Nonlinear anisotropic composite biomechanical modeling of human skin

A 3D nonlinear anisotropic composite biomechanical modeling of human skin was developed according to existing biomechanical experimental results, which can provide insights into the important structure-function relationship and parameters in skin tissue. A structural approach determines the macroscopic mechanical response of the skin tissue from its underlying structural components. The collagen fibers were embedded into a block of elastic gel matrix. The constitutive matrix of skin tissue consisted of both of collagen fiber and elastic gel block according to the rule that the collagen fibers were undulated with the ability to resist load only when completely straightened. The nonlinear and anisotropic mechanical responses were largely due to varying degree of fiber undulation. Statistical distributions were used to determine the extent of fiber undulation. The comparison of stress-strain plots between the modeling and experimental results showed the good coordination of the both. Some model parameters were discussed to compute the macroscopic mechanical response when the tissue block was subject to a simple deformation mode.     

皮肤组织的热力学行为表征:Ⅰ. 拉压行为

目的重点研究在不同温度下猪皮肤组织的拉压行为,探讨温度和真皮层胶原质热变性对皮肤组织力学性质的影响。方法实验采用新鲜猪皮,在特殊设计的温控制拉伸系统和压缩系统条件下观察猪皮肤在不同温度下的拉压行为。结果在拉伸实验中,皮肤的刚度随着温度的升高而降低,而在压缩实验中则相反。结论温度对皮肤组织的拉伸和压缩行为都有影响:拉伸性质的变化主要是由于随着温度的升高皮肤胶原蛋白的热变性所引起,而压缩性质的变化则有可能是由于在热变性的影响下水合的变化所引起。     

Wrinkle analysis of the space inflatable paraboloid antenna

The presence of wrinkles in the membrane is the main factor to induce the reflector surface inaccuracy of the space inflatable antenna. Based on the commercial finite element package ABAQUS, a numerical procedure for membrane wrinkle analysis was set up and used to analyze a space inflatable antenna which was under inner pressure to evaluate its wrinkle characteristics. First, the inner pressure effect on the reflector’s wrinkle pattern was studied thoroughly. As inner pressure increases, both the number and the amplitude of the wrinkles decrease, but the total deformation of the whole reflector surface increases much. Second, the influence of the interactions between antenna’s parts was investigated comprehensively. Any kind of unwanted interaction deteriorates reflector’s wrinkle characteristics. The works are valuable to the development and research of the space inflatable antenna.     

Numerical study for turbulent flow of drag and flow noise with wavy wall

In this paper, a numerical simulation of flow-induced noise by the low Mach number turbulent flow with a sinusoidal wavy wall was presented based on the unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and Lighthill’s acoustic analogy. Large eddy simulation (LES) was used to investigate the space-time flow field and the Smagorinsky sub-grid scale (SGS) model was introduced for turbulence model. Using Lighthill’s acoustics analogy, the flow field simulated by LES was taken as near-field sound sources and radiated sound from turbulent flow was computed by the Curle’s integral formulation under the low Mach number approximation. Both spanwise wavy wall and streamwise wavy wall with various wall wave amplitudes were discussed to investigate their effects on reducing the drag and flow noise. The relationship between flow noise and drag on the wavy wall is also studied.     

Exploiting empirical variance for data stream classification

Classification, using the decision tree algorithm, is a widely studied problem in data streams. The challenge is when to split a decision node into multiple leaves. Concentration inequalities, that exploit variance information such as Bernstein’s and Bennett’s inequalities, are often substantially strict as compared with Hoeffding’s bound which disregards variance. Many machine learning algorithms for stream classification such as very fast decision tree (VFDT) learner, AdaBoost and support vector machines (SVMs), use the Hoeffding’s bound as a performance guarantee. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm based on the recently proposed empirical Bernstein’s bound to achieve a better probabilistic bound on the accuracy of the decision tree. Experimental results on four synthetic and two real world data sets demonstrate the performance gain of our proposed technique.     

碎石RPC抗拉性能试验研究

RPC是一种新型的超高性能水泥基复合材料,因其具有超高的抗压性能和远高于普通混凝土的抗拉性能而受到广泛关注。通过试验对碎石RPC的抗折性能和轴心抗拉性能进行了研究,以得到各组分对碎石RPC抗拉性能的影响。     

玄武岩纤维水泥砂浆的力学性能研究

以有机聚丙烯纤维为对比,进行了无机玄武岩纤维水泥砂浆的抗压、抗折、抗拉伸及抗弯系列力学性能试验研究。研究结果表明：在最佳掺量下,玄武岩纤维水泥砂浆的各种力学性能优于聚丙烯纤维水泥砂浆;玄武岩纤维对水泥浆体早期具有显著的增强作用,但降低了水泥砂浆的28d强度;掺入玄武岩纤维可以增加砂浆的韧性,对砂浆的抗拉强度改善起到了一定作用;玄武岩纤维对砂浆的抗弯破坏强度改善不显著,但明显增大了相同荷载下试件的挠度。     

Feasibility study for the application of air inflated membrane structure in China National Stadium

China National Stadium, also known as “Bird’s Nest”, is the main stadium of the 29th Olympic Games in Beijing in 2008, which has successfully held not only the Opening and the Closing ceremonies but also the track and field events. A new problem of rain preventing is brought out to improve the utilization of the Bird’s Nest after the Olympic Games. The scheme of installing an air inflated membrane at the opening of the steel structure is proposed in this paper to solve the rainproof problem of the Bird’s Nest. The form-finding and mechanical analyses of the air inflated membrane are carried out. Comparison between the mechanical performance and dynamical character before and after installing the air inflated membrane structure is given. To verify the analysis results, based on the practical structure of the Bird’s Nest, a test of a 1:20 model membrane is worked out.     

Security analysis of application layer protocols on wireless local area networks

This paper aims at analyzing the security issues that lie in the application layer (AL) protocols when users connect to the Internet via a wireless local area network (WLAN) through an access point. When adversaries launch deauthentication flood attacks cutting users’ connection, the connection managers will automatically research the last access point’s extended service set identifier (ESSID) and then re-establish connection. However, such re-connection can lead the users to a fake access point with the same ESSID set by attackers. As the attackers hide behind users’ access points, they can pass AL’s authentication and security schemes, e.g. secure socket layer (SSL). We have proved that they can even spy on users’ account details, passwords, data and privacy.     

Research on mechanical properties of 22MnB5 steel quenched in a steel die

22MnB5 is one of the most typical hot stamping boron steels. In order to study the effect of austenitizing temperature and holding time on the mechanical properties of hot stamping boron steel 22MnB5, a series of quenching process are done. The tensile strength and hardness of 22MnB5 samples are measured. The results show that 22MnB5 has a good quenching performance, and the tensile strength and hardness of samples quenched in a water-cooled steel die are similar to those of water quenching. The higher tensile strength and HRC hardness are achieved when austenitizing at temperatures of 880–910 °C. Holding at 910 °C for 5 min and then quenching gives rise to a better combination of tensile strength, hardness and ductility.     

A new method based on the non-isothermal kinetic equation to estimate the critical temperature of thermal explosion for energetic materials using non-isothermal DSC

A method for estimating the critical temperature of thermal explosion for energetic materials using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement is derived from the Semenov’s thermal explosion theory and the non-isothermal kinetic equation based on Harcourt-Esson’s kinetic equation. The result obtained from this method coincides completely with that of the Hu-Yang-Liang-Wu method.     

超静定土工格栅的强度特性测试研究

超静定土工格栅的测试在现行规范中难以找到明确的测试方法。为了对超静定土工格栅的强度力学性能进行测试研究,对超静定土工格栅采取了7种不同种方案的拉伸试验测试。试验结果表明：1超静定土工格栅的单向土工格栅多条受力时呈现出以上一级（少于此多条格栅一条的多条格栅）的单根格栅折算强度的大约90%增加;2建议现行相关规范中土工格栅单条法计算拉伸强度时试样最大拉力应乘以一折算系数,对于本实验中的超静定土工格栅,所乘折算系数取为10（1-0.9^N）,N为样品每米宽度上的肋数;3本研究中的超静定土工格栅的超静定作用使得单根格栅折算强度提高1.03%～14.06%,效果明显,建议更多超静定土工格栅的生产与应用。     

Numerical simulation of fluid flow caused by buoyancy forces during vacuum arc remelting process

The metallurgical structure and composition of ingots which depend critically on the fluid motion within the molten pool during the vacuum arc remelting (VAR) process have important effect on the subsequent mechanical processes like forging, rolling and welding. In order to determine the fluid motion of molten pool, a 2D finite element model is established using ANSYS10.0 software, combined with the turbulent fluid flow and heat transfer. The fluid motion caused by thermo buoyancy forces is investigated at different VAR processes in the present study. The results indicate that the fluid flows symmetrically along the axis of the molten pool and clockwisely along the circle at the right pool’s profile. It is also shown that the maximum velocity increases with increasing melting rate and a direct proportional relationship exists.     

Calculation on the incubation period of proeutectoid ferrite transformation for Si-Mn TRIP steel

The incubation period of proeutectoid ferrite transformation for Si-Mn transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steel has been calculated by the Aaronson’s incubation period model for transformation. The influences of chemical compositions and hot deformation of austenite on the incubation period have been taken into consideration in the calculation, and some parameters have been proposed and validated with the measured time temperature transformation (TTT) curves from dilation tests. The calculation results show that it is essential to take into account of the effect of solute atoms on the interfacial energy in the austenite grain boundaries. For hypoeutectoid steel, the incubation period of ferrite transformation increases with the increase of C and Mn contents, and C has a greater impact than that of Mn, while the incubation period of ferrite transformation decreases with the increase of Si content. Hot deformation shortens the incubation time and promotes austenite to ferrite transformation.     

Aero-optical characteristics of supersonic flow over blunt wedge with cavity window

The optical rays that form the image of an object and propagate a supersonic flow over a vehicle are refracted by the density variations. A numerical analysis of the aero-optical characteristics of supersonic flow over blunt wedge with a cavity window is carried out. A hybrid method of Reynold averaged Navier-Stokes and direct simulation Monte Carlo (RANS/DSMC) is employed to simulate the flowfield. Refraction factor is introduced to evaluate the flowfield’s aero-optical characteristic. The results show that mean flow’s aero-optical effects are mainly caused by the shock wave, the expansion wave and the turbulent boundary layer. Fluctuation flow’s aero-optical effects are mainly caused by the turbulent boundary layer and the shock wave induced by the cavity window. The aero-optical effects at the leading side of window are caused by the mean density variations, while the effects at the trailing side are caused by the density fluctuations. Different draft angles of the cavity window are investigated. The airborne optical devices of supersonic vehicle should be mounted in the middle of the cavity window with a large draft angle.     

掺废橡胶颗粒的水泥稳定碎石力学性能的研究

对掺橡胶颗粒的水泥稳定碎石基层材料的无侧限抗压强度、抗冻性能等物理力学性能进行研究.试件中采用掺量为细集料质量的0.5％、1％橡胶颗粒,以考察橡胶颗粒掺量和粒径对力学性能的影响.     

Efficient peer-to-peer file sharing in 3G networks

In 3G networks upgraded with high speed packet access (HSPA) technology, the high access bandwidth and advanced mobile devices make it applicable to share large files among mobile users by peer-to-peer applications. To receive files as quickly as possible is essential for mobile users in file sharing applications, since they are subject to unstable signal strength and battery failures. While many researches present peer-to-peer file sharing architectures in mobile environments, few works focus on decreasing the time spent in disseminating files among users. In this paper, we present an efficient peer-to-peer file sharing design for HSPA networks called efficient file sharing (EFS) for 3G networks. EFS can decrease the dissemination time by efficiently utilizing the upstream-bandwidth of mobile nodes. It uses an adaptive rearrangement of a node’s concurrent uploading transfers, which causes the count of the node’s concurrent uploading transfers to lower while ensuring that the node’s upstream-bandwidth can be efficiently utilized. Our simulations show that, EFS achieves much less dissemination time than other protocols including Bullet Prime and a direct implementation of BitTorrent for mobile environments.     

Accurate 3D reconstruction of subject-specific knee finite element model to simulate the articular cartilage defects

The biomechanical relationship between the articular cartilage defect and knee osteoarthritis (OA) has not been clearly defined. This study presents a 3D knee finite element model (FEM) to determine the effect of cartilage defects on the stress distribution around the defect rim. The complete knee FEM, which includes bones, articular cartilages, menisci and ligaments, is developed from computed tomography and magnetic resonance images. This FEM then is validated and used to simulate femoral cartilage defects. Based on the obtained results, it is confirmed that the 3D knee FEM is reconstructed with high-fidelity level and can faithfully predict the knee contact behavior. Cartilage defects drastically affect the stress distribution on articular cartilages. When the defect size was smaller than 1.00 cm², the stress elevation and redistribution were found undistinguishable. However, significant stress elevation and redistribution were detected due to the large defect sizes (⩾1.00 cm²). This alteration of stress distribution has important implications relating to the progression of cartilage defect to OA in the human knee joint.     

基于新型拉伸装置的根-土复合体抗拉强度

为了研究植物根系在阻止边坡土体开裂中的作用机理,通过自主研制的一套单轴拉伸试验装置(由加载模块、数字控制模块、数据采集模块、制样模具4部分组成,可准确地获取测试材料的全过程位移-拉应力关系曲线和抗拉强度)定量地研究根系对土体抗拉强度的增强作用.?使用所研制的拉伸装置开展了不同含根量下灌木植物胡枝子根-土复合体的直接拉伸...     

Comparison of osteogenesis between two kinds of stem cells from goat combined calcium phosphate cement in tissue engineering

To explore the possible mechanism of osteogenesis for deciduous teeth stem cells (DTSCs) in vivo/ vitro, stem cells from goat deciduous teeth (SGDs) were firstly isolated, induced and transplanted into immunocompromised mice. The SGDs’s mineralization pattern and osteogenesis were compared with bone marrow messenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) from goats. SGDs have similar osteogenic differentiation pattern in vitro and bone-like tissue formation mechanism in vivo to BMMSCs; moreover SGDs have stronger alkaline phosphatase (ALP) gene expression and osteopontin (OPN) gene expression levels than BMMSCs; also SGDs can form more bone-like tissues than BMMSCs when cell-scaffold compounds are transplanted into immunocompromised mice. This pre-clinical study in a large-animal model confirms that DTSCs may be an appropriate source of stem cells in repairing bone defects with tissue engineering.