基于非线性空气悬架理论的仿真及试验

从空气弹簧非线性特性人手对汽车空气弹簧悬架系统进行分析,运用Matlab／Simulink软件进行空气弹簧非线性曲线拟合和悬架系统的仿真计算,在此基础上进行了实际随机输入路面上的汽车平顺性试验,并对试验仪器及过程进行了详细描述。通过对试验结果与仿真数据的比较,证实了理论分析的正确性和仿真的准确性。     

基于非线性空气弹簧模型的整车仿真与主客观评价

应用非线性空气弹簧模型,研究了空气悬架整车的动力学仿真和主观评价。结合空气弹簧频率、振幅相关性模型与Simulink仿真,给出了空气悬架整车7自由度模型,对比了不同路面情形下悬架动行程和簧上加速度的均方根值和功率谱密度。从时域和频率2个角度分析了不同速度、路面及减振器阻尼情形下空气悬架整车的动态特性。对装有不同空气弹簧的整车进行主、客观试验测试。结果表明：悬架动行程预测误差小于7%,簧上位置加速度共振峰值预测误差小于6%,共振频率预测误差小于6%;从而验证了所提模型的普适性和精确性;反映了带空气悬架整车的动态特性,解释了平顺性主客观试验的机理。     

双腔室空气弹簧模型及动态特性研究

双腔室空气弹簧以其优良的隔振性能及刚度可变特性已经在部分高端车型和赛车上得到应用,但是对其动刚度预报的精确模型及动态特性的深入研究还不够完善。基于能量原理从热力学角度出发,结合空气动力学及结构动力学给出一套双腔室空气弹簧的精确模型并给出各刚度、阻尼项明确的物理意义。设计示功试验,选取不同振幅和频率的正弦激励对双/单腔空气弹簧进行试验验证。试验结果表明所提动刚度模型能够很好地反映出双腔室空气弹簧的滞回特性及刚度可变特性,也能够明确反映出动刚度的频率相关性。最后基于模型给出各参数项对动刚度幅值和滞回相位角的影响规律,基于试验验证仿真结果并给出规律的物理解释。研究结果表明：单腔室空气弹簧的动刚度频率特性相位角仅因热交换而存在一个峰值;双腔室空气弹簧的动刚度相位角存在2个峰值,主要是由热交换(第1峰)与小孔产生的阻尼效应(第2峰)导致;当激励频率趋向于无穷时,由于热交换不充分及腔室之间气体来不及进行交换,故单/双腔室空气弹簧的动刚度相位角逐渐趋向于零;研究得出的模型预报方法及动态特性可以对单/双腔室空气弹簧的动刚度进行准确估计,并给出了其动刚度的频率相关性及其影响因素与变化规律。研究结论能够对空气弹簧的整车动力学匹配及设计提供正面的指导。     

基于ABAQUS的帘线参数对汽车空气弹簧垂向刚度影响的研究

运用非线性有限元分析软件ABAQUS建立膜式空气弹簧有限元模型,计算其垂向刚度特性,讨论帘线角、帘线层间距、帘线层数等安全气囊帘线参数对空气弹簧垂向刚度特性的影响.将0.3 MPa和0.5 MPa空气弹簧垂向刚度曲线与试验曲线进行了比较,结果表明,计算值与试验值比较吻合,证明该模型正确,仿真结果有效.     

汽车动力总成液压悬置参数试验研究

对汽车动力总成的空气弹簧式液压悬置进行受力分析,建立动力学模型,通过一系列试验获取悬置的参数,并利用它们对动力学模型进行仿真,得到空气弹簧式液压悬置的动态特性,并与试验得到的动态特性做比对。结果表明,空气弹簧式液压悬置仿真与试验的动态特性基本一致,说明所建立的仿真模型是正确的,所获取的液压悬置参数是准确的。     

大客车空气弹簧动态特性的试验分析

空气弹簧具有变刚度特性，其振动频率要比钢板弹簧低得多。对客车用空气簧动态特性进行了试验分析。结果表明，空气弹簧在多种载荷工况下特性曲线具有相似性，说明一种空气弹簧适合于多种载荷的汽车；空气弹簧的动刚度主要取决于激励频率，在低频范围内幅值比较小，高频范围内幅值比较大。     

基于遗传算法的空气弹簧优化设计

为满足车辆快速高效的设计要求,文章提出了某轻型客车空气弹簧基于遗传算法的优化设计。文章在保证原悬架零件通用性的前提下,空气悬架采用复合空气悬架的结构形式。通过建立空气弹簧计算数学模型,利用现有空气弹簧参数验证了仿真模型的准确性,然后利用遗传算法优化某轻型客车空气弹簧参数,最后进行样件台架和道路试验。试验结果表明,空气弹簧刚度特性符合设计要求。     

基于腔体单元和Rebar单元的空气弹簧性能分析

建立了空气弹簧有限元离散模型,研究了空气弹簧内压-位移、容积-位移、最大外径-位移以及载荷-位移关系,仿真结果与实测结果对比表明,两者具有很好的一致性。研究了工作高度和帘线角度对空气弹簧承载能力、刚度特性以及空气弹簧在工作过程中直径变化的影响,结果表明空气弹簧的工作高度和帘线角度是影响空气弹簧性能的重要因素。     

商用车驾驶室悬置系统空气弹簧仿真分析

采用试验数据与仿真分析相结合的方法,通过试验曲线反求空气弹簧的内部特性,同时结合高度调节阀的流量压力控制,可形成系统的实时闭环反馈;将空气弹簧平面模型与某商用车驾驶室悬置系统的3D多体模型进行联合仿真,结果表明,随机路面载荷下的试验与仿真曲线在时域及频域内吻合度较高,可以实时模拟空气弹簧的外输出特性。     

空气悬架客车平顺性仿真分析

以大客车1/2车辆模型为仿真对象,应用Matlab软件建立整车平顺性模型。采用有理函数功率谱参数,建立路面对客车激励的时域模型,并用分段线性插值函数与最小二乘法拟合空气弹簧的刚度曲线,对大客车空气弹簧悬架进行计算机仿真软件的编制,在Simulink中进行仿真运算,并将仿真结果与试验结果进行比较。结果表明,所建立的仿真模型可以对空气悬架大客车平顺性作出正确的预测。     

Model development and experimental research on an air spring with auxiliary reservoir

This paper focuses on the dynamic stiffness and overall equivalent damping of an air spring connected to an orifice and an auxiliary reservoir, with respect to the displacement excitation frequency, orifice area, and auxiliary reservoir volume. A theoretical model of this air spring with its auxiliary reservoir is derived by utilizing the energy conservation equation, gas state equation, and orifice flow rate equation. Simulation results from the presented model reveal that, when the air spring is subject to harmonic displacement excitation, its dynamic stiffness increases with an increase in excitation frequency and decrease in orifice area. Smaller orifice areas and lower excitation frequencies result in higher overall equivalent damping. A validation experiment is also implemented. When compared with experimental results, simulations show consistent varying trends of the dynamic stiffness and overall equivalent damping. The model developed here can correctly describe the behavior of the air spring with auxiliary reservoir, indicating that it is reasonable and feasible.     

空气弹簧悬架系统在强迫振动下的动力学分析

利用非线性动力学的方法研究了空气弹簧悬架的非线性动力学特性。通过空气热力学方程和试验得出空气弹簧的刚度特性,对单自由度1/4车辆模型只考虑车辆的垂向运动,得到其振动方程,并研究在单频正弦激励情况下的主共振,利用平均法得到了一次近似解及幅频关系。利用奇异性理论分析其分岔集,可知系统为叉形分岔的普适开折。结果表明:激励幅值与非线性刚度是影响空气弹簧悬架非线性特性的主要因素,且非线性刚度中只有立方非线性起作用。     

汽车空气悬架的现状展趋势

在相同的载荷作用下，空气弹簧可以得到比钢板弹簧低得多的振动频率，从而提高行驶平中性；空气弹簧具有变刚度特性，固有频率可以根据需要而适当地改变，由于其具有优良的性质，使得空气悬架在汽车悬架系统中的应用越来越广泛，在国外已渐渐发展成为标准装备，中对空气悬架的现状及发展趋势进行了阐述，同时分析了空气悬架的结构和工作原理，空气弹簧的特性及其在整车中的布置方式。     

Study on dynamic characteristic analysis of air spring with auxiliary chamber

The characteristics of air springs, such as the effects of bellows and those of heat transfer on spring constant and damping factor, have been studied. However, auxiliary chambers and pipes are required in addition to air springs, to vary spring constant in the case of spring rate change by electronically controlled air suspension systems of a vehicle. Few reports have dealt with the effects of auxiliary chambers and pipes. In our study, the relation between vibration frequency and spring reaction has been investigated to clarify the effects of pipes on dynamic spring constant. Our proposed model has proved effective in understanding the phenomena.     

客车用空气弹簧分析研究

叙述客车用空气弹簧的国内外发展状况及空气弹簧的特点,讨论空气悬架的刚度特性、有效面积特性、频率特性及其影响因素,分析空气悬架的控制特性及关键技术。     

Development and analysis of an air spring model

The analytical model of an air spring can be effectively used for the design of air spring equipped vehicles to provide better ride and handling characteristics along with various functions for passenger convenience. However, establishing a general model of an air spring poses particular difficulties due to the severe nonlinearities in the stiffness and the hysteresis effects, which are hardly observed in conventional coil springs. The purpose of this study is to develop a general analytic model of an air spring — one which represents the main characteristics of stiffness and hysteresis and which can be connected to a model of pneumatic systems desigined to control air spring height. To this end, the mathematical model was established on the basis of thermodynamics with the assumptions that the thermodynamic parameters do not vary with the position inside the air spring, that the air has the ideal gas property, and that the kinetic and potential energies of the air are negligible. The analysis of the model has revealed that the stiffness is affected by the volume variation, the heat transfer, and the variation of the air mass and the effective area. However, the hysteresis is mainly affected by the heat transfer and the variation of the effective area. In particular, it was revealed that the increase of the volume due to the cross-sectional area increases the stiffness, while the increase of the volume due to the other reason decreases it. In addition, the model was used to develop the sufficient stability condition, and the stability of the model was analyzed. The paper also presents the comparison between the simulation and experimental results to validate the established model and demonstrates the potential of the model to be usefully employed for the development of the air spring and its algorithm for use in a pneumatic system.