Practical estimation methods of the design loads for primary structural members of tankers

Various design loads used in the strength evaluation of ship structures have been introduced currently by classification societies. As most of these design loads have been determined as the standard loads for the sake of convenience, the relationships between the design loads and the sea states actually encountered by ships seem to be weak. Accordingly, it may be difficult to refer and utilize them as the fundamental design concepts for ship designers or the operational guidelines for ship operators. To overcome these difficulties, the authors have developed practical estimation methods of the design loads having transparent and consistent backgrounds to the actual loads acting on primary structural members of tankers. In this paper, the design sea states that closely resemble the actual sea states which are considered as the most severe for hull structures are firstly proposed. Secondly, the practical estimation methods of the design sea states are proposed by parametric studies using the results of series calculation of representative tankers. Thirdly, the practical estimation methods of design regular waves resulting in the same level of stresses with that induced in irregular waves under the design sea states are proposed. Finally, the practical estimation methods of the design loads such as ship motions, accelerations, hull girder bending moments and hydrodynamic pressures that are induced under design regular waves are proposed.     

现役散货船横向构件蚀耗率的概率估算

文章以中散公司现役散货船测厚报告中的数据资料为基础 ,对船体横向构件蚀耗率的数字特征进行了估算。给出了各构件蚀耗率的概率密度曲线、概率分布曲线及超概率分布曲线 ,为散货船船体结构的强度评估和修理提供参考。     

散货船关键节点结构建造的监控方法及优化

造船精度的提高对散货船关键节点的结构监控提出了更高的要求,对关键节点结构监控使用的模板和检验线的方法引入理论间隙和容许误差的数学概念,综合考虑现场监控的可行性,提出优化方法,可提高监控的精度和效率,为船厂对关键节点的自我监控和现场检验提供参考。     

Transient design waves for green-water loading on bulk carriers

The wave surface profiles associated with extreme relative motion between a slender stationary vessel and the adjacent wave surface are investigated for long-crested head seas. The methodology is based upon an established statistical relationship for a Gaussian random process which indi-cates that in the vicinity of an extreme event the most probable shape of the time history approaches that of the autocorrelation function. Attention is given to the relative motion at a longitudinal position which is representative of the No. 1 hatch cover location on a bulk carrier. Second-order corrections to the wave surface profiles are used to provide estimates of nonlinear relative motions. It is shown that extreme relative motion at the hatch cover location is associated with the vessel encountering a steep-fronted wave with pronounced asymmetry in the horizontal and vertical directions. In order to evaluate the exceedence probabilities, it is hypothesized that the peaks of the nonlinear relative motions are closely correlated with the peaks of an underlying linear process. The overall methodology is applied to an investigation of relative motion exceedence probabilities for vessel lengths of 250 m and 300 m over a range of survival seastates. Received: July, 1999 / Accepted: November, 1999     

浅谈散货船的水尺计重方法与技巧

文章介绍了散货船货物计量的方法,阐述了水尺计重的原理、方法与计算过程,探讨了水尺计重观测数据出现误差的原因及提高精度的方法,供参与水尺计重的人员参考。     

散货船CSR屈曲应力计算方法对结构设计的影响

屈曲强度是船舶结构设计中需要着重考虑的因素之一,对于散货船来说更是如此.散货船CSR对构件屈曲强度的校核方法与标准作了明确的规定,其中在直接计算法中屈曲应力的计算采用了新的方法--位移法.文章以载重量为118 000 t散货船货舱区的外底板和底部纵桁为例,分别采用CSR的位移法和原规范的平均应力法计算其屈曲强度,并作了比较,进而说明CSR位移法对散货船结构设计的影响,具有实际参考价值.     

散货船和油船协调版共同结构规范的编制原理概述

散货船和油船协调版共同结构规范于2015年7月1日正式生效。按照IMO GBS的要求,该规范的框架体系和规范要求在散货船共同结构规范和油船共同结构规范的基础上作出较大改变。文章对该规范的编制原理进行剖析,对理解和掌握规范的编写思路及规范要求的技术背景具有指导意义。     

散货船综合安全评价的计算机辅助设计与应用

在世界海洋经济快速发展的今天,各种贸易船舶航行在有限的航道上,这给整个航道的安全管理带来巨大挑战,为了应对这样复杂的海洋航行环境,提高船舶的安全性,本文重点对散货船的安全综合评价体系进行研究,并以计算机作为辅助,采用模糊评价算法对散货船的安全模型进行设计,通过对安全模型的分析,航道管理人员和船舶安全设计人员能够快速准确判断船舶的航行环境,避免了碰撞事故的发生。通过将整个评价标准进行归一化,能够按照不同的标准进行问题定位,从源头上避免了安全事故的发生。     

基于KPCA方法的内河干散货运输船型论证

最佳船型方案选择是一个复杂的多变量、多目标的系统优化工程。核主成分分析方法是目前一种常用的综合评价方法,具有优秀的主元提取性能,尤其适合于处理非线性问题,其应用前景十分广泛。研究采用核主成分分析方法进行内河干散货运输船型方案优化,举实例证明该方法的有效性和实用性。     

大型散货船尾部舷梯设计选用浅见

规范要求舷梯布置要远离货物装卸区域,因此需在船舶机舱区域舷边位置设置船员上下通行的舷梯,而对于尾部线型收缩很快的大型散货船,常规设计的舷梯通常无法正常使用。为解决这一问题,提议采用一套全新组合式的布置方式,并列举一些其他方法,为大型散货船的舷梯设计提供参考。     

75000t散货船阻力预报方法研究

在75000t散货船的设计建造过程中,主机的选型和功率的确定至关重要,这都取决于船舶在静水中以一定航速航行时的阻力值。本文对船舶阻力研究的三种方法,经验公式估算、船模试验和CFD数值计算进行介绍,并以75000t散货船为例讨论三种方法的预报阻力的可行性,以供设计者参考。     

改善固体散货船稳性的措施

本文就船舶在装运固体散货时,由于固体散货含水份高,在航行过程中船舶的摇摆、振动导致固体散货中的水份溢出,在货物表面形成水的自由液面,而降低了船舶稳性的特点,论述了在此情况下如何提高稳性的措施。     

Extensive study on the design loads used for strength assessment of tanker and bulk carrier structures

ClassNK has undertaken wide-ranging basic research covering many aspects related to the safety of ship structures, including design loads, structural analysis, strength assessment of buckling, collapse, and fatigue, and rational corrosion margins to develop new design standards which have transparency and consistency. Among the wide-ranging basic research, this article summarizes the results of extensive work on the design loads used for strength assessments of tanker and bulk carrier structures. The main aim of the research was to develop practical estimation methods of design loads with rational technical backgrounds relating to the actual loads acting on the primary structural members of tankers and bulk carriers. During this study, we proposed the following methodology. Design sea states that closely resemble the actual sea states which are considered to be the most severe for hull structures. Find practical estimation methods for the design sea states by parametric studies using the results of series calculations on representative tankers and bulk carriers. Find practical estimation methods for design regular waves which will result in the same level of stresses as those induced in irregular waves under the design sea states. We also briefly introduced some practical estimation methods for the design loads, such as ship motions, accelerations, hull-girder bending moments, and hydrodynamic pressures that are induced under design regular waves. The findings in this study have been summarized and implemented in the new design standards for tanker and bulk carrier structures.Updated from the Japanese original which won the 2003 SNAJ prize (J Soc Nav Archit Jpn 2002; 191:195–207; 2002; 191:208–220; and 2002; 192:723–733)     

计及水-空气-结构耦合的结构砰击载荷预报方法研究

船舶在恶劣海况下航行时,船体与波浪之间会发生剧烈的砰击现象,严重时会造成船体局部结构损坏或降低船舶总纵强度。随着工业技术的革新和海洋资源开发的需要,当代船舶不断向高速化和大型化发展,船舶发生砰击现象的概率也越来越高。开展结构砰击特性研究,准确地预报结构物的砰击载荷,对船舶航行和人员安全有重要的意义。本文基于水动力学软件Fine/Marine,建立水域-空气域-结构耦合的分析模型,对楔形结构的砰击特性进行数值仿真分析,并研究不同斜升角及不同入水速度对砰击载荷的影响。     

计及水-空气-结构耦合的结构砰击载荷预报方法研究

船舶在恶劣海况下航行时,船体与波浪之间会发生剧烈的砰击现象,严重时会造成船体局部结构损坏或降低船舶总纵强度。随着工业技术的革新和海洋资源开发的需要,当代船舶不断向高速化和大型化发展,船舶发生砰击现象的概率也越来越高。开展结构砰击特性研究,准确地预报结构物的砰击载荷,对船舶航行和人员安全有重要的意义。本文基于水动力学软件 Fine/Marine,建立水域-空气域-结构耦合的分析模型,对楔形结构的砰击特性进行数值仿真分析,并研究不同斜升角及不同入水速度对砰击载荷的影响。     

散货船双层底主要支撑构件描述性要求研究

对于船长小于150 m的散货船,协调版共同结构规范（CSR-H）及散货船共同结构规范（CSR-BC）对双层底主要支撑构件规定了描述性要求。通过力学原理分析规范要求的理论背景,并以某典型散货船为例,对比双层底主要支撑构件按规范描述性要求和有限元评估要求得到的结果差异。在此基础上,对CSR-H关于150 m以下主要支撑构件的描述性规定给出了修改建议,并结合交叉梁系的力学推导和数值计算等,对散货船的主要支撑构件的描述性要求进行建议和计算流程归纳,可指导设计初始阶段确定主要支撑构件的腹板厚度。     

基于协调版共同结构规范的好望角型散货船甲板纵骨疲劳分析

协调版共同结构规范于2015年7月1日正式生效,在制定该规范过程中,散货船甲板纵骨的疲劳评估方法和评估结果受到业界重点关注。文章基于2014版规范要求和2015年发布的修改通报对大型散货船的甲板纵骨进行疲劳强度评估和分析,相关分析结论对结构设计具有指导性意义。     

大灵便型散货船永久检验通道的布置优化

永久检验通道(PMA)的生效对船舶设计提出了更严格的要求。为使PMA思想更好地融入船舶设计之中,根据PMA相关要求对大灵便型散货船PMA布置经常出现的缺陷进行分析,同时提出设计优化方案及布置建议。     

5000t散货船清洁推进系统配置论证与控制设计

近年来,随着燃油价格的攀升以及船舶节能减排的呼声越来越高,船舶能效提升方法研究显得尤为必要,目前其研究主要集中在设计与优化管理2个方面。本文针对5 000 t散货船设计了其清洁推进系统的配置形式,并分析其能效设计指数EEDI;此外,通过建立清洁推进系统主机及发电机综合经济性、排放性模型,给出船舶在特定工况下的最佳航速的确定方法。通过所设计的能效管理与控制的优化方法,可使整个系统运行在高效率区,降低主机与发电机的总能耗,从而大幅提高船舶能效。     

换填砂垫层的实用优化设计法

考虑从基坑开挖到垫层回填整个过程,建立以规范为约束的换填砂垫层优化设计实用模型,通过算例分析了取不同砂垫层承载力标准值对优化结果的影响。实例计算表明:与试算法设计相比,采用该优化设计方法不但能够减少砂垫层的换填量,而且可以直接得出基坑的最优挖方量。