. This feature provides the distinction between fueling control adaptation for transient fueling and steady state fueling. The steady state fueling compensation utilizes a feedforward controller which determines the necessary fuel pulsewidth after a throttle transient to achieve stoichiometry. This feedforward controller is comprised of two nonlinear models capturing the steady state characteristics of the fueling process. These models are identified from an input-output testing procedure where the inputs are fuel pulsewidth and mass-air flow signal and the output is a lambda signal. These models are adapted via a recursive least squares method to accommodate product variability, engine aging, and changes in the operating environment. The transient fueling compensation also utilizes a feedforward controller that captures the essential dynamic characteristics of the transient fueling operation. This controller is measured using a frequency domain system identification approach. This proposed fueling control system is demonstrated on a Ford 4.6L V-8 fuel injected engine.     

Fueling Control of Spark Ignition Engines

Presented in this paper is an adaptive, model based, fueling control system for spark ignition-internal combustion engines. Since the fueling control system is model based, the engine maps currently used in engine fueling control are eliminated. This proposed fueling control system is modular and can therefore accommodate changes in the engine sensor set such as replacing the mass-air flow sensor with a manifold air pressure sensor. The fueling algorithm can operate with either a switching type O 2 sensor or a linear O 2 sensor. The fueling control system is also parceled into steady state fueling compensation and transient fueling compensation. This feature provides the distinction between fueling control adaptation for transient fueling and steady state fueling. The steady state fueling compensation utilizes a feedforward controller which determines the necessary fuel pulsewidth after a throttle transient to achieve stoichiometry. This feedforward controller is comprised of two nonlinear models capturing the steady state characteristics of the fueling process. These models are identified from an input-output testing procedure where the inputs are fuel pulsewidth and mass-air flow signal and the output is a lambda signal. These models are adapted via a recursive least squares method to accommodate product variability, engine aging, and changes in the operating environment. The transient fueling compensation also utilizes a feedforward controller that captures the essential dynamic characteristics of the transient fueling operation. This controller is measured using a frequency domain system identification approach. This proposed fueling control system is demonstrated on a Ford 4.6L V-8 fuel injected engine.     

Understanding and Modeling the Human Driver

Summary This paper examines the role of the human driver as the primary control element within the traditional driver-vehicle system. Lateral and longitudinal control tasks such as path-following, obstacle avoidance, and headway control are examples of steering and braking activities performed by the human driver. Physical limitations as well as various attributes that make the human driver unique and help to characterize human control behavior are described. Example driver models containing such traits and that are commonly used to predict the performance of the combined driver-vehicle system in lateral and longitudinal control tasks are identified.     

Understanding and Modeling the Human Driver

Summary This paper examines the role of the human driver as the primary control element within the traditional driver-vehicle system. Lateral and longitudinal control tasks such as path-following, obstacle avoidance, and headway control are examples of steering and braking activities performed by the human driver. Physical limitations as well as various attributes that make the human driver unique and help to characterize human control behavior are described. Example driver models containing such traits and that are commonly used to predict the performance of the combined driver-vehicle system in lateral and longitudinal control tasks are identified.     

长大隧道控制测量方法综述

根据长大隧道施工控制测量的建网理论,阐述如何实现测量精度及误差控制的方法。详细地讨论了采用精密导线法及GPS方法组建隧道控制网并进行测量控制的方法,阐述贯通精度预计计算及控制网平差处理一般规则,对长大隧道的控制测量具有较重要参考价值。     

柴油机排气污染控制思路与相关措施

阐述了柴油机排放控制与汽油机的区别以及柴油机排放控制的主要对象、难点与思路。并介绍了目前柴油机机内净化的部分技术措施与效果     

早期汽车设计驾驶人模型回顾

系统回顾了早期汽车驾驶人模型的发展与演变,根据驾驶人模型的设计理论和研究方法,将驾驶人模型分为方向控制驾驶人模型、STI模型、预期开环控制模型、双模式模型以及其他种类的模型,其中方向控制驾驶人模型又可分为预瞄驾驶人模型和线性状态变量控制模型。综述了上述各类汽车驾驶人模型的研究过程,分析论述了早期汽车驾驶人模型的结构特点,总结了各类驾驶人模型存在的不足,提出了驾驶人模型发展的新方向。     

沥青混凝土路面平整度的控制

从基层的施工控制、沥青混凝土的铺装及特殊位置的摊铺等几方面,较详细地介绍了沥青混凝土路面平整度的控制.给出路基施工控制标高,重点解决小平大不平问题,面层则重点解决大平小不平问题.     

Minimizing vehicle post impact path lateral deviation using optimized braking and steering sequences

This paper investigates the optimal control of a vehicle, after a light impact during a traffic accident. To reduce the risk of secondary events, the control target is set: to minimize the maximum lateral deviation from the initial path. In previous analysis path control was achieved by the active control of individual wheel braking. The present paper examines potential benefits from the additional control of front steering angles. Numerical optimization is used to determine optimal control sequences for both actuator configurations. It is found that steering provides significant control benefits, though not for all post-impact kinematics. For all cases considered, the optimal control operates at the boundary of the control domain of available forces and moments. This domain is expanded when steering is available, and there exists an expanded range of conditions for which coupled control of yaw moments and lateral forces is the most effective control strategy. The sensitivity of vehicle response to the individual actuator controls is studied; it reveals this sensitivity is related to the actuator bandwidth and the lack of any dynamic cost in the longitudinal direction. This motivates a further analysis which includes longitudinal and lateral dynamics in the cost function. This is broadly related to real-world crash risks. Further, different versions of such cost functions are compared as a basis for implementation in a closed-loop controller.     

Evaluating Headway Control Using Range Versus Range-Rate Relationships

SUMMARY

This paper uses range versus range-rate diagrams to illustrate concepts concerning the objectives of headway control, linear trajectories in the range versus range-rate space, and the influences of acceleration/deceleration limits on headway control systems. Relationships illustrated in range versus range-rate diagrams are used in evaluating first, second, and higher order systems for automatically controlling headway. Ideas for comparing driver control of headway with automatic control of headway are presented.     

车用柴油机可变截面涡轮增压器控制系统研究

提出了一种以步进电机为执行器、预测函数与增压压力闭不反馈相结合的VGT控制系统，以期对喷嘴环截面积进行有效的控制，综合提高发动机的稳态和动态性能。在自行构建的软硬件系统上进行了试验，结果表明该方案简单易行，实用性很强。     

南京大胜关长江大桥控制测量的“三网合一”

针对南京大胜关长江大桥线下工程测量精度要求高、轨道铺设平顺性要求高与运营监测周期长等特点,采用勘察设计控制网、施工控制网和运营维护控制网合为一体的"三网合一"控制测量技术.对基础平面控制网(CPⅠ)、线路控制网(CPⅡ)和基桩控制网(CPⅢ)三级平面控制网和高程控制网的布设、测量及数据处理进行论述.