洋山深水港区工程设计关键技术

洋山深水港区是上海国际航运中心承担集装箱远洋运输的核心港区,工程依托外海岛礁地形,在高含沙、强潮流的开敞海域通过封堵汊道、填海造陆建设的超大型集装箱港区。工程自然条件复杂,工程量大,工期短,技术难度高,外海施工依托条件差,设计从选址、规划到设计、现场实施,围绕一系列关键技术进行了研究,所取得的技术成果可供开发建设外海深水码头时参考。     

青岛港董家口港区40万t矿石码头设计关键技术

青岛港董家口港区是新开发的港区,矿石码头是我国第一个水工结构按靠泊40万t散货船设计的码头,工程波浪、水流条件复杂,工程量大,技术难度大,外海施工依托条件差.设计围绕选址、自然条件、平面布置、装卸工艺、水工结构、地基处理、节能环保等关键技术进行了研究,所取得的成果可供建设外海开敞式码头参考.     

青岛港董家口港区40万t矿石码头设计关键技术

青岛港董家口港区是新开发的港区,矿石码头是我国第一个水工结构按靠泊40万t散货船设计的码头,工程波浪、水流条件复杂,工程量大,技术难度大,外海施工依托条件差。设计围绕选址、自然条件、平面布置、装卸工艺、水工结构、地基处理、节能环保等关键技术进行了研究,所取得的成果可供建设外海开敞式码头参考。     

青岛港董家口港区40万t矿石码头建设管理与关键技术应用

青岛港董家口港区是青岛港集团按照第4代港口开发建设的新港区。矿石码头是世界上第一个水工结构、按靠泊40万t散货船设计与建设的码头。其设计理念超前,设备工艺先进,建成投产后,成为世界上最大的矿石码头之一。码头地处外海,波浪、水流条件复杂,工程量大,技术要求高,外海施工依托条件差,施工难度大。建港指挥部制定了一系列行之有效的管理措施,圆满完成了工程建设任务。介绍工程建设过程中的管理经验做法与新技术、新工艺的创新应用,以供建设外海大型开敞式码头参考。     

导读

洋山深水港区的开发建设举世瞩目,开创了我国乃至世界建港史上在高流速、高含沙量海域、离大陆30km的外海孤岛建设大型集装箱港区的先例。工程自然条件之复杂、工程量之大、工期之短、技术难度之高实属罕见。工程建设突破了多项关键技术难题,形成了外海深水开敞水域孤岛建设大型港口工程设计施工成套技术,全面提升了我国筑港科技水平。本期"洋山港深水建港技术"值得一读,这些技术创新具有广阔的应用前景。     

青岛港董家口港区矿石码头水工结构特点与创新点分析

青岛港董家口港区矿石码头水工建筑物包括30万吨级(水工结构按40万吨设计)卸船泊位、20万吨级散货泊位、引桥、引堤及护岸等。该工程30万吨级卸船泊位为外海开敞式布置,波浪、水流条件复杂,工程量大,外海施工依托条件差是本工程水工结构设计的典型特点。结合自然条件、施工工期和使用要求等对水工建筑物的特点和创新点进行了全面分析,为类似工程的设计提供经验。     

洋山深水港区工程码头及接岸结构选型

洋山深水港工程依托外海岛礁地形通过填海造地形成港区,其关键技术之一就是采用何种码头及接岸结构型式才能阻挡软土地基上平均23～26 m高回填土的作用。文章重点介绍一期工程码头及接岸结构在复杂的自然条件、较高的使用要求、恶劣的施工条件以及较短施工周期等条件下,按照有利于工程快速施工、有利于陆域形成以及有利于控制质量的原则,提出采用高桩码头结构 斜顶桩板桩承台驳岸结构型式。实施效果表明:该结构型式适合洋山港区的地质条件和建设条件,有利于港区的陆域形成及后续工程的推进,技术风险小;后方高回填土对码头结构没有影响。     

上海国际航运中心洋山深水港区平面布置方案

依托外海岛礁地形,在强潮流、高含沙量海域通过封堵汊道形成港区陆域,建设大型集装箱深水港区,工程建设的关键技术之一就是如何确定合理的港区平面布置方案。本文主要结合大、小洋山南、北两条岛链所形成的东口窄(宽约1 000 m)而水深深(平均约50 m)、西口宽(宽约7 600 m)而水深浅(平均约11 m)的喇叭型地形特征,以及海域复杂的水文泥沙条件等,通过论证,推荐实施单通道港区平面布置方案,以利于港区水深的维持、流态的平顺、船舶安全航行以及淤积强度的减少。现场监测表明,港区使用水域在流态、淤强等方面的结果与研究结论基本相符。     

意大利威尼斯离岸深水港自动化集装箱码头结构选型

意大利威尼斯离岸深水港项目拟在外海建设现代化全自动集装箱港区,其关键技术之一是在深厚高压缩性土体且广泛存在极软弱泥炭夹层的极不均匀和复杂地质条件下,采用何种码头结构形式才能满足全自动化集装箱码头较高的使用要求。为此,对高桩码头+组合式桩基承台驳岸结构、重力式沉箱结构和全高桩(高桩码头+高桩堆场)结构3种方案进行综合比选,并利用有限元数值模拟分析,提出采用全高桩码头结构形式。该结构形式适合工程的地质条件和使用要求,技术成熟,风险小,且投资较低。     

宁波-舟山港金塘港区大浦口集装箱码头工程总平面布置优化

通过分析金塘港区大浦口集装箱码头工程复杂的自然条件、扎实的前期基础工作和多项专项论证成果,以及国内外集装箱码头建设情况和发展趋势,对工程总平面布置进行优化.     

基于短期验潮资料的新建港区设计潮位确定方法*

在沿海港口工程中,确定设计潮位是一项重要的基础工作。对于新建港区,往往只有短期验潮资料,需要借助附近主港的长期验潮资料,采用短期同步差比法和相关分析法计算设计高、低水位,采用相关分析法和K值法计算极端高、低水位。研究判断潮汐性质相似性的定量指标以及基于多个计算结果的设计潮位确定方法。该方法应用于皮口港区总体规划中,为新建港区设计潮位的确定提供了参考。     

基于位序-规模法则的区域港口群发展演化规律

为合理利用港口资源、减少恶意竞争,提出基于位序-规模法则的港口群发展演化规律研究方法。以吞吐量为衡量港口规模的指标,以变异系数、基尼系数等指数研究区域港口群规模差异,以首位度指数判断区域港口群是否服从位序-规模分布,进而基于位序-规模理论研究区域港口群规模分布,定量分析区域港口群发展演化规律。实例分析以欧盟港口群为研究对象,结果表明:欧盟港口群规模差异较大,不均衡程度会逐年增大;欧盟港口群符合位序-规模法则,随着港口位序由高到低,吞吐量增长率会随之减小。     

A game theory analysis of port specialization—implications to the Chinese port industry

The fast growth of the Chinese economy and its international seaborne trade has escalated the demand for high-quality and efficient port services. “Decentralization” of the port management regime has given local government greater freedom in port development and operational decision-making. However, major port capacity expansion in coastal areas, coupled with the slowing down of both the economy and trade growth over recent years, has led to overcapacity and excessive competition. Although both port specialization and government regulations are called for to address these issues, few studies have investigated the formation mechanism and economic implications of port specialization. This paper uses alternative duopoly games, namely a Stackelberg game and a simultaneous game, to model port competition, where ports provide differentiated services in the sectors of containerized cargo and dry-bulk cargo. Our analytical results reveal that inter-port competition can lead to port specialization in the following three ways. A port can specialize in a type of cargo (1) for which there is relatively high demand, (2) where it has established capacity first, or (3) for services which require prohibitively high capacity costs. Also, it is seen that overcapacity is likely if strategic port decisions are made simultaneously instead of sequentially. These results suggest that if there is a clear market leader, policy intervention may not be necessary. However, if no port has clear market power, then government coordination and intervention may be needed in order to prevent overcapacity and to encourage specialization.     

Pricing strategies for port competition and cooperation

This paper analyzes the effects of integration between two neighbor ports with a third port sharing the same overlapping hinterland. The merger (integrated port) can select either the price discrimination or uniform pricing strategy after integration. Our study reveals that port integration is always beneficial to the merger and the third port, but results in the reduction of consumer surplus and social welfare, regardless of the type of pricing strategy implemented. Further analysis shows that when the inland transportation cost to the ports is relatively low or sufficiently high, a better option is for the merger to adopt the price discrimination strategy. When port pollution is considered and has a relatively large impact, the integration of the two ports improves green social welfare for the region. This finding provides strong support for the ongoing port integration in China. In terms of pricing strategy, the uniform pricing strategy generates higher green social welfare when both inland transportation cost and pollution are relatively low, or both are significantly high. Otherwise, the price discrimination strategy generates the best result for the region.     

单航道多泊位的液化天然气码头建设规模仿真研究

液化天然气(LNG)船舶进出港时通航排他性强,有必要进一步研究LNG码头适宜规模,以科学引导大型LNG接收站建设.基于多智能体信息交互的港口运营系统仿真方法,建立单个LNG港址单向专用航道模型,研究高负荷状态下2～6个LNG泊位时的船舶进出港及接卸作业全过程,评估LNG船舶相互影响状况下的进出港效率.结果表明,基于目前一般通航规则,单个港址LNG泊位数量2个较优,3个相对平衡,不宜超过4个.当达到4个泊位时,船舶进出港效率明显下降,潜在运营风险较高;且随着泊位数量进一步增多,效率会持续下降.     

The decline of the U.K. merchant fleet: an assessment of government policies in recent years—a rejoinder to Goss's comment

In recent years, the Hong Kong port has been challenged by the emergence of the Shenzhen port. This gives rise to a concern that the high terminal handling charges (THC) levied by the Hong Kong terminal operators are undermining the competitiveness of the Hong Kong port. As the major container terminals in both Hong Kong and Shenzhen are operated by the Hong Kong terminal operators, the monopoly power of these operators is commonly believed to be the cause of the high THC in Hong Kong. The theoretical model developed in this study shows that the trigger point mechanism (TPM) used by the Hong Kong Government to control the supply of terminal capacity may be a source of such monopoly power. Two possible scenarios are considered in the model—Scenario 1 in which expansion of capacity is unconstrained (i.e. the Shenzhen port); and Scenario 2 in which expansion of capacity is constrained by TPM (i.e. the Hong Kong port). Under TPM, the Hong Kong Government commits not to grant the right to build new container terminals unless and until the demand for container handling services exceeds the current capacity by a certain amount, which provides the incumbent operators incentives to invest preemptively in excess capacity in order to block the entry of potential entrants. This model is supported by the empirical findings from this study. The results from this study suggest an urgent need for the Hong Kong Government to overhaul the current port development policy as a part of the effort to promote economic integration between Hong Kong and the Mainland China.     

洋山港疏浚土资源化利用探讨

位于杭州湾湾口北侧、上海市东南方的崎岖列岛,由数十个小岛组成,是离上海市最近的拥有深水岸线的岛屿群。依托于崎岖列岛建设的洋山港,是一个通过（东海）大桥连接于大陆的典型离岸海港,由于毗邻多水多沙的长江口且当地潮汐强度大,港内水体以含沙量高、流速大为主要特点,因而预期营运后港口存在大量维护性疏浚土需处理的问题。文章结合港口平面形态、疏浚部位与强度和可持续发展的要求,拟从适宜的维护疏浚方式、泥土处理的环保要求以及港内适宜布置泥土处理的条件等方面,提出洋山港疏浚土资源化利用方案。     

基于时间序列BP神经网络的集装箱吞吐量动态预测

集装箱吞吐量预测是港口发展规划制定的依据。在MATLAB环境下，把时间序列BP神经网络应用于港口集装箱吞吐量的预测，采用逐步递归的方法进行，同时注意尽量减少训练样本的浪费（只用1个检验样本）和充分挖掘BP神经网络适合短期预测的潜力。无论是从拟合情况，还是预测值的检验和港口发展规划的实际情况来看，都有着很高的精度．可以作为集装箱吞吐量预测的一种行之有效的方法。     

港口设备点检移动终端系统设计

为了提高港口设备点检信息采集的准确性和及时性,结合港口设备点检工作的特点,设计港口设备点检移动终端系统.系统采用传感器获取设备信息,应用射频识别（RFID）模块和WIFI模块实现信息的采集与传输.应用JAVA语言开发的基于Android的设备点检系统在国内某港口应用证明,系统操作简单,点检效率高,传输速度快.     

盐城滨海港区维护疏浚工程施工技术优化

盐城滨海港区回淤严重,需常年进行水深维护疏浚确保船舶安全通航,其疏浚泥沙含水量高且施工期间干扰因素多,造成施工效率低和维护成本高。针对港区水深维护问题,通过对港区的回淤规律和通航水深进行综合分析,并结合适航水深和适航增深等水深动态维护技术,优化港区维护疏浚的时间节点及绞吸船的关键疏浚技术参数,在保证船舶通航安全的同时,有效降低港区航道的维护疏浚次数,提高挖泥效率,降低施工成本。