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1.
Anna Lavoie Kim Sparks Stephen Kasperski Amber Himes-Cornell Kristin Hoelting Conor Maguire 《Coastal management》2013,41(5):359-387
AbstractCommunity vulnerability is increasingly evaluated through quantitative social indices, typically developed using secondary data sources rather than primary data collection. It is necessary to understand the validity of these indices if they will be used to inform policy and decision making. This paper presents a ground-truthing effort to validate quantitative indices that characterize the well-being of Alaska fishing communities. We utilized ethnographic data collected from 13 representative communities and a capital assets framework to ground-truth the indices, in which qualitative ranks of vulnerability were compared against quantitative indices. The majority (73.8%) of ranks were in complete or moderate agreement and the results indicate that most of the indices are representative of community vulnerability; yet some variables utilized to create the indices could be modified to better reflect realities in Alaska. Indices of commercial fishery engagement and reliance appeared to be more reliable than socio-economic indicators, particularly for smaller fishing communities. We also confirmed that the indices do not capture political, or ecological factors that affect levels of community vulnerability. We conclude that quantitative indices of community vulnerability are useful rapid assessment tools; however, they should be validated, and complemented with ethnographic data prior to their implementation as policy making and management tools. 相似文献
2.
Keeley Kent 《Coastal management》2016,44(4):279-294
The relationship between the fishing industry and the fisheries-related support service sector creates economic benefits for communities through the strong linkages between fishermen and their land-based suppliers and the induced or multiplier effects from fisheries revenue. The support service sector is embedded within fishing communities where the impacts of fisheries management changes are perpetuated. This article examines the potential for such impacts by evaluating the diversity of fishing gear use, ex-vessel revenue, presence of processing plants, public moorage, and haul-out or tidal grids, and the number of vessels in a community, in relation to the availability of support services in communities in Alaska. The results show that the presence of a processor and haul-out facilities in a community significantly affects the number of support service businesses; however, there is not a strong association with the number of vessels or ex-vessel revenue. One hypothesis is that fishermen often travel to other communities to obtain services. We evaluate this hypothesis using social network analysis to evaluate transfers of revenue for fishery-related goods and services. Ultimately, this informs the exploration of the importance of support service businesses and fishery-support infrastructure to the continued well-being of fishing communities. 相似文献
3.
《Coastal management》2012,40(3):289-300
The use of social indicators in this analysis of coastal communities enhances the evaluation of the combined impacts of changes in fisheries management regulations and gentrification for fisheries social impact assessments. Increasing population pressure, declining fish stocks, and the attractiveness of natural amenities have all led to demographic shifts and economic transformations for many coastal communities dependent on fishing. This impact of “gentrification” on the commercial fishing industry often precipitates a move toward non-marine based economies that can displace local residents and their dependence on fishing as a way of life with resulting impacts to local economies and cultures. Drawing on the United States Census, National Marine Fisheries Service, and other secondary data sources, social indicators were developed for 2,948 coastal communities in the Eastern United States and Gulf Coast and were used to evaluate gentrification pressure in select communities highly engaged in fishing. We anticipate this methodology, when groundtruthed and then combined with time-series assessments, will lead to improvements in the assessment of fishing community vulnerability and resilience for the conduct of fisheries social impact assessments. 相似文献
4.
Over recent years, fisheries managers have been going through a paradigm shift to prioritize ecosystem-based management. With this comes an increasing need to better understand the impacts of fisheries management decisions on the social well-being and sustainability of fishing communities. This article summarizes research aimed at using secondary data to develop socioeconomic and fisheries involvement indices to measure objective fishing community well-being in Alaska. Data from more than 300 communities in Alaska were used to create a database of socioeconomic and fisheries involvement indices of objective well-being and adaptability for Alaska communities dependent on marine resources. Each index was developed using a principal components factor analysis to assess the relative position of each community compared to all other communities in Alaska. We find that creating performance measures, such as the indices presented here, provides a useful way to track the status of socioeconomic conditions and fisheries involvement by communities over time. 相似文献
5.
AbstractCatch share programs are used in fisheries management to meet goals such as species recovery, overcapacity reduction, and economic efficiency. Anticipated impacts include fleet consolidation, infrastructure reduction, and social disruption within communities. The Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Social Study (PCGFSS) aims to understand social changes related to the recently implemented West Coast Groundfish Trawl Catch Share Program. In this article, we use a subset of PCGFSS data to explore the ways remaining fishery participants have thus far adapted to catch shares. While some vessels have left the fishery, we found that many participants are adapting to this catch shares program despite challenges. Quota leasing strategies, fishery diversification, gear innovation, and community quota funds are some of the tools participants are using to continue operating under the catch shares program. These early challenges and adaptations to the catch share program are worthy of continued tracking, as researchers, managers, and fishing communities, would benefit by considering first-hand perspectives of the on-the-ground realities of harvesting groundfish in the rationalized fishery. 相似文献
6.
William C. Brewer Jr. 《Coastal management》2013,41(4):315-325
Abstract The requirement in the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 that federal projects be consistent with approved state coastal zone management programs is an important incentive for states to complete their programs. As a condition of program approval, states must first consult with the federal agencies concerned and provide opportunities for comment, with the hope of avoiding conflicts. The consistency requirement is also subject to various exceptions whose scope remains to be determined. One such exception of uncertain extent is the exclusion from the coastal zone of federal lands “the use of which is subject solely to the sole discretion ... of the Federal Government....”; Despite these uncertainties, however, the consistency provision represents a major change in federal policy, which has traditionally allowed federal agencies to operate largely without concern for state land or water use requirements. 相似文献
7.
Alex W. Adams 《Coastal management》2013,41(6):654-664
Resilience theory has management implications useful when planning for cruise ship tourism. In small coastal communities, cruise ships often provide welcomed economic incentives that can bolster a waning economy. However, in some coastal communities, the magnitude and intensity of passenger visits can reduce social resilience and induce an economic regime shift that leads to rapid socioeconomic reorganization. The implications of such a regime shift are a loss of economic diversity, reduced social resilience, and a loss of social capital. Planning for cruise ship resilience increases the likelihood of successful coping strategies and addresses the socioecological changes inherent to a cruise ship destination. Both Holling's adaptive cycle and the four principals for building resilience established by Berkes and Seixas are fundamental to a successful management plan. 相似文献
8.
智能自适应控制及其在船舶操纵系统中的应用 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
主要分析了基于模糊控制,专家系统与神经网络的几种智能自适应控制系统的结构,原理,并与传统控制作了比较,介绍了智能自适应控制在船舶操纵系统中的应用情况,最后提出了智能自适应控制理论及应用面临的主要困难与亟需解决的问题。 相似文献
9.
《Coastal management》2012,40(2):222-233
The principal aim of national oceans policymaking is to identify and assess all current and future uses of ocean spaces and resources in order to facilitate the making of effective management arrangements for them. There are a myriad of actual and potential uses of the oceans. They can lead to a range of potentially conflicting interests across different sectors. This means that it is a daunting and politically fraught task to integrate management of all ocean uses. Fisheries is a key sector that must feature in any effective national oceans policy. This is because fishing is the most intensive use of marine space and resources and the fishing industry is a key contributor to many national economies. A challenge for the incorporation of fisheries interests in national oceans policymaking is that fisheries is a diverse sector. In addition to commercial fishing, it includes recreational fishing and, in some countries, indigenous and subsistence fishing. Fishing also has an international and regional dimension and it overlaps with aquaculture. This article identifies the range of fisheries interests and considers how they are incorporated into national oceans policymaking, focusing on Australia and Canada. 相似文献
10.
国内外诸多地区正致力于打造多功能现代化渔港,但在建设过程中对产业业态和功能定位仍不很清晰。为此,在分析渔港传统功能及其功能多元化趋势的基础上,研究现代化渔港的功能定位和产业业态。认为现代化渔港需要在规划设计时统筹考虑渔港和周边区域,围绕远洋渔业基地、避风避险基地、执法维权基地、海洋科考产业基地以及渔港旅游休闲产业,打造\"渔港产业经济综合体\",为现代化渔港的建设提供参考,提升渔港建设水准。 相似文献
11.
本文对港口吞吐量预测的方法进行了研究,分析了传统预测方法在实际应用中存在的问题,利用黑箱模型理论对湛江港近年吞吐量与建设投资额进行定性研究和定量检验,证明了港口吞吐量与建设投资额之间存在显著的正相关关系,并基于此提出基于BP-neural networks的预测方法,为湛江港港口吞吐量的预测提供了一种新的方法与途径。 相似文献
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对于渔船避让的几点见解 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
阐述了大连——日本航线上经常遇到的渔船种类及作业特点,总结出针对不同种类的渔船在捕捞过程中应采取的必要措施,为以后在该航线上行驶的远洋船舶驾驶人员提供经验借鉴。 相似文献
14.
The New Zealand aquaculture sector, consisting of mainly mussel, oyster, and salmon farmers, has been expanding over the last two decades. The increasing demand for water space for marine farming has prompted a process of community consultation and legislative reform resulting in the Aquaculture Reform Act 2004. Despite efforts to develop more effective legislation and improve the application process, marine farmers have often been relatively unsuccessful at gaining the water space that they desire for the expansion of the industry. However, social factors such as landscape and amenity values, recreational and navigational use, and alienation of public space are the most frequently cited reasons for the refusal of marine farm consent applications. An analysis of resource consent decision records from the past decade demonstrates this conclusion that the main factor limiting the further expansion of the aquaculture industry in New Zealand is the social carrying capacity, in the context of a period of legislative transition. 相似文献
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简要介绍２０２ｋＷ玻璃钢拖网渔船的总体结构和主要技术参数,并就船电设计有关的电制、电站、配电、动力、报警装置、防无线电干扰措施、避雷、接地保护、电缆选用、无线电通信、导航、助渔设备配备等问题作了系统阐述。 相似文献
17.
Conservationists have been criticized for failing to protect nature in the face of mounting threats including overexploitation, species loss, habitat destruction, and climate change. Resource managers and scientists have yet to fully engage a major segment of the global population in their outreach efforts to protect the environment: religious communities. The world's religions have been recognized as a surprising driver of support for conservation of biological diversity, and numerous examples demonstrate religious and conservation groups working together to achieve conservation outcomes. However, many conservation organizations do not effectively engage religious groups. When conservation organizations do engage religious groups, efforts to do so are often ad hoc and such partnerships may wane over time. A more systematic approach is needed that directly engages religious communities, develops effective partnerships, supports and sustains dialogue aimed at finding common ground despite potentially divergent worldviews, and establishes supporting mechanisms to maintain the partnerships that are developed. Effective partnerships between religious and conservation groups represent significant untapped potential which can directly support conservation outcomes; such partnerships are likely to become increasingly important with dwindling support for conservation. 相似文献
18.
AbstractPractitioners play a critical yet largely unexamined role in translating collaborative, ecosystem-based management (EBM) for social-ecological systems from theory to practice. We paired mental models and social network analytical methods and applied them to two cases of marine EBM in Rhode Island and New York, focusing on practitioners themselves, to understand the relationship between practitioners’ mental models of marine ecosystems and the extent and nature of collaboration within each network. Mental models analysis was used to assess the comprehensiveness and balance of practitioners’ mental models, and social network analysis was used to assess the role and influence of practitioners within each network. A comparative statistical analysis was then performed to understand the relationship between mental models and network measures. Research revealed a statistically significant correlation between practitioners’ mental model comprehensiveness and practitioners’ influence within the network. In other words, practitioners with comprehensive mental models of the ecosystem for which they were planning were found to act as “brokers,” connecting those who were not otherwise connected, bridging jurisdictions, sectors, and disciplines. Results underscore the importance of brokers in achieving the collaborative and integrated goals of EBM and suggest the need for greater attention to practitioners’ role in EBM implementation. 相似文献
19.
Amber Himes-Cornell Carlos Ormond Kristin Hoelting Natalie C. Ban J. Zachary Koehn Edward H. Allison 《Coastal management》2013,41(5):335-358
AbstractDisaster research often focuses on how and why communities are affected by a discrete extreme event. We used the community capitals framework to understand how community characteristics influence their preparedness, response to, and recovery from successive or multiple disasters using the 1964 Good Friday Earthquake and the 1989 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill as case studies. This study assesses community response to these disasters by reviewing published literature on impacts to create profiles for six communities and by identifying community capitals before and during these disasters, and throughout the long-term recovery. While the presence of rich natural capitals commonly contributed resources to pre-disaster planning and long-term recovery, restriction of resource access immediately following the disasters was detrimental to many communities. Communities with strong political, social, and financial capitals tended to fare better immediately following disasters, enabling longer-term processes of transformation or recovery. However, in some communities the oil spill undermined these capitals more than the earthquake and resulting tsunami. In understanding how use and reliance on community capitals can lead to varied recovery success from different kinds of disasters, these findings can help coastal managers and planners prepare for future disasters. 相似文献
20.
基于fluent数值模拟和模型试验相结合的方法,对某一渔船进行型线优化,通过CFD仿真技术进行多方案船型优选,开展船模试验以验证仿真结果,以优选出来的船型为基础进行艉部和球鼻艏的改型,并再次通过模型试验量化改型的效果。型线优化后明显改善了阻力、推进水动力性能,取得了较好的结果。 相似文献