Bolster spring fault detection strategy for heavy haul wagons

An on-board health monitoring system is proposed for heavy haul wagons in this paper including a signal-based fault detection and isolation (FDI) method and an on-line fault diagnose strategy. Such a system, to be feasible on freight wagons, must be sufficiently cheap and robust, hence the design assumes the constraint of using only two accelerometers mounted on the front left and right rear part of each carbody in a heavy haul train. This paper focuses on the detection of bolster spring fault conditions. The problem is made more complex by the modes of failure which might be expected in bolster spring nests. Types of spring failure are firstly identified and discussed covering situations of broken (shortening springs) and softening (individual spring loss from a nest or cross-section loss through corrosion). The effects of these faults and their detectability were investigated using simulations on straight and curved track and using a fully detailed model of a typical 40?t axle-load heavy haul wagon. The simulation results were then examined and compared using cross-correlation analysis and an FDI system was proposed. The FDI system introduced five possible fault indicators. Initial results indicated that it was possible to detect changes in bolster stiffness of ±25%. An on-line fault diagnoses strategy is proposed for bolster spring faults which only requires data from wagon monitoring during travel around sharp curves to detect and the occurrence of confirm faults. The functionality envisaged needs only a ‘once per trip’ monitoring site, such as a sharper curve, and is aimed at condition monitoring rather than the provision of alarms or comprehensive monitoring of all events.     

A review of dynamics modelling of friction wedge suspensions

Three-piece bogies with friction wedge suspensions are the most widely used bogies in heavy haul trains. Fiction wedge suspensions play a key role in these wagon systems. This article reviews current techniques in dynamic modelling of friction wedge suspension with various motivations: to improve dynamic models of friction wedge suspensions so as to improve general wagon dynamics simulations; to seek better friction wedge suspension models for wagon stability assessments in complex train systems; to improve the modelling of other friction devices, such as friction draft gear. Relevant theories and friction wedge suspension models developed by using commercial simulation packages and in-house simulation packages are reviewed.     

Fault detection and isolation for a full-scale railway vehicle suspension with multiple Kalman filters

Reliability and dependability in complex mechanical systems can be improved by fault detection and isolation (FDI) methods. These techniques are key elements for maintenance on demand, which could decrease service cost and time significantly. This paper addresses FDI for a railway vehicle: the mechanical model is described as a multibody system, which is excited randomly due to track irregularities. Various parameters, like masses, spring- and damper-characteristics, influence the dynamics of the vehicle. Often, the exact values of the parameters are unknown and might even change over time. Some of these changes are considered critical with respect to the operation of the system and they require immediate maintenance. The aim of this work is to detect faults in the suspension system of the vehicle. A Kalman filter is used in order to estimate the states. To detect and isolate faults the detection error is minimised with multiple Kalman filters. A full-scale train model with nonlinear wheel/rail contact serves as an example for the described techniques. Numerical results for different test cases are presented. The analysis shows that for the given system it is possible not only to detect a failure of the suspension system from the system's dynamic response, but also to distinguish clearly between different possible causes for the changes in the dynamical behaviour.     

Fault-tolerant control of heavy-haul trains

The fault-tolerant control (FTC) of heavy-haul trains is discussed on the basis of the speed regulation proposed in previous works. The fault modes of trains are assumed and the corresponding fault detection and isolation (FDI) are studied. The FDI of sensor faults is based on a geometric approach for residual generators. The FDI of a braking system is based on the observation of the steady-state speed. From the difference of the steady-state speeds between the fault system and the faultless system, one can get fault information. Simulation tests were conducted on the suitability of the FDIs and the redesigned speed regulators. It is shown that the proposed FTC does not explicitly worsen the performance of the speed regulator in the case of a faultless system, while it obviously improves the performance of the speed regulator in the case of a faulty system.     

Application of observer-based fault detection in vehicle roll control

This paper describes how observer-based techniques for intelligent fault detection were applied to monitoring an active suspension control system in an experimental articulated heavy vehicle. The aim was to define a practical method for detecting faults, taking into account the nonlinearities of the vehicle. The experimental vehicle was divided conceptually into subsystems, namely the passive dynamics of the trailer, the dynamics of the hydraulic actuators, and the expected response of the closed-loop system. A linear dynamic model was designed for each subsystem. A fault detection observer was then designed for each dynamic model. The observer feedback gains were chosen to optimise estimation by the observer residual of specified errors on the output measurements. The observer residuals were then normalised and combined logically to provide a fault diagnosis. The performance of the fault detection scheme is demonstrated in the case of sensor faults and changes in the operation of the active control system.     

迈腾B8电动后视镜控制系统的检测方法

鉴于现代轿电动后视镜控制系统功能繁多、结构复杂,故障排除难度较大。以迈腾B8电动后视镜控制系统为研究对象,通过分析其线路图工作原理,进而重点分析了后视镜转换开关EX11信号的检测信号和后视镜左右调节电动机V17控制电路的工作过程、常见故障与检测方法。结果表明：通过该检测方法能够有效地排查出该控制系统常见故障,并能够为其他车型控制系统提供规律性参考。     

Model-based fault detection and isolation in automotive yaw moment control system

This paper presents a model-based fault detection and isolation technique for automotive yaw moment control system. For this purpose, a novel fault detection and isolation algorithm for a class of actuator-plant systems is proposed. Compared with the existing fault detection and isolation techniques that can only isolate a target fault or require multiple observers to isolate multiple faults, a unique strength of the proposed algorithm is its ability to isolate faults at the component level solely based on the residuals generated by a single observer. The validity of the proposed algorithm, applied to automotive yaw moment control system, is investigated via a simulation study based on a realistic vehicle dynamics model. The results suggest that the proposed algorithm can isolate the component subject to fault while effectively handling two perennial nuisances: sensitivity to disturbances and false alarms due to uncertainties.     

Fault classification method for the driving safety of electrified vehicles

A fault classification method is proposed which has been applied to an electric vehicle. Potential faults in the different subsystems that can affect the vehicle directional stability were collected in a failure mode and effect analysis. Similar driveline faults were grouped together if they resembled each other with respect to their influence on the vehicle dynamic behaviour. The faults were physically modelled in a simulation environment before they were induced in a detailed vehicle model under normal driving conditions. A special focus was placed on faults in the driveline of electric vehicles employing in-wheel motors of the permanent magnet type. Several failures caused by mechanical and other faults were analysed as well. The fault classification method consists of a controllability ranking developed according to the functional safety standard ISO 26262. The controllability of a fault was determined with three parameters covering the influence of the longitudinal, lateral and yaw motion of the vehicle. The simulation results were analysed and the faults were classified according to their controllability using the proposed method. It was shown that the controllability decreased specifically with increasing lateral acceleration and increasing speed. The results for the electric driveline faults show that this trend cannot be generalised for all the faults, as the controllability deteriorated for some faults during manoeuvres with low lateral acceleration and low speed. The proposed method is generic and can be applied to various other types of road vehicles and faults.     

Coupler dynamic performance analysis of heavy haul locomotives

In this paper, a train dynamic model was developed to study the dynamic performance of heavy haul locomotives, taking into account the use of different coupler and buffer systems under conditions of severe longitudinal coupler compressive forces. The model consists of four locomotives each having 38 independent degrees of freedom and one dummy freight vehicle connected to each other by couplers and buffers. Simulation results showed that the longitudinal coupler compressive forces withstood by large rotation angle couplers with coupler shoulders were larger than those withstood by small rotation angle couplers. The results obtained for the large rotation angle coupler model showed that it had higher safety curve negotiation speeds. Due to the smaller static impedance, it was found that large capacity elastic clay (or cement) buffers cannot satisfy the requirement of heavy haul locomotives during cycle braking in long heavy downgraded tracks; the use of friction clay buffers can solve this problem.     

Coupler rotation behaviour and its effect on heavy haul trains

When a locomotive coupler rotates at an angle, the lateral component of the coupler force has an adverse effect on the locomotive's safety, particularly in heavy haul trains. In this paper, a model of a head-mid configuration, a 20,000-t heavy haul train is developed to analyse the rotation behaviour of the locomotive's coupler system and its effect on the dynamic behaviour of such a train's middle locomotive when operating on tangent and curved tracks. The train model includes detailed coupler and draft gear with which to consider the hysteretic characteristics of the rubber draft gear model, the friction characteristics of the coupler knuckles, and the alignment-control characteristics of the coupler shoulder. The results indicate that the coupler's rotation behaviour differs between the tangent and curved tracks, significantly affecting the locomotive's running performance under the braking condition. A larger coupler rotation angle generates a larger lateral component, which increases the wheelset's lateral force and the derailment coefficient. Decreasing the maximum coupler free angle can improve the locomotive's operational performance and safety. Based on these results, the recommended maximum coupler free angle is 4°.     

Influence of uneven rail irregularities on the dynamic response of the railway track using a three-dimensional model of the vehicle–track system

A mathematical model of the vehicle–track interaction is developed to investigate the coupled behaviour of vehicle–track system, in the presence of uneven irregularities at left/right rails. The railway vehicle is simplified as a 3D multi-rigid-body model, and the track is treated as the two parallel beams on a layered discrete support system. Besides the car-body, the bogies and the wheel sets, the sleepers are assumed to have roll degree of freedom, in order to simulate the in-plane rotation of the components. The wheel–rail interface is treated using a nonlinear Hertzian contact model, coupling the mathematical equations of the vehicle–track systems. The dynamic interaction of the entire system is numerically studied in time domain, employing Newmark's integration method. The track irregularity spectra of both the left/right rails are taken into account, as the inputs of dynamic excitations. The dynamic responses of the track system induced by such irregularities are obtained, particularly in terms of the vertical (bounce) and roll displacements. The numerical model of the present research is validated using several benchmark models reported in the literature, for both the smooth and unsmooth track conditions. Four sample profiles of the measured rail irregularities are considered as the case studies of excitation sources, examining their influences on the dynamic behaviour of the coupled system. The results of numerical simulations demonstrate that the motion of track system is significantly influenced by the presence of uneven irregularities in left/right rails. Dynamic response of the sleepers in the roll direction becomes more sensitive to the rail irregularities, as the unevenness severity of the parallel profiles (quantitative difference between left and right rail spectra) is increased. The severe geometric deformation of the track in the bounce–pitch–roll directions is mainly related to such profile unevenness (cross-level) in left/right rails.     

线控转向系统故障检测及容错控制协同设计

为解决线控转向系统故障可能导致车辆失控的问题,提出一种故障检测及容错控制协同设计方法。首先,建立了包含线控转向系统加性故障的车辆动力学模型;其次,联合车辆动力学模型及故障检测/容错控制器,建立跟踪误差闭环控制系统;然后,求解满足闭环系统H∞性能的线性矩阵不等式,得到故障检测/容错控制器参数;最后,基于dSPACE Full-Size HIL进行硬件在环仿真测试。结果表明,该方法可快速检测出转向系统故障,同时实现了车辆的容错控制。     

重载列车作用下隧道衬砌结构动力响应分析

以山西中南部铁路通道某既有隧道为背景，结合现场实测数据进行荷载分析，得到列车激振力函数表达式，并求得80 km/h时30 t轴重列车荷载轮轨激振力时程曲线；运用快速拉格朗日差分软件FLAC3D，建立了重载列车荷载作用下隧道三维地层-结构计算模型，得出了隧道衬砌的动力响应分布，并分析了重载列车作用下，隧道结构的薄弱部位及会车对结构产生的影响。     

Dynamic performances of an innovative coupler used in heavy haul trains

An innovative structure for a heavy haul coupler with an arc surface contact and restoring bumpstop is proposed. This coupler has a small lateral force at a small yaw angle and a limitable yaw angle to ensure an allowable coupler lateral force under intense compressive force. The main structural characteristic of the combined contact coupler is a lateral movable follower with an appropriate friction coefficient of 0.06–0.08 and a slide block with a single freedom of longitudinal movement. In order to verify and simulate the performances, a multi-body dynamics model with four heavy haul locomotives and three detailed couplers was established to simulate the process of emergency braking. In addition, the coupler yaw instability and wheel set lateral forces were tested in order to investigate the effect of relevant parameters on the coupler performances. The combined contact coupler is suitable for heavy haul train for a good dynamic performance.     

专用短程通信辅助的车辆卫星定位故障检测方法

为了确保卫星定位性能满足特定协作式智能交通应用需求,提高车辆定位系统的故障容错能力,针对车辆卫星定位的自主故障检测与性能优化问题,提出基于专用短程通信辅助的卫星定位故障检测方法,充分利用专用短程通信设备的测距率观测信息,实现故障检测对不同类型卫星可视条件的有效适应。基于专用短程通信多普勒观测特性,构建基于载波频偏的车间测距率观测模型;设计卫星定位与专用短程通信组合观测与解算框架;基于容积卡尔曼滤波提出适于非线性观测特征的故障检测、识别与排除算法,并叠加量测噪声方差矩阵动态调整策略,对故障检测性能进行优化;基于实测试验检验车间测距率的观测性能,并运用实车轨迹对多车协同运行及定位采集过程进行仿真,检验所提出方法的故障检测性能。研究结果表明：提出的方法有效解决了常规接收机自主完好性监测算法受卫星可视条件限制的问题,所引入的量测噪声方差矩阵调整策略提升了故障检测及故障排除性能的稳定性,在给定仿真场景中,常规卫星观测条件下阶跃故障、斜坡故障排除率相对常规方法最高可分别提升52%、18%,受限观测条件下不同水平2类故障的排除率最高分别可达100%、89%,边界观测条件下不同水平2类故障的检测率最高分别可达100%、96%。研究结果对于充分发挥车-车协同模式的核心优势、保障车辆定位性能具有重要价值。     

基于SVD-UKF的车用锂离子动力电池传感器故障诊断研究

针对传感器故障诊断问题,提出通过分析模型预测电压与传感器观测电压的残差来诊断传感器是否发生故障的方法。使用无迹卡尔曼滤波（Unscented Kalman Filter,UKF）算法估计电池的端电压,并提出使用奇异值分解（Singular Value Decomposition,SVD）代替平方根法分解,以解决协方差矩阵非正定导致的算法无法正常运行的问题。提出使用累积和（Cumulative Sum,CUSUM）法对残差进行分析,通过监测CUSUM的变化来判断传感器是否发生故障。以动应力测试（Dynamic Stress Test,DST）工况作为验证工况,用3类常见的传感器故障对提出的方法进行验证。结果表明,提出的传感器故障检测方法在一些微小故障的检测中,相比于传统的设定残差阈值的方法更灵敏,能更快检测出微小的数据偏移情况。     

蒙巴萨西站松软土地段高路堤地基处理方案研究

结合蒙内铁路DMK7+660～+920软土地段高路堤地基实际工况,建立软土高路堤稳定与沉降计算模型并验算,同时比较“碎石桩加固”和“基底换填+强夯+反压护道”两种方案。结果表明:天然状态下的松软土地段高路堤在沉降和稳定性方面不能满足要求;路基沉降最大位置位于路基中心,其次为左右路肩及左右边桩,且左右路肩沉降趋势相同,左右边桩沉降趋势相同;从沉降监测数据和运营状态来看,采用“基底换填+强夯+反压护道”方法,保证了蒙巴萨西站高路堤的稳定。     

Integrated fault detection and diagnosis system for longitudinal control of an autonomous all-terrain vehicle (ATV)

This paper presents a fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) method to enhance the reliability and safety for longitudinal control of an autonomous all-terrain vehicle (ATV). An integrated approach using decentralized and centralized FDD is proposed to optimize the tradeoff between sensitivity and robustness. While the decentralized approach is suitable for detecting faults in actuators and sensors directly connected to a single processor, it is sensitive to noises and disturbances and thus may result in false alarms. On the other hand, the centralized approach is based on information communicated between multiple processors, and it detects and diagnoses faults through analyzing concurrent computations of multiple hardware modules. However, its performance is still limited to isolating faults specifically in terms of components in the single hardware. To incorporate the advantages of both FDD approaches, a two-layered structure integrating both decentralized and centralized FDD is proposed and allows us to perform more robust fault detection as well as more detailed fault isolation. Finally, the proposed method is validated experimentally via field tests of an ATV.     

Fault tolerant nonlinear control with applications to an automated transit bus

This paper presents an integrated structure for a passive and active fault tolerant control (FTC) design approach in the framework of a robust nonlinear control technique called Dynamic Surface Control (DSC). As motivated by the automated vehicle application, we consider two categories of possible faults: pre-specified (a priori) and non-specified faults. It is first shown that DSC can be considered as a passive FTC approach in the sense that it gives simultaneous robust stability to a set of nonlinear systems even in the presence of model uncertainties and the pre-specified faults. Then, the non-specified fault is classified depending on the fault’s impact on the closed-loop system and isolatability from a fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) system. If a fault is both intolerable and isolatable, an active FTC approach is taken which includes FDD and controller reconfiguration. More specifically, trajectory reconfiguration is considered to accommodate the actuator fault, i.e., to compensate for the performance loss due to the fault within the framework of a switched hierarchical structure. Finally, the integrated structure for the longitudinal control of an automated transit bus is designed through the proposed method. Simulation results of the fault tolerant controller are shown for both single and multiple multiplicative faults. This controller was implemented on the California PATH transit buses in a demonstration of automated public transportation technology in San Diego, California in August of 2003.     

一种模拟发震断层动力特性的隧道地震试验方法

为模拟隧道在发震断层中的近场动力响应和破坏机制,提出一种模拟长大隧道穿越活动断层动力响应的新型模型试验装置,并设计一种通过改变试验平台底部组合弹簧参数来改变模型箱振动特性的试验方法。该试验装置不仅能解决传统试验方法中受迫振动的问题,而且能模拟断层错动引起地层位移由发震断层位置向远端逐渐减小的过程,进而模拟穿越活动断层时长大隧道断层段到非断层段沿纵向的振动特性变化。该方法通过改变组合弹簧中单个弹簧单元的刚度系数和弹簧单元的个数等,可改变试验箱中断层在断层错动发生时的振动频率和错动位移,进而得到振动频率-组合弹簧刚度和错动位移-组合弹簧刚度的回归公式,可通过前期试验得到的回归公式来设置相应的组合弹簧形式,对后续试验中多种不同振动频率和错动位移的试验工况进行模拟。