Sea daddy: an excursus into an endangered social species

This paper examines the stereotypic image of the American merchant seaman. The persistence of this stigma has made attempts at higher social status for seamen problematic. A typology of seamen is constructed on the basis of two dimensions: primary identification either with seaman subculture or shore-side society; and response to the stigma of the occupation. Ninety-five interviews were conducted with seamen, union officials, and relatives of seamen. Participant observation is used to supplement the data obtained in the interviews.     

中国船员对外劳务输出的现状及发展策略

国际航运市场的迅速发展,使得船员需求量大幅增加,中国船员劳务输出在当前国际船员劳务市场上的份额很小,找到存在的问题,正确对待,合理解决,对中国船员劳务输出的发展大有益处。中国船员劳务公司应该加强自身建设,增强社会责任感,为中国船员劳务的发展和航运强国的建设贡献力量。     

船员心理与船舶舱室色彩设计研究

由于生活和工作环境的特殊性,船员具有独特的心理特征.船舶舱室造型是功能与美的统一,船舶舱室色彩设计是造型的重要手段,也是调适船员心理的重要手段.从色彩的心理感觉、船舶舱室色彩的功能、船舶舱室内装色彩特点几方面,提出了基于船员特殊心理的船舶舱室色彩设计的思路和手法.     

论航海模拟器对海员适任能力的培训和评估

适任能力是构成船员认证的共同基础,在欧美,20多年前就已经广泛使用航海模拟器对海员进行培训,进而使航海模拟器替代航海履历的国家也不少。航海模拟器的培训和评估,是我们履行STCW78/95公约及海事局有关规定的一个重要内容。     

《中国海员》——关注海员文化生活

《中国海员》杂志面向海内外发行，为双月刊，刊号为ISSN1005—9067／CN31—1034／C，其读者主要是水运系统的150万职工和水运企事业单位。杂志内容反映水运系统企事业单位的发展，以及水运企事业单位职工的工作和生活，包括远洋海员、国内船员丰富多彩的文化生活、海内外见闻、海上航运安全、水运企事业经济发展等，主要栏目有“港口阳光”“海内外”“交通人征文”“生活潮”“国际航运专递”“当家人论坛”等等。     

散货船舱室布置设计的注意事项

在运输船舶中,舱室作为船员休息和娱乐的处所.在船舶的设计中有着至关重要的作用,很多规范对于舱室的设计都有明确的规定,如ILO、SOLAS等等.介绍了散货船舱室划分及舱室内设备布置的详细设计过程及在设计过程中需注意的事项.以64000 DWT散货船为例,介绍了该船舱室设计中比较有特色的关键点.     

The future of the American seaman

This paper analyses the occupational future of the American merchant seaman. Reasons for the decline, foreign competition, technological change, effective manning and the feast or famine cycle are analysed. Strategies for the resurgence of the occupation are discussed.     

基于Creator-Vega船舶电站控制屏建模及手动起动仿真研究

虚拟现实技术被称为21世纪应用前景的三大技术之一。本文简单介绍虚拟现实技术的概念,并就基于MultiGen Creator、Vega虚拟现实软件包和其他一些软件对船舶电站手动起动进行仿真研究,这对船员的教育和培训有着重要的意义。     

The future of the American seaman

This paper analyses the occupational future of the American merchant seaman. Reasons for the decline, foreign competition, technological change, effective manning and the feast or famine cycle are analysed. Strategies for the resurgence of the occupation are discussed.     

适应国际公约国内规则建立和完善船员教育与培训质量体系

随着STCW78/95公约的生效和我国政府的全面履约,我国各类航海院校和培训机构相继建立船员教育与培训质量体系。本文介绍了各院校建立质量体系的基本情况,分析了体系实施过程中的一些问题,并就完善体系、完善实施提出建议。     

实施防污联防让深圳海洋更清洁

发展航海教育,对加快我国国际船员劳务输出进而对提高就业水平、拉动经济发展具有重要意义。目前我国的航海教育滞后于航运业的发展,航海教育在发展过程中,由于各种主、客观因素的影响,还存在较多的问题。航海教育质量的保障是航海教育可持续发展的关键。     

基于装备损伤评估的飞弹破片场建模与分析

在提出目标装备与飞弹爆炸点的相对位置确定规则的基础上,建立了飞弹空中爆炸后破片作用于装备表面损伤概率分析的数值求解模型,并结合实例分析了目标钢板单元体表面所承受的有效破片质量和破片损伤概率,进一步分析了舰艇上甲板不同区域的人员伤亡概率。针对人员伤亡概率分析,可以确定在不同威胁下的人员防护措施,为战场抢修预案制定提供科学依据。     

Tragedy of the San Francisco bay commons

Abstract

Although the early efforts to save San Francisco Bay in the 1960's provided the role model for protection of California's 1100 mile ocean coastline, neither Proposition 20 of 1972 nor the California Coastal Act of 1976 provided any benefits to San Francisco Bay. One result is that the Bay is locked into its urban, shoreline‐use dominated plan of 1969 while every other estuary and coastal wetland in California receives much stronger protection of its resources. Furthermore, due to the complexity of California's water laws, there is no instream flow protection for receiving waters such as San Francisco Bay. This is particularly critical considering that 70% of the Bay's freshwater inflow has been diverted. The Bay's present decline as the largest and most important estuary on the West Coast, as well as its possible death as an estuary, may be irreversible. The problem requires the immediate attention of engineering, scientific, economic and legal disciplines if San Francisco Bay is to be saved.     

Benthic foraminifera in the surface sediments of the Beaufort Shelf and slope, Beaufort Sea, Canada: Applications and implications for past sea-ice conditions

This paper presents new data on distribution patterns of modern benthic foraminifera and other microfossils from the Canadian Arctic, specifically the Beaufort Shelf and slope. The material was collected in June to August of 2004 and is the first of its kind in this area to be collected since 1970. We examined the smaller sizes (45–63µm) as well as > 63µm and discovered that many species had been severely underrepresented in previous studies. Deep sea forms, that had been overlooked previously, were common on the shelf; two species (Elphidiella arctica and Ammotium cassis) appeared in preliminary results to be indicators of methane seepage; and it was possible to make determinations of sea-ice coverage using a combination of foraminifera and tintinnids (planktic ciliates). Our data indicated the presence of many of the same species as previous studies from this area, but improved techniques of sample processing greatly increased the number of specimens and species found (particularly the small deep sea arctic species Buliminella hensoni and Bolivina arctica) which provide much more reliable data for paleoceanographic determinations. One of the primary objectives for this work was to provide baseline data to help determine paleo-ice cover; these data cover a broad range of conditions on the Beaufort Shelf that make it possible to achieve this objective as well as improving what it is known about the assemblages on this shelf as compared to other arctic shelf areas, such as the Siberian Shelf).     

Out of sight is not out of mind: Public opposition to ocean incineration

Abstract

During the early 1980s, ocean incineration emerged as one of the hottest issues in the field of hazardous waste management. Ocean incineration involves the thermal destruction of liquid hazardous wastes on specially designed ships and was promoted by the Environmental Protection Agency and powerful industry groups as part of the solution to liquid hazardous waste disposal. Attempts to adopt ocean incineration led to heated debate and apparent defeat of efforts to introduce this technology. The arguments advanced by proponents and opponents are examined. Success of environmental groups opposed to ocean incineration is explained with reference to technical, environmental, socio‐political, and legal factors. Ocean incineration, promoted as a solution to “not‐in‐my‐backyard”; opponents, instead ran afoul of region wide opposition by coastal residents for whom the sea is a common backyard.     

Fitness-for-purpose assessment of cracked offshore wind turbine monopile

In this paper, the procedure for flaw acceptability assessment is examined through a case study of a semi-elliptical surface crack in an offshore monopile as it grows till it forms a through thickness crack. Using the procedure prescribed in an industrial standard (BS 7910), the fracture ratio, K_r is shown to increase monotonically with increasing crack depth. The load ratio, L_r, is initially insensitive to the crack depth. However, there is a rapid increase in L_r when the crack depth to thickness ratio exceeds 80%. L_r values obtained from detailed 3D FE limit analysis using elastic-perfectly-plastic material behaviour do not exhibit the asymptotic behaviour predicted by BS 7910 as the flaw transitions from deep crack to through-thickness crack. Furthermore, K_r predicted by BS 7910 is shown to be an over-estimation for the typical dimensions of offshore monopiles. The findings suggest that a structure with a deep flaw may be identified as unacceptable based on BS 7910 when it may still possess a non-trivial amount of structural residual life. This is a concern for monopiles where crack growth as a large flaw forms a significant part of the total life.     

Concentration of floating biogenic material in convergence zones

Some organisms that live just below the sea surface (the neuston) are known more as a matter of curiosity than as critical players in biogeochemical cycles. The hypothesis of this work is that their existence implies that they receive some food from an upward flux of organic matter. The behaviour of these organisms and of the associated organic matter, hereafter mentioned as floating biogenic material (FBM) is explored using a global physical–biogeochemical coupled model, in which its generation is fixed to 1% of primary production, and decay rate is of the order of 1 month. The model shows that the distribution of FBM should depart rapidly from that of primary production, and be more sensitive to circulation patterns than to the distribution of primary production. It is trapped in convergence areas, where it reaches concentrations larger by a factor 10 than in divergences, thus enhancing and inverting the contrast between high and low primary productivity areas. Attention is called on the need to better understand the biogeochemical processes in the first meter of the ocean, as they may impact the distribution of food for fishes, as well as the conditions for air–sea exchange and for the interpretation of sea color.     

Long-term correlation structure of wave loads using simulation

This paper proposes a new method for combining the lifetime wave-induced sectional forces and moments that are acting on the ship structure. The method is based on load simulation and can be used to determine the exceedance probabilities of any linear and nonlinear long-term load combination. It can also be used to determine the long-term correlation structure between these loads in the form of the long-term correlation coefficients. They are essential part of the load combination procedures in design and strength evaluations as well as in the fatigue and reliability analysis of ship structures.The simulation method treats the non-stationary wave elevations during the ship’s entire life (long-term) as a sequence of different stationary Gaussian stochastic processes. It uses the rejection sampling technique for the sea state generation, depending on the ship’s current position and the season. Ship’s operational profile is then determined conditional on the current sea state and the ship’s position along its route. The sampling technique significantly reduces the number of sea state-operational profile combinations required for achieving the convergence of the long-term statistical properties of the loads. This technique can even be used in combination with the existing long-term methods in order to reduce the number of required weightings of the short-term CDFs. The simulation method does, however, rely on the assumption that the ship is a linear system, but no assumptions are needed regarding the short-term CDF of the load peaks.The load time series are simulated from the load spectra in each sea state, taking into account the effects of loading condition, heading, speed, seasonality, voluntary as well as involuntary speed reduction in severe sea states and the short-crested nature of the ocean waves. During the simulation procedure, special care has been given to maintaining the correct phase relation between all the loads. Therefore, time series of various load combinations, including the nonlinear ones, can be obtained and their correlation structure examined. The simulation time can be significantly reduced (to the order of minutes rather than hours and days) by introducing the seasonal variations of the ocean waves into a single voyage simulation. The estimate of the long-term correlation coefficient, obtained by simulating only a single voyage with the correct representation of seasonality, approaches the true correlation coefficient in probability. This method can be applied to any ship and any route, or multiple routes as long as the percentage of the ship’s total lifetime spent in each of them is known.A study has been conducted to investigate the effects of ship type, route and the longitudinal position of the loads on the values of the correlation coefficients between six different sectional loads; vertical, horizontal and twisting moments, as well as shear, horizontal and axial forces. Three ocean-going ship types have been considered; bulk carrier, containership and tanker, all navigating on one of the three busy ship routes; North America-Europe, Asia-North America and Asia-Europe. Finally, the correlation coefficient estimates have been calculated for five different positions along the ship’s length to investigate the longitudinal variation of the correlation coefficient.     

State Wetland Protection: A Matter of Context?

Models of integrated management emphasize the role of the surrounding socioeconomic and political environment in influencing management choices for natural resources. In this study, we explore a model that examines the influence of socioeconomic and political variables on the wetland management programs of U.S. states. Logistic regression was used to identify environmental, socioeconomic, and political variables that explained variation in state wetland programs. The likelihood of strong planning, nonregulatory, regulatory, and overall programs increases as the importance of fisheries in the state increases (p < 0.05), but decreases as population density increases (p < 0.15). Furthermore, there is an increasing likelihood of stronger regulatory and overall programs as environmental group activity and industry importance increases (p < 0.05). These findings provide empirical evidence to support the contention that management approaches used in one state often must be adapted to fit the realities of another given state.