Bosch电控高压共轨系统的主要特点

<正>众所周知,提高柴油机动力性、经济性和降低排放的中心任务是改善柴油机的燃烧过程。而只有通过灵活的燃油喷射控制才能实现最佳的缸内燃烧。电控高压共轨系统,是柴油机电控技术发展过程中的一个重大飞跃,是迄今为止针对柴油机的最佳解决方案。因为它改变了传统的机械式喷油系统     

车用柴油机技术动态回顾

由于受到降低温室气体排放及改善汽车燃油耗要求的影响,日本国内自2018年起对总质量为3.5～7.5t的重型汽车开始执行废气排放法规。近年来,针对柴油机的技术研发工作重点在于改善其燃烧过程,同时采用全新的燃烧方式以降低废气排放及燃油耗。除了开发新型柴油机及排气后处理技术外,针对后处理装置的优化也势在必行。以2018年日本国内市场的新型柴油机研发成果为例,阐述了车用柴油机市场发展的趋势及技术动向。     

进气道喷射过氧化氢对直喷式柴油机排放的影响

分析了过氧化氢(H2O2)参与柴油机燃烧的过程,对降低柴油机排放的机理及H2O2的化学及物理特性进行了分析,建立了H2O2影响内燃机燃烧过程的机理模型。在单缸直喷柴油机上采用单点电喷技术向进气道内喷射H2O2,对降低柴油机排放效果进行了试验验证。试验结果表明,在进气道内喷射H2O2可显著改善发动机的燃烧,可以同时降低NOx排放和燃油消耗率,且烟度变化不大。     

冷却液温度为边界条件的柴油机起动试验研究

为了研究冷却液温度对柴油机起动过程初期燃烧不稳定性及排放的影响规律,在一台单缸直喷式柴油机上,利用缸压和单循环采样测试系统对柴油机起动初期单个工作循环的燃烧和排放进行了试验研究。结果表明:冷却液温度是影响柴油机起动过程不稳定的重要因素之一。较低的冷却液温度导致柴油机起动初期燃烧不稳定性增加,失火和不完全燃烧循环较多,从而导致HC排放升高,而且冷却液温度低造成的滞后燃烧会产生较高的CO排放。冷却液温度升高后,失火循环消除,同时着火延迟期明显缩短,最高燃烧压力升高,HC和CO排放显著降低,NOx排放升高,表明燃烧状况改善。     

中型柴油机国Ⅴ燃烧系统改进试验研究

在一台满足国Ⅴ排放法规的6缸中型柴油机上,进行了基于大压缩比和小孔数油嘴配合的燃烧系统改进试验研究。试验结果表明,大压缩比燃烧室可提升柴油机缸内燃烧速率,促进燃油经济性的改善,尤其在部分负荷更为明显,但会显著增加NOx排放和爆压水平;小孔数油嘴可弱化柴油机缸内油气混合,降低NOx比排放1~3 g/k Wh,在大喷油正时下经济性影响较小;结合油嘴垫片调节,可进一步优化燃烧室与油嘴配合,改善整机排放性能。通过燃烧系统改进,柴油机在满足国Ⅴ排放法规要求下,万有特性中低速油耗可改进1%~2%。     

乙醚在柴油机上的应用研究

乙醚在柴油机上应用有两种方式,第一是作为柴油机冷起动液,用于改善柴油机低温冷起动性能;第二是以低体积比例掺混到柴油中形成混合燃料,通过乙醚的高含氧量改善柴油机燃烧过程,降低污染物排放量。文中对乙醚在柴油机上的应用进行研究,结果表明,乙醚作为冷起动液组分,存在起动后工作粗暴、磨损加剧、安全性等问题。柴油机燃用乙醚掺混燃料,随着乙醚添加量的增加,柴油机峰值燃烧压力、峰值压力升高率、峰值燃烧放热率明显增加,燃烧放热更加集中;柴油机动力性基本不变,燃油经济性提高;碳烟排放大幅度降低,NOx排放略有增加。     

车用直喷式柴油机排气净化的途径

在改善车用柴油机燃油经济性的同时，需进一步降低氮氧化物和微粒排放，关键是进一步优化燃烧过程，减少有害排放物的生成，也要改善燃料品质，甚至进一步采用排气后处理技术，本文阐述了喷油系统和进气系统的改进，燃烧室设计的优化，增压中冷，废气再循环等技术措施的潜力，以及燃油改质，排气后处理等措施的效果。     

发动机进气状态对燃油经济性影响的仿真研究

本文使用仿真手段,针对进气压力、进气温度、进气涡流等不同参数设计计算方案,对输出的热效率、油耗和排放结果进行统计研究,得出进气状态对柴油机油耗和排放影响明显,稀薄燃烧有利于燃烧过程的进行,降低进气温度有利于改善油耗和排放,增压中冷是未来节能减排研究的重点方向.本研究为柴油机未来经济性的研究提供了指导性依据.     

4100QBZ柴油机排放达标的技术对策

针对4100QBZ直喷柴油机提出了降低机油耗以降低微粒排放,采用缩口形燃烧室并增加燃油喷射压力以改善燃烧过程,采用无压力室油嘴以降低HC和微粒排放,大幅度推迟喷油以降低NOx排放等改善排放的技术对策。采用这些技术措施后,4100QBZ柴油机有害排放大幅度降低,全面达到欧Ⅰ排放标准,其中气态排放指标达到欧Ⅱ排放标准。     

单缸直喷柴油机涡流室燃烧系统外部增压的实验研究

为满足非道路用柴油机的排放法规,从改善柴油机缸内混合气形成质量出发,提出了直喷式柴油机涡流室燃烧系统;设计了柴油机外部增压系统,进行了新型燃烧系统在外部增压下性能的实验研究。结果表明,外部增压能降低柴油机的油耗和排放;增压压力为0.15MPa时,柴油机油耗率最低。增压压力为0.18MPa时,使用4×0.36×140°喷油嘴在供油提前角为8°CA、90%负荷下,NOx排放量仅为常压下的25%。     

Exhaust nanoparticle emissions from internal combustion engines: A review

This paper reviews the particle emissions formed during the combustion process in spark ignition and diesel engine. Proposed legislation in Europe and California will impose a particle number requirement for GDI (gasoline direct injection) vehicles and will introduce the Euro 6 and LEV-III emission standards. More careful optimization for reducing particulate emission on engine hardware, fuel system, and control strategy to reduce particulate emissions will be required during cold start and warm-up phases. Because The diesel combustion inherently produces significant amounts of PM as a result of incomplete combustion around individual fuel droplets in the combustion zone, much attention has been paid to reducing particle emissions through electronic engine control, high pressure injection systems, combustion chamber design, and exhaust after-treatment technologies. In this paper, recent research and development trends to reduce the particle emissions from internal combustion engines are summarized, with a focus on PMP activity in EU, CARB and SAE papers and including both state-of-the-art light-duty vehicles and heavy-duty engines.     

Operating strategy for gasoline/diesel dual-fuel premixed compression ignition in a light-duty diesel engine

Environmental problems have become a major issue for diesel engine development. Although emission aftertreatment systems such as DPFs (diesel particulate filters), LNTs (lean NOx traps) and SCR (selective catalytic reduction) have been used in diesel vehicles, the manufacturing cost increase caused by this equipment can be hard to be control. Thus, it is better for engine emissions to be reduced by improving the combustion system. A dual-fuel combustion concept is a recommended method to improve a combustion system and effectively reduce emissions. Low reactivity fuel including gasoline and natural gas, which was supplied to the intake port by the FPI (port fuel injector), improved the premixed air-fuel mixture conditions before ignition. Additionally, a small amount of high reactivity fuel, in this case diesel, was injected into the cylinder directly as an ignition source. This dual-fuel combustion promises lower levels of NOx (nitrogen oxide) and PM (particulate matter) emissions due to the elimination of local rich regions in the cylinder. However, it is challenging to control the dual-fuel combustion because the combustion stability and efficiency deteriorate due to the lack of ignition source and reactivity. Thus, it is important to establish an appropriate dual-fuel operating strategy to achieve stable, high efficiency and low emission operation. As a result of this research, a detailed operating method of dual-fuel PCI (premixed compression ignition) was introduced in detail at a low speed and low load condition by using a single cylinder diesel engine. Engine operating parameters including the gasoline ratio, a diesel injection strategy consisting of multiple injectors and timing, the EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) rate and the intake pressure were controlled to satisfy the low ISNOx (indicated specific NOx) and PM emissions levels (0.21 g/kWh and 0.1 FSN, 0.040 g/kWh, respectively) as per the EURO-6 regulation without any after-treatment systems. The results emphasized that a well-constructed dual-fuel PCI operating strategy showed low NOx and PM emissions and high GIE (gross indicated fuel conversion efficiency) with excellent combustion stability.     

缸内直喷醇类燃料发动机的燃烧与排放特性

根据所测的示功图和排放,分析了一台采用火花点火、缸内直喷周向分层燃烧系统的发动机在燃用甲醇和乙醇时的性能和燃烧特性。研究表明,醇类燃料发动机的燃烧由预混燃烧与扩散燃烧组成,具有非常快的燃烧速率,而且非常稳定,ATDC(3°CA～6°CA)就燃烧完50%燃料,循环变动小于6%。与燃用乙醇相比,燃用甲醇时滞燃期较短,燃烧速率较快。由于采用分层燃烧,醇类燃料发动机具有与直喷柴油机相当的热效率,在负荷特性上,燃用醇类燃料时的NOx排放仅为柴油机的10%～40%,且能实现无烟燃烧,CO排放的增加低于1%,HC排放高于柴油机。     

不同进气压力对高密度-低温柴油机燃烧的数值模拟

应用fire软件模拟分析不同进气压力对高密度-低温柴油机燃烧和性能的影响。对4100柴油发动机进行模拟计算,结果表明：不同进气压力情况下,其燃烧路径大部避开Soot和NOx的主要生成区域;提高进气压力会使燃烧充分,放热速率加快。进气压力对发动机性能影响明显,进一步增大进气压力能在Soot和NOx排放有效降低的同时,发动机的动力性能明显提高而燃油消耗降低。这表明高密度-低温柴油机燃烧模式能够通过提高进气压力同时降低排放和提高热效率。     

高压共轨燃油系统后喷射控制研究

根据柴油机后喷射作用机理,以有效降低燃烧噪声、减少排放为目的,分析设计高压共轨燃油喷射系统后喷射控制策略,解决后喷射控制中有关喷射协调、后喷射量、喷射起始时刻、喷射器作用时间和喷射释放以及相关参数修正等问题。     

Effect of the number of fuel injector holes on characteristics of combustion and emissions in a diesel engine

The diesel combustion process is highly dependent on fuel injection parameters, and understanding fuel spray development is essential for proper control of the process. One of the critical factors for controlling the rate of mixing of fuel and air is the number of injector holes in a diesel engine. This study was intended to explore the behavior of the formation of spray mixtures, combustion, and emissions as a function of the number of injector hole changes; from this work, we propose an optimal number of holes for superior emissions and engine performance in diesel engine applications. The results show that increasing the number of holes significantly influences evaporation, atomization, and combustion. However, when the number of holes exceeds a certain threshold, there is an adverse effect on combustion and emissions due to a lack of the air entrainment required for the achievement of a stoichiometric mixture.     

车用柴油机起动烟度试验研究

针对柴油汽车起动过程烟度较为严重的问题,以柴油机台架试验为研究手段,从改善燃烧过程以及燃料自身性能的角度出发对车用柴油机起动烟度的优化进行了研究。结果表明:柴油机喷油起始转速、起动供油量、燃料性能均对起动烟度存在直接影响;试验条件下,适当提高喷油起始转速、降低起动供油量、提升燃料十六烷值及含氧量,可以有效降低该柴油机起动烟度。     

基于GT-Power的柴油机仿真及优化

通过试验对柴油机进行优化,需耗费大量的人力、物力及财力,利用内燃机工作过程模拟软件GT-Power建立了柴油机仿真模型,对不同转速的配气相位进行了优化,得出相应转速下最佳配气相位,提出了一种新的改善柴油机性能的设计方案--燃油预热,并进行了模拟计算.计算结果表明：优化后的柴油机动力性得到了较大的提升,所提出的优化方案可以为柴油机改进和设计提供依据.     

内外EGR和喷油压力对柴油机低温燃烧的影响

在1台装有电液可变气门的单缸柴油机上,通过改变内外EGR策略和喷油压力,对柴油机小负荷工况下低温燃烧的燃烧特性和排放特性进行了试验研究。内部EGR通过排气门两次开启实现,发动机转速和喷油量分别固定为1 500r/min和20mg/cycle。研究结果表明,通过高EGR率控制可以实现超低NOx排放,其中采用高喷油压力可以降低内部EGR的炭烟排放,而采用低喷油压力可以降低外部中冷EGR的HC和CO排放。在内外EGR耦合控制策略中,提高内部EGR比例可以降低HC和CO排放,但改善效果逐渐减弱,同时为了抑制炭烟排放,需要结合更高喷油压力,而提高外部中冷EGR比例可以获得较高热效率。