Synergies between Adjacent Beach-Nourishing Communities in a Morpho-Economic Coupled Coastline Model

Beach “nourishment” consists of placing sand on an eroding beach. The widened beach provides increased storm protection to adjacent structures and improved recreational benefits, but is most often transient, requiring on-going, repeated nourishment episodes. Numerical models of beach nourishment typically address such questions as how long a widened beach will last; economic models compare the benefits and costs of preserving a stretch of beach without regard to its geomorphic evolution. Neither have addressed the physical nor economic interactions between adjacent nourishing communities. Here, we couple a numerical model of coastline evolution and a cost-benefit model of beach nourishment, allowing adjacent communities to make dynamic nourishment decisions. Beach nourishment benefits adjacent communities both “updrift” and “downdrift.” The total amount of money spent on nourishment activities can decrease by as much as 25% when adjacent communities both conduct on-going nourishment projects, as opposed to the case where each community nourishes in isolation.     

Financing Beach Improvements: Comparing Two Approaches on the Georgia Coast

Fifty-five percent of Georgia's developed coastline has been armored with various types of erosion protection devices. This article is about beach improvement projects at Jekyll Island that would operate under (a) a nourishment policy or (b) a retreat policy. Benefits are calculated from an intensive, on-site survey of beach visitors and the costs are calculated from observable sources. Two financing methods are considered: general revenue and user fee financing. The analyses imply recommending beach improvement as an effective policy within the considered time frame.     

Integrating Climate and Ocean Change Vulnerability into Conservation Planning

Tropical coastal and marine ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to ocean warming, ocean acidification, and sea-level rise. Yet these projected climate and ocean change impacts are rarely considered in conservation planning due to the lack of guidance on how existing climate and ocean change models, tools, and data can be applied. Here, we address this gap by describing how conservation planning can use available tools and data for assessing the vulnerability of tropical marine ecosystems to key climate threats. Additionally, we identify limitations of existing tools and provide recommendations for future research to improve integration of climate and ocean change information and conservation planning. Such information is critical for developing a conservation response that adequately protects these ecosystems and dependent coastal communities in the face of climate and ocean change.     

基于局部线性化方法的瘫船稳性敏感性分析及衡准完善

  目的  瘫船稳性是当船舶失去动力后,在横风横浪状态下发生共振横摇甚至倾覆的运动模式,是公认的较危险的稳性失效模式。国际海事组织（IMO）船舶设计与建造分委会（SDC）预计将于2019年完成第2代完整稳性衡准规则定稿,目前亟需大量的样船计算以完善规则。  方法  基于局部线性化方法,对3艘集装箱船进行了瘫船稳性第2层衡准校核计算,并分析了瘫船稳性敏感性与船舶各设计参数的关系。  结果  分析结果表明,随着船舶吃水深度的增大,船舶倾覆概率将先增大后减小,并对第2层衡准的标准值选取及衡准完善提出了建议。  结论  可为瘫船稳性衡准研究提供技术支持。     

船舶发生海损后的风险评估和控制

指出船舶发生海损后进行风险评估的必要性,根据危险评价的一般原则和方法对船舶发生海损后的处置措施提出评估方法和手段,有助于船东、海损事故处置决策人员正确选择处置措施。     

航海实践中"无害通过权"的运用

通过一个真实的案例对“无害通过权”的意义和运用加以分析,提醒航海人员灵活运用联合国海洋法条款中的无害通过权,以一个适当的视角看待海洋国际法。     

Marine Stingers: Review of an Under-Recognized Global Coastal Management Issue

Dangerous marine stingers (jellyfish) are an emotive issue in tropical Australia, where they are widely regarded as the number one marine health threat. However, numerous severe and fatal stings have been reported throughout the tropical and temperate seas of the world, indicating that marine stingers are a global health problem. Further, life-threatening jellyfish stings are more frequently reported globally now compared to earlier decades, possibly as a result of improved recognition and reporting, or increased spatial and/or temporal distribution or densities. As stinging incidents may also have significant financial implications (lost tourism revenues and liability settlements), and the treatment of envenomed patients comes at high cost to the taxpayer, this issue is also a management challenge. This article outlines suggested approaches, based largely on Australian experience, for dealing with this under-recognized global coastal management issue.     

Influence of local government on port investment: implications of China’s decentralized port governance system

ABSTRACT

The pursuit of better performance by the local government can influence the investment decision-making related to port expansion. This paper compares the ceilings at which the port enterprise and the local government would stop making investments. To achieve this, the benefits to the port enterprise and the local government are measured over a given time period. An empirical study investigating how a port would respond if a rival port uses a type of capacity investment strategy is conducted for two major ports in Liaoning. The time at which the local government and the port enterprise would stop making investments and the final equilibrium are developed using the data from 2010. From the empirical results, it was found that investment in port capacity contributes greatly to the local government’s performance. Meanwhile, different investment ceilings are discovered for the port enterprise and the local government. This research is meaningful for discussing the institutional relationship between the local government and the port enterprise in China’s current decentralized port governance system.

This paper is a revised and expanded version of a paper entitled ‘Port expansion mechanism in the context of political achievement of local government: a special phenomenon in China’ presented at International Association of Maritime Economists 2012 Taipei Conference during 5th September –8th September.     

Culture,Ethnography, and Marine Affairs

Abstract

Marine and coastal zone policy represents a collaboration of people managing and people managed. This paper takes a holistic stance in suggesting that marine communities are viewed properly as networks of focused interest groups, policymakers, professionals, and publics. The interplay between culture and marine and coastal policy is appropriately one topic of applied social research. Seven ethnographic studies in this domain are introduced in this theme issue and help us to understand sociocultural processes and institutions bearing on marine affairs.     

漏洞检测静态分析方法的优化策略

目前软件漏洞静态解决方案大都有针对性的检测某些方面的软件漏洞,无法做到全面、高效、准确的检测出所有漏洞。通过讨论目前已有的一些漏洞检测技术与工具,并研究这些工具与技术各自存在的优势与缺陷。在此基础上提出改进漏洞检测静态分析的优化策略。     

浅议商人的营业行为

从商人的营业的构成、营业的组织样态以及存在形式、营业活动的场所等角度来论证商人营业活动的特色并由此肯定其积极作用,并将这种营业行为定义成一种朴素的营利活动,从而将之上升到商法的本质层面来进行考察,并最终得出结论：商人营业行为的存在有着很深刻的理性因素,商人的营业行为在商法的制度框架内有效的运行是成就“商”这一活动的支柱,更是这个活动存续的重要根基。     

The confined disposal program for polluted dredged spoil in the great lakes

Abstract

Delay in the construction of containment sites is allowing time for significant adjustments in the confined disposal program of the Great Lakes. Through modification of the pollution criteria and improvements in harbor sampling, fewer containment sites, some with smaller capacities, are now required. Perhaps most important, the delays are providing additional time for upgrading waste treatment facilities which may be reducing future dredging volumes. Unless pollution abatement measures are implemented and technological improvements made regarding containment of the excess spoil water, cleanup of the harbors and connecting channels may not be fully accomplished during the 10‐year period in which containment sites are authorized.     

The cost of not holding back the sea: Toward a national sample of economic vulnerability

Abstract

National and regional estimates of U.S. economic vulnerability to greenhouse‐induced sea‐level rise are produced from a sample of 30 discrete regions scattered evenly along the coastline. Scenarios that envision 50 cm, 100 cm, and 200 cm of greenhouse‐induced sea‐level rise are considered. They can be expected to place $39.2, $65.6, and $133.3 billion, respectively, (1989 dollars) of existing development in jeopardy through 2050, and $133.3, $308.7, and $909.4 billion through 2100. Sampling error and consideration of the uncertainty with which we currently view future greenhouse‐induced sea‐level rise places the 25th and 75th percentile values of expected cumulative vulnerability at $38.5 and $76.7 billion through 2050 and $132.6 and $362.4 billion through 2100. Not surprisingly, the southeast displays the largest potential vulnerability, with the northeast ranking second above both the Gulf coast and the west coast.     

水雷易损性建模与数值仿真研究

以水雷为研究对象,提出了水雷目标易损性研究的总体框架;通过对水雷的结构及功能分析、毁伤级别的确定以及构建水雷功能毁伤树,建立了水雷目标易损性模型;完成了水下射弹对水雷侵彻毁伤过程的数值仿真。仿真结果表明,钨芯射弹能够穿透水雷壳体并破坏引信舱内构件,造成水雷失效。