横摆速度反馈控制式4WS车的开发

横摆速度反馈控制式4WS由把前轮的转角信号传至后的转向传递钢索，将前轮动力转向齿条的运动变换成钢索运动的皮带轮总成及控制后轮转向的传动装置构成。转向初期主要是转角比例项K1(V)θf起作用，通过反相转向提高转向响应性，车辆开始转弯后由横摆速度比例项支配，在控制横摆速度的同时使后轮转向，ABS与主动4WS组合在一起进行控制，不仅能确保与传统ABS同样的稳定性，而且还能缩短制动蹁，并使最小转变半径减少0．5米。     

基于四轮主动转向的路径跟踪自动控制

对于四轮转向汽车,基于2自由度线性车辆模型设计了用于路径自动跟踪的最优控制算法.在Matlab/Simulink中以2自由度非线性车辆模型作为被控对象对控制算法进行仿真评价,仿真模型中对最优控制算法所确定的前、后轮转角分别施加一个惯性环节.双移线和蛇行工况下的仿真结果表明,路径和横摆角速度跟踪效果好,质心侧偏角得到有效抑制.该最优控制算法实现了四轮转向车辆的低速反相转向和高速同相转向.     

主动四轮转向汽车最优控制及闭环操纵性仿真

鉴于汽车正常情况下都运行在侧向加速度较小的线性工作区域,对基于线控技术的主动四轮转向汽车进行了前、后轮转角最优跟随控制器的设计和算法推导,建立了"人-车-路"闭环操纵系统模型,并进行闭环系统仿真和安全性评价。结果表明:基于最优控制的主动四轮转向汽车同时实现了减小车身质心侧偏角与跟踪期望横摆角速度的控制目标,改善了车辆高速行驶下的转向响应特性;相对于传统前轮转向汽车与比例控制四轮转向汽车,基于最优控制的主动四轮转向汽车具有更好的路径跟随精度和主动安全性。     

四轮转向汽车主动转向控制及仿真

以四轮转向汽车为研究对象,建立车辆四轮转向动力学模型。基于后轮主动转向控制方法,分别搭建四轮转向汽车前后轮转角成比例的主动转向控制模型以及基于车速和横摆角速度反馈的主动转向控制模型。在高速转向工况下,采用MATLAB/Simulink建立四轮转向汽车主动转向控制仿真模型进行对比仿真。仿真结果表明,该控制方法能够较好地减小车辆质心侧偏角及横摆角速度,保证车辆良好的轨迹跟踪能力,有效地改善了车辆的操纵稳定性。     

线控转向车辆前轮转角控制算法研究

以线性二自由度车辆模型为基础,以中性转向时的横摆角速度作为控制目标,提出了两种线控转向车辆前轮转角控制算法,即前馈补偿控制算法和横摆角速度反馈控制算法,并通过仿真试验对两种控制算法进行了研究。     

比例控制四轮转向车辆运动特性分析

系统地分析了二自由度四轮转向汽车模型的运动方程，得出了质心侧偏角、横摆角速度与前轮转角的传递函数。在此基础上，对四轮转向样车进行了前后轮转角成比例控制的四轮转向车辆（4WS）的运动学仿真，并针对仿真结果进行了系统的分析。结果阐明了四轮转向车辆与前轮转向车辆（2WS）相比的优势，并提出其发展方向。     

汽车四轮转向控制策略研究

汽车四轮转向较之常规的前轮转向可提高汽车的操纵稳定性,论文针对汽车四轮转向的操纵稳定性控制问题,设计了一种四轮转向控制策略,实现汽车不同车速下的四轮转向控制。确定了二自由度车辆转向参考模型,进行低速时前后轮转角比例控制,高速时根据参考模型和实车横摆角速度、横摆角速度偏差设计了模糊控制器进行前后转角控制。应用Car Sim和Matlab/Simulink联合仿真,搭建了仿真模型,编写了控制算法,通过仿真实验对控制策略进行了验证。仿真结果表明:设计的汽车四轮转向控制策略使汽车四轮转向相对前轮转向有效提高了汽车的操纵稳定性。     

基于LQR变传动比控制的4WIS电动车转向控制仿真研究

理想转向特性对改善车辆操纵稳定性有重要意义。本文中基于LQR最优控制理论,提出了一种新型后轮主动转向变传动比控制策略。首先,综合考虑低速操纵响应性与高速行驶稳定性,建立4WIS电动车理想转向特性;接着根据变传动比曲线设计预期的横摆角速度,并基于LQR最优控制理论提出了主动后轮转向控制策略,以跟踪横摆角速度的预期值;最后,针对典型的双移线工况,进行人车路闭环控制仿真,结果表明,所提出的控制策略较好地实现了理想转向特性。     

四轮转向汽车操纵动力学虚拟仿真分析

从机械动力学仿真的角度，研究4WS汽车的瞬态和稳态操纵动力学特性。运用虚拟样机技术，给出4WS车辆在适当前轮转角及不同的大小、比值、方向以及转向时间差等后轮转角的条件下，车辆的瞬态和稳态动力学性能的表现。     

线控四轮独立转向系统的结构及控制研究

主要介绍了四轮转向汽车以及线控转向技术的优点,设计了一种线控四轮独立转向汽车的总体结构,说明所设计的转向系统相对其他转向系统的优点。建立四轮转向汽车的3自由度数学模型,找出四轮转向汽车各车轮转角与转向盘转角的关系。对模型前后轮转角对质心侧倾角和横摆角速度的影响做了Matlab／Simulink仿真,考虑影响汽车行驶安全的因素,找出不同车速和前轮转角对应的最佳后、前轮转角比例系数,从而确定了高速行驶的汽车在指定车速与转向盘转角时各车轮对应的转角。     

Integrated Control of Active Rear Wheel Steering and Direct Yaw Moment Control

An integrated control system of active rear wheel steering (4WS) and direct yaw moment control (DYC) is presented in this paper. Because of the tire nonlinearity that is mainly due to the saturation of cornering forces, vehicle handling performance is improved but limited to a certain extent only by steering control. Direct yaw moment control using braking and/or driving forces is effective not only in linear but also nonlinear ranges of tire friction circle. The proposed control system is a model matching controller which makes the vehicle follow the desired dynamic model by the state feedback of both yaw rate and side slip angle. Various computer simulations are carried out and show that vehicle handling performance is much improved by the integrated control system.     

Integrated Control of Active Rear Wheel Steering and Direct Yaw Moment Control

SUMMARY

An integrated control system of active rear wheel steering (4WS) and direct yaw moment control (DYC) is presented in this paper. Because of the tire nonlinearity that is mainly due to the saturation of cornering forces, vehicle handling performance is improved but limited to a certain extent only by steering control. Direct yaw moment control using braking and/or driving forces is effective not only in linear but also nonlinear ranges of tire friction circle. The proposed control system is a model matching controller which makes the vehicle follow the desired dynamic model by the state feedback of both yaw rate and side slip angle. Various computer simulations are carried out and show that vehicle handling performance is much improved by the integrated control system.     

Design of Optimal Four-Wheel Steering System

Optimal design of the four wheel steering (4WS) system of the ground vehicle is studied. 4WS vehicles with the optimal control scheme are considered first. General formulation of the optimal control law is developed based on the linear quadratic regulator theory. The vehicle speed function (VSF) based 4WS vehicle with a simple feedback controller is considered as a special case of the optimal system. Two new designs of the VSF 4WS system are proposed and their performances are compared with the optimal 4WS systems and the existing VSF 4WS system. The first system is designed for the maximum stability while the second system is designed to emulate the response of the optimal 4WS vehicle. Advantages of the new VSF designs are discussed.     

Comparing rear wheel steering and rear active differential approaches to vehicle yaw control

A comparison between two different approaches to vehicle stability control is carried out, employing a robust non-parametric technique in the controller design. In particular, an enhanced internal model control strategy, together with a feedforward action and a suitably generated reference map, is employed for the control of a vehicle equipped either with a rear wheel steering (RWS) system or with a rear active differential (RAD) device. The uncertainty arising from the wide range of operating conditions is described by an additive model set employed in the controller design. Extensive steady state and transient tests simulated with an accurate 14 degrees of freedom nonlinear model of the considered vehicle show that both systems are able to improve handling and safety in normal driving conditions. RAD devices can make the vehicle reach higher lateral acceleration values but they achieve only slight stability improvements against oversteer. On the other hand, 4WS systems can greatly improve both vehicle safety and manoeuvrability in all driving situations, making this device an interesting and powerful stability system.     

Design of Optimal Four-Wheel Steering System

SUMMARY

Optimal design of the four wheel steering (4WS) system of the ground vehicle is studied. 4WS vehicles with the optimal control scheme are considered first. General formulation of the optimal control law is developed based on the linear quadratic regulator theory. The vehicle speed function (VSF) based 4WS vehicle with a simple feedback controller is considered as a special case of the optimal system. Two new designs of the VSF 4WS system are proposed and their performances are compared with the optimal 4WS systems and the existing VSF 4WS system. The first system is designed for the maximum stability while the second system is designed to emulate the response of the optimal 4WS vehicle. Advantages of the new VSF designs are discussed.     

Independent Suspension, Self Steered Axle, and 4WS for Busses

The dynamic behavior of commercial vehicles fitted with differentr types of suspension mechanisms and steering devices is investigated in this paper. Six vehicle models have been constructed: 2WS-SA is a standard two wheel steering bus with solid axles; 2WS-DW is a 2WSA vehicle with independent double wishbone suspension in front and rear axles; SSA-SA is a 2WS system with solid axles, the rear one being mounted on a self steered mechanism; SSA-DW is a vehicle with independent double wishbone suspension in the front axle, and a solid self steered rear axle; 4WS-SA has four wheel steering with solid axles; and 4WS-DW is a 4WS vehicle with independent double wishbone suspension in front and rear axles. The dynamic response of these models has been assessed in terms of lateral acceleration, yaw velocity, tire forces, tire force reserves, and slip angles. The expected advantages of a 4WS system (higher acceleration rates and lower slip angles) will be corroborated but, at the same time, it will be shown that they are obtained at the cost of lower force reserves. Self steered mechanisms produce smaller body slip angles, but it will be shown that they give rise to larger yaw velocity overshootings. The particular independent suspension analyzed does not show significant improvements with respect to the solid axle counterpart.     

四轮转向汽车自适应模型跟踪控制研究

使用单点预瞄驾驶员模型，针对确定性汽车模型探讨了４ＷＳ汽车在单移线行驶过程中后轮的最优转向控制规律。通过引入状态反馈，改善了整车的转向特性，将实际汽车的前后轮胎侧刚度及外界干扰视为有界的不确定性参数，采用自适应模型跟踪变结构控制方法，使得不确定的实际汽车模型能够很好地跟踪确定的最优理论模型，仿真结果表明该方法的可行性，控制系统能够有效地克服参数摄动及外界干扰对系统稳定性的影响。     

Drive control system design for stability and maneuverability of a 6WD/6WS vehicle

This paper describes a drive controller designed to improve the lateral vehicle stability and maneuverability of a 6-wheel drive / 6-wheel steering (6WD/6WS) vehicle. The drive controller consists of upper and lower level controllers. The upper level controller is based on sliding control theory and determines both front and middle steering angle, additional net yaw moment, and longitudinal net force according to the reference velocity and steering angle of a manual drive, remotely controlled, autonomous controller. The lower level controller takes the desired longitudinal net force, yaw moment, and tire force information as inputs and determines the additional front steering angle and distributed longitudinal tire force on each wheel. This controller is based on optimal distribution control and takes into consideration the friction circle related to the vertical tire force and friction coefficient acting on the road and tire. Distributed longitudinal/lateral tire forces are determined as proportion to the size of the friction circle according to changes in driving conditions. The response of the 6WD/6WS vehicle implemented with this drive controller has been evaluated via computer simulations conducted using the Matlab/Simulink dynamic model. Computer simulations of an open loop under turning conditions and a closed-loop driver model subjected to double lane change have been conducted to demonstrate the improved performance of the proposed drive controller over that of a conventional DYC.     

Optimal Control of Four Wheel Steering Vehicle

This paper derives a method of controlling four wheel steering using optimal control theory. The purpose of control is to minimize the sideslip angle at the center of gravity. The control method feeds forward the steering wheel angle and feeds back the yaw velocity and the sideslip angle to the front and rear wheel angles. Theoretical studies show that the sideslip angle is reduced to zero even in the transient state, and that the understeer characteristic and frequency response can be changed regardless of the vehicle static margin. This Paper also examines various characteristics of the influence of the side force nonlinearities of tires and crosswinds.     

Automatic path-tracking controller of a four-wheel steering vehicle

The present paper proposes an automatic path-tracking controller of a four-wheel steering (4WS) vehicle based on the sliding mode control theory. The controller has an advantage in that the front- and rear-wheel steering can be decoupled at the front and rear control points, which are defined as centres of percussion with respect to the rear and front wheels, respectively. Numerical simulations using a 27-degree-of-freedom vehicle model demonstrated the following characteristics: (1) the automatic 4WS controller has a more stable and more precise path-tracking capability than the 2WS controller, and (2) the automatic 4WS controller has robust stability against system uncertainties such as cornering power perturbation, path radius fluctuation, and cross-wind disturbance.