A Dynamical Analysis of a Towed Two-Wheel Trailer1

SUMMARY

The towed trailer method for skid resistance measurements is a practical one for characterizing the friction characteristics of highway pavements, and has been standardized by the ASTM 11). Numerous papers have been published about the improvement of equipment and field-testing techniques but little has been done toward a theoretical explanation.

This paper presents a mathematical model of the trailer which includes roll, pitch, and vertical motion. The skid resistance calculated by using this model gives an excellent check on the standard ASTM skid number formula. The response time and damping effect after locking one test wheel can be clearly seen in this model. Possible effects of the dimensions of trailer, stiffness of suspension system, tire pressure, etc. to skid resistance can also be examined.     

HAP(石屑)封层在市政道路沥青路面的应用

在沥青路面上实施雾封层措施后的一段时间内,路面抗滑性能会有一定程度地降低。因此,在实际工程应用中提出了基于HAP路面防护剂的HAP(石屑)封层措施。文中依托试验路工程研究HAP(石屑)封层措施的抗滑性能和防水性能,结果表明该措施能够减少抗滑性能的降低或略微提高抗滑性能,同时可保持雾封层良好的防水性能。     

粗细集料磨光值对沥青路面长期抗滑的影响

良好的路面抗滑性能是车辆安全行驶的重要保障,而集料品质是影响沥青路面抗滑性能的重要因素之一。集料的耐磨光性能直接决定路面抗滑性能的衰变规律和抗滑终值。因此,集料磨光值的表征和评价对沥青路面全寿命周期抗滑性能的研究具有重要意义。为充分明确粗、细集料对沥青路面长期抗滑性能的影响,引入了3种新的试验方法：①使用Wehner/Schulze (W/S)加速磨光试验对不同种类粗、细集料的磨光值进行评价;②使用自主研发的轮式加速磨光机对9组试样进行加速磨光试验;③使用W/S试验仪抗滑测试机体在速度为60 km·h^-1和水膜覆盖条件下测量试件磨光后的动摩擦因数。结果表明：①集料矿物成分是决定磨光值的重要因素,且磨光值越高沥青路面的长期抗滑性能越好;②密级配沥青路面细集料对路面长期抗滑性能的影响比粗集料更大;③W/S加速磨光试验不仅较Polished Stone Value (PSV)试验结果精度更高,还能评价细集料的抗磨光值;④不同抗滑检测设备与试验方法间具有较大的差异性,轮式加速磨光试验能对试件的全磨耗周期行为进行表征,W/S抗滑检测则可在高速动态旋转和水膜覆盖条件下进行检测(且不受人为操作影响和可重复性高),二者的工况模拟和工作原理具有较强的科学性与可靠性。未来工程应用中,应尽量提高细集料的磨光值,以进一步提高路面抗滑性能;同时,如需精确地表征集料磨光值差异性与路面抗滑性能之间的关系,建议使用W/S试验进行研究。     

Hydroplaning simulation of a tire in thin water using fem and an estimation method and its application to skid number estimation

To simulate the hydroplaning of a tire, many analytical studies have been performed using commercial explicit FE (Finite Element) codes such as MSC.DYTRAN and LS-DYNA. However, most previous studies on this subject have addressed simulation of hydroplaning for water more than 5 mm deep. Additionally, because a great number of Eulerian elements and Lagrangian elements are typically used to analyze hydroplaning and because multiple analyses should be performed for various water depths, long CPU times are required. In this study, it was found that the traction force and the lift and drag forces between the tire and the road surface could be easily estimated for water shallower than 5 mm using an exponential function based on tire rolling FE simulation results. Furthermore, changes in skid resistance, expressed as SN (skid number), could be estimated for various water depths and vehicle speeds using the method proposed in this study, and the results were proven to be in good agreement with results obtained using the ASTM E274 Pavement Friction Tester.     

路面抗滑性能影响弯道行车安全的仿真分析

为研究车辆制动工况下路面抗滑性能对弯道行车安全的影响,以车辆动力学分析软件AD-AMS为仿真平台,提出采用轮胎解析参数、整车参数、路面抗滑值构建耦合关联的车辆-轮胎-路面模型,在此基础上研究不同湿滑路面状态下弯道行驶车辆的运动学参数值变化情况,探索路面抗滑性能与表征行车安全风险的运动学参数值之间的关系.研究结果表明,路面抗滑性能影响车辆运动学参数值变化是诱发交通事故的主要因素.较低的弯道路面抗滑性能易使车辆在制动时出现急速横摆、甚至侧翻的交通事故;车辆两侧轮胎接地面抗滑值不均衡对弯道行车安全的影响高于对直道行车安全的影响,车辆极易在弯道制动时出现因抗滑值不均衡而无法保持有效转弯半径、进而冲出车道的交通事故.研究可为制定弯道行车安全的保障措施提供理论依据.      

废旧橡胶颗粒沥青混合料抗滑性能的研究

通过摆式摩擦系数仪和铺砂法分别检测了成型板式试件的摩擦系数和构造深度,对五种级配对应的摩擦系数、构造深度进行试验研究。研究认为,将橡胶颗粒添加到路面中可以改善路面的抗滑性,橡胶颗粒的掺量越多,路面的抗滑性能越好。外掺法获得的沥青混合料的抗滑性能要优于内掺法的。此外,可通过控制关键筛孔4.75的通过率来调控混合料的抗滑性能。     

A Theoretical Analysis of the Ride Vibration of Agricultural Tractor and Trailer Combinations

A six degree of freedom model of an agricultural tractor and trailer combination has been developed. Results from eigenvalue and frequency response calculations indicated that tractor operator vibration levels will be higher when operating with a trailer than for the tractor alone, due mainly to increased tractor pitch motion.

Although minor improvements could be made to present tractor and trailer combinations by moving the hitch forward of the tractor rear axle or providing some damping at a sprung hitch, the scope for a significant improvement in ride lies in changing the configuration. If higher speed specialised transport vehicles prove economical for agriculture, there are some advantages in ride vibration to be gained by changing the layout of the tractor and trailer combination to resemble an off-road version of a commercial articulated lorry.     

Frequency Response Analysis of Canadian Logging Trucks

SUMMARY

This paper examines the frequency responses often logging truck configurations currently operating in the interior of British Columbia in Canada. The work is an extension of a previous study conducted at the National Research Council (NRC) in 1990. The previous study presented an extensive analysts of the directional responses and frequency responses of four Canadian log-hauling truck configurations; a tractor/pole trailer, a tractor/triaxle trailer, a tractor/quadaxle trailer (with a single load), and a tractor/single-axle-jeep/pole trailer. In the current study, the frequency responses of these four configurations are compared with those of six more log-hauling truck configurations; a tractor/ tandem-axle-jeep/pole trailer, a doglogger, a double doglogger, a tractor/quadaxle trailer (with a dual load), a tractor/jeep/triaxle trailer, and a tractor/jeep/quadaxle trailer. The current study makes use of three models developed by NRC in the previous study, and a new model developed at NRC in cooperation with the University of Victoria.

The frequency response method has been applied in this study to predict the lateral acceleration at the centre of gravity of each articulated vehicle unit, and the rearward amplification ratio. The logging truck simulation results have been compared with corresponding results, obtained using UMTRI's simplified models, for three conventional highway vehicles; a tractor/semitrailer, a B-train, and an A-train. The comparison provides a useful indication of the differences between the behaviours of logging trucks and conventional highway trucks in their shared environment.     

骨架约束作用对沥青磨耗层抗滑性能影响研究

以SMA沥青路面为例,基于体积法设计不同骨架磨耗层路面,并采用不同PG等级沥青胶结料进行骨架约束;采用室内搓揉试验模拟行车作用,用压力胶片技术进行胎路接触界面测试,开展骨架稳定性对沥青路面抗滑耐久性能影响研究.结果表明:相比摆式摩擦系数,采用接触应力分布集中度指标来表征路面有效抗滑性能更合理;搓揉试验表明,构造深度呈现...     

沥青还原剂封层技术在沥青路面预养护中的应用研究

通过一系列的室内外试验,对某种沥青还原剂(TL-2000)在还原老化沥青性能、铺洒后对路面防渗水性能改善及对防滑性能的影响进行了初步研究认证。得出结论:掺加一定剂量的沥青还原剂,对老化后的沥青可起到一定的软化作用,铺洒后对原路面的防渗水性能有明显改善,虽对旧路面的抗滑性能产生一定的负面影响,但可在短期内快速自行恢复到可接受水平。     

Longitudinal Oscillations of Vehicle/Trailer Combinations Induced by Overrun Braking

A mathematical model for the representation of longitudinal oscillations which can occur in car/trailer systems in braking, when the trailer brakes are applied through compression of the towing hitch, is described. The model is used to show how the trailer braking system parameters affect the steady deceleration performance of the vehicle combination, and the stability, in the linear system sense, of the steady motions. The sensitivity of the stability to other system design parameters is also examined.

Digital simulation of the motions occurring in response to a step input of car braking torque is reported, with the results confirming the predictions of the linear stability analysis, and also showing the influence of backlash in the trailer brake actuating mechanism.

The system is shown to be capable of self-excitation in a “shunting” mode, in which the car and trailer motions are in antiphase, with the stability/damping property critically dependent on drawbar damping, and only weakly dependent on other system parameters. The characteristic frequency of the “shunting” mode oscillations is shown to be controllable via the stiffness of the trailer brake linkage, but this frequency is closely related to the steady drawbar deflection which occurs in uniform deceleration.

The model behaviour described provides a basis for the design of relevant systems whose longitudinal dynamic characteristics will be satisfactory.     

刻槽技术在高速公路隧道水泥混凝土路面中的应用

随着高速公路中隧道数量的增加,隧道的安全性成了主要问题。而隧道路面的抗滑能力是影响隧道使用安全与品质的主要指标之一。本文针对影响隧道水泥混凝土路面抗滑性能的几种因素:隧道路面结构与材料、抗滑构造、路表污染、交通荷载等几种因素,提出了采用刻槽技术对隧道水泥混凝土路面进行抗滑性能改善。针对刻槽技术在隧道内的应用,提出了刻槽参数的最佳合理组合,刻槽最佳时间以及施工要点,从而为刻槽技术在隧道路面当中的应用提供依据。     

不良气象微环境对机场道面抗滑性能影响分析

不良气象微环境直接影响机场区域道面使用性能及安全性。在剖析不良气象微环境作用机理基础上,利用环境舱模拟道面结冰试验,探究了不同气象微环境条件下的关键控制因子与摩擦系数的耦合作用规律,建立了水膜、积雪、结冰厚度与道面的抗滑性能预测模型。研究结果表明：厚冰道面摩擦系数介于0.09~ 0.15,抗滑性能最差;薄冰+水、厚冰+水及薄冰道面优于厚冰道面,但不满足场道飞机及作业车辆的安全运营需求;积雪道面摩擦系数介于0.37~0.46,但受荷载压实易形成光滑道面,影响机场区域交通安全。通过多元非线性数据回归耦合作用分析,建立了水膜、积雪、结冰厚度与机场道面抗滑性能关系模型。经拟合优度及显著性检验分析可知,提出的模型拟合优度均大于0.8,满足收敛和显著性检验要求,在实际机场道面抗滑性能安全预测预警应用中具有统计学意义。     

利用骨料粘结技术恢复水泥路面抗滑性能

对于已经通车运营的水泥混凝土路面,随着时间的推移,车辆轮胎滚动对其表面纹理构造产生持久磨耗作用,导致其抗滑性能下降。采用何种措施来改善现有水泥路面的抗滑性能,成了亟待解决的问题。文章主要介绍了能用来改善路面抗滑性能的骨料粘结技术,对其构造形式、技术特点及施工工艺等作了较为详细的论述。     

隧道路面表面抗滑性能的调查与分析

采用手工铺砂法和摆式仪对贵州、云南等省的隧道路面抗滑性能进行了现场实测，调查的结果表明，隧道水泥混凝土路面的抗滑耐久性较差，使隧道交通存在着一定的安全隐患。分析了隧道内部特有环境对隧道路面抗滑性能的影响，并针对隧道路面类型的选择，提出了恢复隧道路面抗滑力的措施。     

沥青路面预防性养护规划实例分析

针对高速公路路面养护缺乏定量分析的问题,选用路面破损指标、路面平整度指标、路面结构承载力和路面抗滑性能4个指标,建立了路面综合评价指标——路面养护质量指数评价综合模型,并结合河北省高速公路养护规划实例进行分析。结果表明：采用该综合模型对高速公路养护质量按季度进行检测和评定,可以及时掌握高速公路的养护质量和服务水平,制定科学的养护规划和年度计划,实现高速公路养护的科学化和规范化。     

基于加速加载试验的沥青混合料抗滑特性研究

为了研究级配类型、油石比与荷载大小对沥青混合料的抗滑性能影响及其衰变规律,基于室内试验制备了AC-13C沥青混合料车辙板试件,采用小型加速加载设备对其进行加速磨光,然后利用铺砂法和摆式摩擦系数测试仪分析其构造深度和摆值,最后基于灰关联法分析了3种不同因素对沥青混合料抗滑性能的影响程度。结果表明：沥青混合料的摆值与构造深度均随着加速加载次数的增加呈现出先急剧下降,后缓慢下降,最终趋于稳定。油石比与荷载值越大,对抗滑性能越不利。基于灰关联分析结果,级配类型对沥青混合料的抗滑性能影响程度最为显著。     

A Theoretical Analysis of the Ride Vibration of Agricultural Tractor and Trailer Combinations

SUMMARY

A six degree of freedom model of an agricultural tractor and trailer combination has been developed. Results from eigenvalue and frequency response calculations indicated that tractor operator vibration levels will be higher when operating with a trailer than for the tractor alone, due mainly to increased tractor pitch motion.

Although minor improvements could be made to present tractor and trailer combinations by moving the hitch forward of the tractor rear axle or providing some damping at a sprung hitch, the scope for a significant improvement in ride lies in changing the configuration. If higher speed specialised transport vehicles prove economical for agriculture, there are some advantages in ride vibration to be gained by changing the layout of the tractor and trailer combination to resemble an off-road version of a commercial articulated lorry.     

沥青路面抗滑性能研究现状与展望

作为未来道路交通荷载的主流形式,车辆的行驶稳定性与路面抗滑性能存在着直接关系,而且随着时间变化,沥青路面的抗滑性能受各种不确定性因素的影响。为了明确国内外沥青路面抗滑性能的研究现状,对胎-路接触力学模型和路面附着特性、动摩擦因数的计算方法、不确定性影响因素、抗滑性能评价指标和衰变模型以及抗滑性能在无人驾驶车辆安全性中的应用等热点问题研究进展进行了综述与总结,对比分析了现有沥青路面与橡胶轮胎的接触力学模型,探讨了设计、施工及运营阶段中的不确定性因素,归纳了现有沥青路面抗滑性能评价指标及衰变模型,最后论述了沥青路面抗滑性能的发展方向。分析结果表明：基于路表分形理论的Persson迟滞摩擦理论更适用于沥青路面动摩擦因数的计算要求,计入了橡胶对表面粗糙度的有关尺度变形响应及滑动摩擦的温度依存性;考虑路表峰值附着系数时变性的摩擦因数-滑移率（μ-s）曲线附着系数估算方法更能反映路面实际附着特性;当前沥青路面抗滑性能研究在胎-路相互作用机理、评价指标、衰变模型等方面研究不足,需要从时变性、统一性及车辆抗滑需求感应参数等方面进一步深入研究。推行基于时间效应的抗滑评价指标是沥青路面抗滑层设计与抗滑性能评价发展的必然趋势,也是提高中国沥青路面全寿命周期内服役水平的重要方法。     

车架结构柔性对组合挂车最大爬坡角的影响

为了研究车架的结构柔性对组合挂车爬坡性能的影响,建立了车架的几何模型并且运用ANSYS软件对其进行了有限元分析,计算结果表明结构柔性很大程度提高了组合挂车的爬坡性能。