试论模糊语词及其在应用语体中的运用

应用语体中,有大量的模糊语词,与精确语词相比较,它有自身的特点,而了解这些特点将有助于我们在应用语体中正确有效地使用模糊语词。在应用语体中如何使用模糊语词方面,文章结合实例提出了几点注意事项,以期对应用语体写作有借鉴意义。     

海明威小说《一个干净、明亮的地方》语言游戏探微

基于维特根斯坦的“语言游戏说”,探析海明威的小说“一个干净、明亮的地方”中的语言游戏,着重对nothing／nada,ev—erything,aclean,well—lightedplace三个语词进行语用研究,从而揭示海明威小说所蕴涵的丰富的人生哲理和社会意义。     

芦山地震触发崩塌滑坡的优势方向与机理

利用芦山地震强震记录、水系图和1 754个地震触发崩塌滑坡数据,对芦山地震触发崩塌滑坡的优势方向的控制因素进行了研究.对比分析了崩塌滑坡数的优势方向与研究区自然坡体的优势坡向;基于对抗性原理,确定了芦山震区新构造应力场方向;对崩塌滑坡确定性系数分区进行了分析.认为自然坡体的优势方向是决定崩塌滑坡方向的首要因素,但应考虑不对称地形造成的坡向分异现象;新构造应力场是崩塌滑坡方向的全局性影响因素,地震台站的最大累计加速度方向是其代表区域内崩塌滑坡方向的影响因素.对于盲断层型地震,上述三因素对地震触发崩塌滑坡方向的控制效应可能是具有普适性意义的规律.      

国家标准中交通术语的讨论

现行国家标准中没有对交通和运输这两个基本术语进行严格定义,导致某种程度的概念混淆。本文从交通和运输两个语词的词源、交通活动的发展过程和对现代交通实践的新认识等方面,讨论了交通与运输的定义、内涵和外延,指出了交通与运输的社会属性与区别。     

预应力技术在高速公路桥梁工程施工中的优势分析

介绍了预应力施工技术的相关内容,包括预应力的张拉工艺、孔道定位等,并对该技术的在高速公路工程中的应用优势进行研究;最后对预应力技术的技术质量控制措施进行研究,以加深相关人员对预应力技术的认识,为更好的开展高速公路桥梁工程施工奠定基础。     

兰州市主城区空间向北拓展研究

对兰州市主城区向北拓展开展了基础研究.首先,分析了兰州主城区空间拓展的必要性,反映紧迫性;接着,对北拓与其它拓展方向的方案进行了比较分析,反映了向北削山造地的优势;第三,介绍了地质勘测研究工作情况和勘测研究的结论;最后,分析了北拓面临的挑战,提出了对策.北拓研究最基础和较系统的研究工作的总结,呼吁进行综合规划研究,希望得到有关方面的重视和关注,促进北拓工程最优化推进.     

泛长三角区域工业优势研究

本文以全国经济最发达的地区之一,泛长三角区域整体经济发展水平为背景,在泛长三角区域工业结构分析的基础上,对泛长三角区域的工业优势进行研究。就工业结构而言,上海市和江苏省存在强竞争关系,上海市与安徽省存在强互补关系;就工业优势而言,上海市的优势工业包括装备制造业以及石油加工、炼焦及核燃料加工业,江苏省以设备制造业和化学原料及化学制品制造业为主,浙江省以传统加工业为主导,安徽省则以资源优势工业为主。泛长三角区域各省市应充分利用各自的工业优势,进行横向和纵向协作,加快泛长三角区域工业升级和联动。     

2014年中国大学竞争力的评价与分析

科学的大学评价有利于促进我国高等教育的改革与发展。在以往评价实践基础上,2014年评价研究从3个方面进行创新：优化科研产出评价,完善大学分类评价机制,注重大学社会声誉影响。在对全国2427所高校的竞争力进行评价的基础上,重点分析地区教育竞争力排行榜、一流大学竞争力排行榜等8个榜单的结果。其结论：我国高等教育发展不均衡,缩小地区差异需循序渐进;一流大学竞争激烈,重点大学的优势地位受到挑战;理工类高校优势明显,民族类、艺术类和体育类高校相对弱势。     

56例小脑电图研究

采用排除肌电干扰的绝缘针电极记录了56例经头皮的小脑电图。其中41例非器质性脑病患者为对照组，小脑电图是频率与大脑半球一致的低幅α波为主的电活动；8例大脑器质性病变患者的小脑电图与对照组的相似;7例小脑病突患者的小脑电图α波减少、θ波出现。认为用此法测得小脑电图可能成为检测小脑功能状态的一个简便、客观指标。     

柴油机的性能优势与发展方向

本文阐述了柴油机相对汽油机的性能优势;发动机柴油化的发展现状;现阶段车用柴油机的技术研究;以及柴油机电控技术、排放控制等的应用研究发展趋势。     

FINGERNAIL GROWTH RATE IN A NORMAL CHINESE POPULATION

Objective To investigate fingernail growth rate (FNGR) role in the physiological or pathological status of the fingernails in normal Chinese population. Methods The FNGR was measured with vernier caliper. The data of 1 595 fingernails from 208 normal Chinese subjects (including 96 men and 112 women; age ranging from 14 to 78 years) were analyzed. Results The average FNGR was (0.104±0.027) mm per day. Higher growth rates were observed in males than in females, in the young individuals than in the old individuals, in summer than in winter, and in the right hand than in the left hand, respectively. The FNGR differed among fingernails and decreased in order of precedence: middle fingernails, index fingernails or ring fingernails, thumb and little fingernails. Conclusion FNGR was significantly associated with age, gender and temperature. Different fingernail grew at an individual speed.     

面神经麻痹恢复期瞬目反射异常的临床意义

目的　初步探讨在面神经麻痹患者恢复期出现瞬目反射 (BR)对侧的R1 电位的产生机制及临床意义。方法　对 4例患侧刺激 ,健侧出现R1 波的面神经麻痹病人进行详细BR检查 ,测定各自潜伏时及波幅 ,并与健侧相比。结果　患侧刺激健侧记录所得R1 波与健侧刺激同侧记录所得R1 波相比 ,潜伏期差别不大 (P >0 .0 5) ,而波幅却显著降低 (P <0 .0 0 1 )。结论　推测面神经和三叉神经之间存在一些小的线路 ,只有面神经病损后一定时期才起作用 ,且可能参与了面神经修复的代偿机制     

采用NEO-PI-R对不同类型精神障碍患者人格特征的对照研究

目的研究精神障碍患者在人格维度、人格特质水平及人格模型方面的特征。方法采用NEO-PI-R个性调查表对376例患者及368例正常人进行测试。结果精神障碍患者在NEO-PI-R的五因素人格模型的N神经质、E外向性、C严谨性维度及多个特质层面上与正常组之间存在显著性差异(P<0.001);另外,精神障碍组中精神分裂症、抑郁障碍、神经症、阿片依赖组之间在NEO-PI-R的N神经质、E外向性、C严谨性维度及多个特质层面上也有显著性差异((P<0.001)。结论精神障碍患者病前存在一定的人格缺陷,不同类型精神疾病患者人格特征既存在差异,也有共同之处。     

THE COLONIC TRANSIT TEST IN THE ASSESSMENT OF CHRONIC CONSTIPATION

In order to assess colonic motility of chronic constipation, colonic transit test was carried out in 34 patients with chronic constipation and in 20 healthy subjects. 20 radiopaque markers are ingested at 8 am before the day test, and plain abdominal films were obtained at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. The normal value of colonic transit test was 16(80%), or more markers passed after 72 h. By means of transit time study, 34 constipated patients were classified into 2 groups: 12 normal transit patients and 22 slow transit patients. There was no difference in colonic transit time between normal transit patients and controls (P＞0.05). Patients with slow transit had more markers left in right colon, left colon and rectosigmoid colon at 48 h (P＜0.01, respectively) and 72 h (P＜0.01, respectively). According to the transit index, 22 slow transit patients were divided into 3 types: 10 cases colonic stasis, 8 cases outlet obstruction and 4 cases colorectal stasis. The study suggests that chronic constipated patients have abnormalbilities of colonic transit.     

Diagnosis and excision of breast multi-focal lesions by ultrasound-guided vacuum-assisted biopsy: a comparative evaluation

Objective To compare and evaluate the efficacy of diagnosis and excision for appropriately selected breast multi-focal lesions and solitary lesion by ultrasound-guided vacuum-assisted biopsy (UGVAB). Methods Among 392 appropriately selected patients, 187 patients with multi-focal lesions and 205 patients with solitary lesion were treated by the 8-gauge UGVAB from May 2007 to June 2009. All lesions were removed as completely as possible. The patients with benign pathology underwent physical and ultrasound examinations at one week and 6 months after procedure. Results During the procedure, only three patients had vasovagal syncope and twenty others complained of other intraoperative discomfort. An accurate pathological diagnosis was obtained in all lesions. There was no apparent false-negative result among the 696 lesions with benign pathology at a follow-up of 6 months after procedure. The rates of malignant or premalignant pathology, postoperative complications and residual lesions in patients with multi-focal lesions were higher than those in patients with solitary lesion. If each lesion was considered as a subject of study, there was no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion UGVAB is an effective method for diagnosis and excision of appropriately selected breast multi-focal lesions and can be used routinely.     

外骨骼助力负重中下肢肌肉收缩与协作机制

为了评估助力外骨骼人机交互性能,探索更优的外骨骼人机结构和人机协调控制策略,通过实验评估了9名健康男性在常规负重和外骨骼助力负重行走中,下肢肌肉平均活动、肌肉成对收缩指标和肌肉整体协调机制的特征与变化. 实验结果表明:外骨骼助力增加了肌肉平均活动,尤其是踝关节跖屈肌腓骨长肌,显示了当前外骨骼在踝关节/脚部位的人机界面设计存在缺陷;降低了成对肌肉的平均收缩指标,增大了肌肉收缩范围;肌肉模块化协作复杂度相似,解释方差水平值分别为95%和96%,但常规负重下的模块仅能描述外骨骼助力时83%～91%的肌电变量,这表明人体在外骨骼助力下不会单一地依赖中心控制和模块控制来协调肌肉活动,而是采取灵活且有规律的神经肌肉调节机制;肌间协作权重和肌肉激活尺度系数呈完全不同的形态,采取了与常规步态下完全不同的控制策略;进一步设计踝关节/脚人机交互界面,参考助力下神经肌肉调节机制规律来设计人机交互策略,将提高外骨骼人机可用性和人机交互性能.      

首发精神分裂症颞叶结构MRI及与病理心理因素的相关研究

目的　探讨精神分裂症受试冠状位最大垂体切面颞叶测量值与正常对照的差异 ,分析精神分裂症受试病理心理评定值与颞叶测量值的相关性。方法　 2 4例精神分裂症和 2 1例匹配的正常对照进行冠状位T1加权图 1mm层厚连续扫描 ,测量两组受试两半球MRI垂体最大层面颞叶横径、颞叶高径、颞叶上、中、下回面积、颞叶横径指数和颞叶高径指数。对精神分裂症组进行SAPS、SANS评定 ,并与颞叶 14个测量值进行回归分析。结果　与正常对照相比较 ,精神分裂症右颞下回面积减少 ,妄想因子与左颞高径、左颞上回面积呈显著负相关。结论　本研究显示首发精神分裂症存在高比率的颞叶结构性缺陷     

右室射血分数对肺心病早期诊断价值的探讨

采用核多功能仪平衡法测定了10例正常人及44例慢性阻塞性肺疾患患者的右、左室射血分数(Right and Left ventricular ejection fraction,RVEF,LVEF)。结果表明,肺心病组其RVEF显著低于正常组。若以RVEF<45%作为早期肺心病的诊断指标,一些心电图和X线尚未出现改变的慢支或并发肺气肿者,即可诊断为早期肺心病。此外,肺心病患者其LVEF亦减低,提示肺心病左心功能亦受损。故RVEF的检测对肺心病的早期诊断提供了一项简单经济、无创而客观的方法。     

Lesion segmentation and identification of breast tumor on dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging

Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging （DCE-MRI） can show subtle lesion morphol- ogy, improve the display of lesion definitions, and objectively reflect the blood supply of breast tumors; it can also reflect different strengthening patterns of normal tissues and lesion areas after medical tracer injection. DCE-MRI has become an important basis for the clinical diagnosis of breast cancer. To DCE-MRI data acquired from several hospitals across multiple provinces, a series of in-silico computational methods were applied for lesion segmentation and identification of breast tumor in this paper. The image segmentation methods include Otsu segmentation of subtraction images, signal-interference-ratio segmentation method and an improved variational level set method, each has its own application scope. After that, the distribution of benign and malignant in lesion region is iden- tified based on three-time-point theory. From the experiment, the analysis of DCE-MRI data of breast tumor can show the distribution of benign and malignant in lesion region, provide a great help for clinicians to diagnose breast cancer more expediently and lay a basis for medical diagnosis and treatment planning.     

瞬目反射在诊断多发性硬化中的意义

目的　观察多发性硬化 (MS)时瞬目反射 (BR)的变化 ,了解BR对于MS诊断价值。方法　于眶上切迹处以方波脉冲电刺激眶上神经 ,双侧眼轮匝肌记录 ,测定刺激同侧所记录的R1 、R2 和对侧R′2 的潜伏期及波幅的改变。结果　MS的BR异常率高达 64.7% ,以R1 异常表现突出。有脑桥病损临床表现者R1 异常率 87.5 %、R2 5 0 % ,其它脑干部位病损的R1 异常率5 8.3%、R2 33.3% ,临床亚脑干病损的R1 异常率 42 .9%、R2 2 8.6%。结论　亚脑干病损的高异常率BR ,提示BR可作为评价MS脑干功能的一个客观指示 ,BR检查有助于MS的早期诊断