双腔室空气弹簧模型及动态特性研究

双腔室空气弹簧以其优良的隔振性能及刚度可变特性已经在部分高端车型和赛车上得到应用,但是对其动刚度预报的精确模型及动态特性的深入研究还不够完善。基于能量原理从热力学角度出发,结合空气动力学及结构动力学给出一套双腔室空气弹簧的精确模型并给出各刚度、阻尼项明确的物理意义。设计示功试验,选取不同振幅和频率的正弦激励对双/单腔空气弹簧进行试验验证。试验结果表明所提动刚度模型能够很好地反映出双腔室空气弹簧的滞回特性及刚度可变特性,也能够明确反映出动刚度的频率相关性。最后基于模型给出各参数项对动刚度幅值和滞回相位角的影响规律,基于试验验证仿真结果并给出规律的物理解释。研究结果表明：单腔室空气弹簧的动刚度频率特性相位角仅因热交换而存在一个峰值;双腔室空气弹簧的动刚度相位角存在2个峰值,主要是由热交换(第1峰)与小孔产生的阻尼效应(第2峰)导致;当激励频率趋向于无穷时,由于热交换不充分及腔室之间气体来不及进行交换,故单/双腔室空气弹簧的动刚度相位角逐渐趋向于零;研究得出的模型预报方法及动态特性可以对单/双腔室空气弹簧的动刚度进行准确估计,并给出了其动刚度的频率相关性及其影响因素与变化规律。研究结论能够对空气弹簧的整车动力学匹配及设计提供正面的指导。     

Model development and experimental research on an air spring with auxiliary reservoir

This paper focuses on the dynamic stiffness and overall equivalent damping of an air spring connected to an orifice and an auxiliary reservoir, with respect to the displacement excitation frequency, orifice area, and auxiliary reservoir volume. A theoretical model of this air spring with its auxiliary reservoir is derived by utilizing the energy conservation equation, gas state equation, and orifice flow rate equation. Simulation results from the presented model reveal that, when the air spring is subject to harmonic displacement excitation, its dynamic stiffness increases with an increase in excitation frequency and decrease in orifice area. Smaller orifice areas and lower excitation frequencies result in higher overall equivalent damping. A validation experiment is also implemented. When compared with experimental results, simulations show consistent varying trends of the dynamic stiffness and overall equivalent damping. The model developed here can correctly describe the behavior of the air spring with auxiliary reservoir, indicating that it is reasonable and feasible.     

大客车空气悬架气囊刚度对侧倾稳定性影响的仿真研究

以某6127型客车为例,利用ADAMS建立整车侧倾稳定性试验仿真模型．研究悬架气囊刚度变化对客车侧倾稳定性的影响,分析该车悬架气囊刚度变化对侧倾稳定性影响的敏感程度。     

基于Matlab膜式空气弹簧垂向刚度分析

空气弹簧由于其良好的振动特性,在车辆中有着广泛地应用,研究其刚度特性意义重大。本文首先通过工程热力学理论推导空气弹簧的力学模型,然后以某轻型商用车前悬架为研究对象,利用Matlab软件计算获得膜式空气弹簧在不同初始气压下垂向刚度特性曲线。结果表明:该膜式空气弹簧呈现明显的变刚度特性,并随着初始压力的增加,承压能力也增强、同时,初始压力越大,非线性特性也越明显。     

带附加空气室空气弹簧垂向刚度有限元分析

利用非线性有限元软件Abaqus建立带附加气室空气弹簧模型,通过理论计算和有限元分析,讨论节流孔径等对空气弹簧的垂直静刚度的影响。研究结果表明：增加附加气室有利于降低系统刚度;节流孔小于5 mm,附加气室基本不起作用,大于20 mm,再增大孔径,弹簧静刚度影响不大。     

Research on vertical stiffness of belted air springs

A new vertical stiffness formula, including a term incorporating the rate of change of the effective area of a belted air spring, is established. Quasi-static vertical stiffness values are calculated using the formula. And four different experimental methods are used to study static and quasi-static vertical stiffness of a belted air spring. Results calculated using the formula are consistent with the experimental data. When the reservoir is small or the load is heavy, we can precisely predict the static and quasi-static extents of vertical stiffness. Differences between theoretical and experimental results are also analysed. We study the influence of geometric parameters on vertical stiffness of a belted air spring. When a reservoir is added to decrease vertical stiffness, we show how to avoid negative stiffness.     

Study on dynamic characteristic analysis of air spring with auxiliary chamber

The characteristics of air springs, such as the effects of bellows and those of heat transfer on spring constant and damping factor, have been studied. However, auxiliary chambers and pipes are required in addition to air springs, to vary spring constant in the case of spring rate change by electronically controlled air suspension systems of a vehicle. Few reports have dealt with the effects of auxiliary chambers and pipes. In our study, the relation between vibration frequency and spring reaction has been investigated to clarify the effects of pipes on dynamic spring constant. Our proposed model has proved effective in understanding the phenomena.     

TBM施工引水隧洞降温技术研究

TBM施工时,岩温和机械发热所产生的大量热量会导致隧洞内的温度环境恶化,TBM掘进面附近的温度控制是影响连续长距离掘进的重要因素之一。为制定合理的TBM施工段降温措施,采用传热学理论,对采用压入式独头通风的TBM施工隧洞内的温度分布规律进行研究,并以引汉济渭岭北段TBM 5#斜井工区为例进行验证。通过引入空调工程中焓值的概念,确定TBM隧洞人工降温的冷负荷,对常见的降温措施进行对比讨论,进而确定TBM施工隧洞的降温措施。研究表明： 隧洞内的空气温度与隧洞壁温、通风风温、通风风量、盾构的发热功率、隧洞周长、通风长度、风管侧壁传热系数和隧洞侧壁的换热系数等参数有关;对于TBM掘进面附近高温、高湿的环境,只能采取人工制冷降温措施进行降温     

Pneumatic train brake simulation method

The design of new pneumatic brakes for rail vehicles or improvements of existing ones can be made better or more efficient by the use of a simulation method. This paper gives a general presentation of the author’s modelling methods used for solving problems relating to railway pneumatic brakes. The brake models in this paper (slightly different from those of other authors) take into account air-wave phenomena including air viscosity, the influence of the brake pipe branches, heat transfer in the brake pipes and reservoirs, air flows in the brake valves and the dynamics of moving mechanical parts. For various simulation purposes, separate partial models with different levels of accuracy were created. Various verifications and identifications of the models were performed with the use of train brake testing facilities, including both in-house and other test stands. A variety of examples of simulation results are presented here.     

Nonlinear dynamic modeling of an electro-pneumatic pressure converter for VGT pneumatic actuator

This paper presents a detailed physical model of an electro-pneumatic system, used to control Variable Geometry Turbochargers (VGT). The VGT actuator system consists of two parts, a diaphragm based pneumatic actuator and a solenoid based Electro-pneumatic Pressure Converter (EPC). The proposed model copes with the pressure dynamics inside the pneumatic actuator, with special focus on the EPC. The dynamics of both parts have been modeled separately and combined into one model by parameterizing the effective flow area and the air mass flow through the pneumatic actuator. The variations in volume, temperature and air mass flow rate have been taken into account. The model so obtained serves mainly for studying the effect of actuator dynamics on the global engine system. For control purposes, the detailed model is simplified to reduce the calculation load. Both models are validated using experimental data obtained from an engine test bench.     

基于热管技术的机场道面融雪性能试验研究

为准确分析基于热管技术的机场道面融雪系统工作性能,综合考虑地热能、机场道面、热管间的传热特性,建立了热管加热融雪道面足尺试验系统;基于长期实测数据对融雪系统的道面融雪性能、温度场分布特性及其影响因素进行了分析;并在此基础上,通过研究融雪系统地下土壤热源热量长期消耗及回补特性探讨了融雪系统的可持续性工作性能。研究结果表明：基于热管技术的机场道面融雪系统可在冬季不改变道面温度分布特性的基础上,自动提高道面温度约15℃,有利于抑制道面结冰并融化道面积雪;在热管道面融雪过程中,当道面无雪率超过40%后,道面融雪过程将进入加速期;减少热管与道面表面的竖直距离,降低相邻热管间的水平间距均可改善热管道面温度分布规律,并有效提高道面融雪效率,而热管直径的变化对道面融雪性能影响相对较弱;随着气温降低,热管道面融雪效率逐渐下降,且当气温低于-9℃时,热管道面融雪性能受到较大限制;积雪经过适当压实作用,可缩短热管道面融雪时间;冬季地下热管的取热作用使得地下土壤温度约降低10℃,而夏季地下土壤温度逐渐恢复,随时间大致呈周期性变化,表明地下土壤可为热管道面融雪系统长期提供热量,持续保障热管道面融雪性能,实现机场道面冬季安全运行。     

油气主动悬架非线性模型的建立、仿真与试验验证

本文通过分析油气悬架中存在的气体弹簧刚度非线性特性和摩擦力，建立了主动悬架的非线性模型。分析了悬架的非线性特性对悬架运动的影响。仿真和试验结果表明，非线性模型比线性模型更接近油气悬架的实际情况，根据非线性模型设计的车身高度控制策略比根据线性模型设计的控制策略具有更好的控制效果。     

Geometric-based tyre vertical force estimation and stiffness parameterisation for automotive and unmanned vehicle applications

Advanced empirical, and physical-based tyre models have proven to be accurate for simulating tyre dynamics; however, these tyre models typically require expensive and intensive tyre parameterisation. Recent research into wheeled unmanned ground vehicles requiring vertical force analysis has shown good results using a simple linear spring model for the tyre which demonstrate the continued use for simple tyre models; however, parameterisation of the tyre still remains a challenge when load test equipment is not available. This paper presents a cost-effective tyre vertical stiffness parameterisation procedure using only measured tyre geometry and air pressure for applications where high-fidelity tyre models are unnecessary. Vertical forces calculated through an air volume optimisation approach are used to estimate tyre vertical stiffness. Nine tyres from the literature are compared to evaluate the performance of the vertical force estimation and stiffness parameterisation algorithms. Experimental results on a pair of ATV tyres are also presented.     

钢桥面铺装材料疲劳性能研究

针对钢桥面铺装层容易出现疲劳开裂与车辙破坏的特点,提出采用4种有代表性的铺装层沥青混合料,通过应变控制模式下的四点弯曲疲劳试验方法,研究其疲劳特性以提高钢桥面铺装层的抗疲劳耐久特性和高温稳定性。通过多个应变水平下的疲劳试验,分析了沥青混合料劲度模量与改性沥青品质、疲劳寿命、滞后角的关系,验证了疲劳寿命与累积耗散能在双对数坐标下的线性关系,得出不同改性沥青混合料的疲劳曲线和疲劳方程。不同的铺装层材料很难建立相同的疲劳预测模型,只能根据直接的疲劳试验获得混合料的抗疲劳耐久特性。     

活塞振荡冷却的数值模拟计算及温度场分析

利用CFD动态网格层变法建立了活塞振荡冷却的瞬态计算模型,并应用VOF模型对活塞的振荡冷却进行了瞬态数值模拟计算。分析了活塞在不同位置时油腔内冷却油的流动情况,得到了内冷油腔的机油填充率、壁面传热系数等随曲轴转角的变化规律。为验证其冷却效果,提取了内冷油腔壁面的换热边界,对活塞的温度场进行了有限元模拟计算,并与试验结果进行了对比,为活塞的优化设计提供了依据。     

基于预紧弹簧系统的桥梁挠度冲击系数量测方法

为了提高桥梁挠度及冲击系数测试的稳定性,在传统悬锤法基础上,基于弹簧预紧效应,提出了预紧弹簧法。首先依据车-桥耦合振动理论,以简支梁桥为对象推导了车辆-桥梁-预紧弹簧耦合振动方程,进行了室内试验和系统数值验证;在此基础上分别建立了车辆-桥梁-悬锤系统和车辆-桥梁-预紧弹簧系统的有限元模型,利用数值解法分析了横向风荷载对悬锤法和预紧弹簧法测量主梁挠度及冲击系数的影响;根据建立的车辆-桥梁-预紧弹簧耦合振动系统,研究了影响该方法精度的关键性因素,并给出系统参数选型优化经验公式。最后,以一座30 m预制装配式简支箱梁桥为例,在随机车载激励下,进行支架法、悬锤法和预紧弹簧法3种方法的对比试验。研究结果表明：预紧弹簧法与传统悬锤法相比,冲击系数受风荷载影响较小;无风环境下,预紧弹簧法易受铁丝抗拉刚度、弹簧刚度和悬挂长度的影响,而与初始预紧力值无关;通过合理选用参数,预紧弹簧法能够实现主梁与系统同相位振动;工程实例表明该方法与支架法挠度冲击系数平均误差为6.1%,精度高于悬锤法测量结果,该方法也可为桥梁结构静动载大位移测试提供借鉴。     

Reliability of Nanofluid Concentration on the Heat Transfer Augmentation in Engine Radiator

Nanofluids, the fluid suspensions of nanomaterial, became a promising fluid that is invoked when heat transfer increase is required. Using of nanofluids as a coolant in the engine radiators is a crucial topic for the thermal engines manufactrers due to the expected enhancement in the cooling process. In this study, Two nanofluids (Al₂O₃/water and CuO/water) flowing in a flat tube of radiator are investigated numerically to evaluate thermal and flow performance. The resizing process for the radiator is performed by using nanofluid instead of water flow. A significant reduction in the radiator volume is achieved due to marked improvement in the heat transfer performance while, the required pumping power after this reduction in the volume is increased over that needed for base fluid. The normalized heat transfer (heat transfer to the pumping power) is found to be a function of both Reynolds number and nanofluid concentration ratio while the ratio of the normalized heat transfer is found to be dependent only on the nanofluid concentration ratio. These dependencies are formulated as general correlations.     

客车用空气弹簧分析研究

叙述客车用空气弹簧的国内外发展状况及空气弹簧的特点，讨论空气悬架的刚度特性、有效面积特性、频率特性及其影响因素，分析空气悬架的控制特性及关键技术。     

油气弹簧非线性特性对车辆平顺性的影响分析

推导并建立了某工程车辆油气弹簧的非线性刚度和阻尼特性的数学模型，并将其导入到车辆模型中。根据汽车悬架质量分配特点．将汽车简化为两自由度的舣质量振动系统，对此两自由度模型的车轮加速度、车身加速度和悬架动行程进行了仿真从仿真结果可以看出，非线性油气弹簧能很好地衰减由路面传递来的振动。分析了刚度和阻尼的变化对车辆平顺性的影响。