What affects pedestrian crossing difficulty at urban intersections in a developing country?

In developing countries, road traffic crashes involving pedestrians have become a foremost concern. At present, road safety assessment plans and selection of interventions are primarily restricted to traditional approaches that depend on the investigations of historical crash data. However, in developing countries such as India, the availability, consistency, and accuracy of crash data are major concerns. In contrast, proactive approaches such as studying road users' risk perception have emerged as a substitute method of examining potential risk factors. An individual's risk perception offers vital information on probable crash risk, which may be beneficial in detecting high-risk locations and major causes of crashes. Since the pedestrian fatality risk is not uniform across the urban road network level, it may be expected that pedestrians' perceived risk measured in terms of “crossing difficulty” would also vary across the sites. In this perspective, the present paper establishes a mathematical association between the pedestrians' perceived “crossing difficulty” and actual crashes. The model outcome confirms that pedestrians' perceived crossing difficulty is a good surrogate of fatal pedestrian crashes at the intersection level in Kolkata City, India. Subsequently, to examine the impact of traffic exposures, road infrastructure, land use, spatial factors, and pedestrian-level attributes on pedestrians' “crossing difficulty”; a set of Ordered Logit models are developed. The model outcomes show that high vehicle and pedestrian volume, vehicular speed, absence of designated bus stop, the presence of inaccessible pedestrian crosswalk, on-street parking, lack of signalized control (for both vehicle and pedestrian), inadequate sight distance, land use pattern, slum population, pedestrian-vehicular post encroachment time, waiting time before crossing, road width, and absence of police enforcement at an intersection significantly and positively increase pedestrian's crossing difficulty at urban intersections. To end, the model findings are advantageously utilized to develop a set of countermeasures across 3E's of road safety.     

Characteristics of red light running violations in urban areas in Tabuk,Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

This paper aims to assess the characteristics of red light violations in Tabuk city of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The paper also analyzes the effect of intersection characteristics, such as geometric design, control system and location, on number of violations. Data on traffic characteristics and violations, intersection geometric design (road width, number of lanes, speed) were collected at 38 intersections in Tabuk using video cameras. Statistical analysis reveals that number of approaches, speed, road width, speed on cross road, and width of cross road significantly affects red light violation. Regression analysis implies that road width, red time and speed are the most important factors affecting red light violation.     

信号交叉口行人使用手机对其过街行为和安全的影响

针对信号交叉口处行人使用手机对其安全产生不利影响的问题,以武汉市9个信号交叉口的实测数据为基础,对行人使用与不使用手机情况下的过街行为与安全性差异进行统计分析.以往的研究中,评价行人安全多通过简单的对比分析,很少有量化的参数依据;针对行人使用手机对过街安全的影响,以人车冲突为评价指标,建立了基于有序概率(OP)的模型,可以更好地量化评价与预测信号交叉口处的行人安全.结果 表明,有11个因素与人车冲突显著相关,包括行人年龄、使用手机方式、过街速度、行人是否与他人结伴过街、嘹望次数、闯红灯与否、车道数、上游车道左转流量、上游车道右转流量、进口道右转流量和信号周期.其中,使用手机会增加人车冲突的概率:在双向2,4,5,6和7车道上,过街时打电话行人的人均冲突分别是不使用手机行人的3.56,3.42,3.33,3.29和3.00倍;看屏幕行人的人均冲突分别是不使用手机行人的4.78,4.17,3.80,3.59和3.30倍;而听音乐行人和不使用手机行人之间的人均冲突并没有明显差异.      

北京市信号交叉口行人过街忍耐时间研究

行人交通是信号交叉口交通的重要组成部分.目前信号交叉口的规划设计优先考虑机动车效率,为了保障机动车的通行效率,北京市多数行人过街环境遭到破坏,"中国式过马路"应运而生.结合当前北京市交通的特点,以红灯期间到达信号交叉口人行横道等待区的行人为研究对象,运用视频调查和人工调查相结合的方法获取北京市不同影响因素下行人过街忍耐时间的基础数据,采集了9554个行人过街忍耐时间样本.建立信号交叉口行人过街忍耐时间的 Cox 风险回归模型,结果表明信号交叉口行人过街的最大忍耐时间是52.88 s,信号交叉口行人过街忍耐时间与温度、性别、年龄、出行时间、红灯时长、单位机动车流量、人行横道长度等影响因素有关,用地性质对信号交叉口行人过街忍耐时间的影响不显著.      

城市交叉口的闯红灯违规分析研究

闯红灯冲突比起交叉路口所有冲突占有比较高的伤害百比率。通过对西安部分城市交叉路口机动车辆违规行为的调查分析，对设置有全红灯间隔、没有设置全红灯间隔以及是否安装闯红灯自动检测系统的交叉口进行了比较研究，分析了闯红灯违规的特点，研究分析表明在信号灯相位及其间隔设置合理的前提下，实施安装自动闯红灯监测系统可以明显减少闯红灯行为的发生，闯红灯自动检测系统机动车驾驶员的行为规范得到改善。还给出了黄灯信号期通过交叉口车辆的微观仿真建模及其实验结果，初步探讨了减少闯红灯违规的有效措施。     

无信号控制人行横道处行人过街特性探析

行人是交通环境中的"弱势群体",尤其是在无信号控制人行横道处,研究行人交通特性是提出改善行人安全措施的前提。本文初步对无信号控制人行横道处人车干扰运行和行人过街运动特性进行定性分析,并选取长春市南湖大路上具有代表性的无信号控制人行横道进行实地观察和试验,定量分析行人到达人行横道规律和行人过街速度特性,其中重点分析年龄、性别和人群中行人数量对行人过街速度的影响。按照年龄将行人分为中、青年人,老人,儿童;按照性别将行人分为男性行人和女性行人;人群中行人数量主要选取1,2,3及4人以上进行研究。这些数据和分析结论对下一步针对实地情况提出改善行人交通安全的方案提供了基本的理论依据。     

信号交叉口不同走向行人延误的比较

在西安市,对信号交叉口不同走向行人延误进行了实地研究。研究包括两部分,第1部分仅在一条人行横道上进行,信号灯周期分为13个分相位;第2部分涉及13条人行横道,但信号灯周期仅分为绿灯期和非绿灯期。研究表明,在西安市的信号交叉口,不同走向行人都有行人到达率不均匀、绿灯期到达行人也可能有延误、非绿灯期到达行人闯红灯比例高、闯红灯行人仍可能有延误等特点,总平均延误也基本相同,只是平均延误和到达分相位关系有显著差异。     

典型信号控制交叉口行人专用相位设置阈值研究

针对目前城市道路交叉口中人车混行现象,综合考虑效率与安全两方面因素,选取延误成本和冲突成本分别作为效率与安全的评价指标,构建有(无)行人专用相位信号控制模式的交叉口运行成本模型.模型的延误成本中,行人和非机动车延误考虑了信号延误、冲突延误以及绕行延误;冲突成本则基于交通冲突理论,以车头时距判断机动车与行人和非机动车是否发生冲突为指标,并根据机动车及行人和非机动车达到分布确定冲突概率.最后,通过北京市四道口交叉口验证了该模型的适用性,并基于遗传算法求得典型信号控制交叉口中行人专用相位设置的阈值在750~900人/h浮动,随着车流量的增长,行人专用相位的设置对行人流量的要求呈现先降后升的趋势.为城市道路交叉口信号配时设计提供了理论支撑,保障行人及非机动车安全、舒适、方便、尊严的出行.      

交叉口人行横道通行能力研究

人行横道通行能力是确定行人过街设施的基础参数。通过分析信号交叉口处人行横道混合交通特征,提出了一定周期时长和单位人行横道宽度的人行横道绿灯时间内的实际通行能力计算公式;以可接受间隙理论为基础,利用概率论的方法,推导出了无信号交叉口处人行横道的通行能力计算公式,并通过实例验算,具有一定的实用价值。     

基于累积前景理论的无信控路段人车通行冲突博弈分析

无信控路段具有强交互性和高事故率,由于缺乏交通信号将人车进行分离,导致其容易形成人车通行冲突,影响道路通行效率和交通安全.为此,以各道路使用者的损失最小为目标,构建了基于累积前景理论的人车通行冲突博弈模型.通过研究过街行人与机动车辆的交互作用,分析双方决策行为影响因素并构建得失矩阵;同时在考虑决策者主观心理感知的前提下...     

城市道路交通组织设计探讨

城市道路交通组织设计是在道路规划、设计中对道路交通流的方向预先进行组织设计,关键在于把城市各级道路所组成的“区域路网”作为一个不停运行的“有机整体”来考虑。机动车交通组织设计应遵循按道路等级分级组织交通的原则,每一级道路应只吸引比它低一级道路的交通流,并向它的上一级道路输送交通流,支路在合适的情况下可组织单向交通,路口尤其是异形路口的交通组织是设计的难点。在路口和大型交通集散点行人和非机动车的交通组织应给予充分的重视。     

Estimation of left-turning vehicle maneuvers for the assessment of pedestrian safety at intersections

Improving pedestrian safety at intersections remains a critical issue. Although several types of safety countermeasures, such as reforming intersection layouts, have been implemented, methods have not yet been established to quantitatively evaluate the effects of these countermeasures before installation. One of the main issues in pedestrian safety is conflicts with turning vehicles. This study aims to develop an integrated model to represent the variations in the maneuvers of left-turners (left-hand traffic) at signalized intersections that dynamically considers the vehicle reaction to intersection geometry and crossing pedestrians. The proposed method consists of four empirically developed stochastic sub-models, including a path model, free-flow speed profile model, lag/gap acceptance model, and stopping/clearing speed profile model. Since safety assessment is the main objective driving the development of the proposed model, this study uses post-encroachment time (PET) and vehicle speed at the crosswalk as validation parameters. Preliminary validation results obtained by Monte Carlo simulation show that the proposed integrated model can realistically represent the variations in vehicle maneuvers as well as the distribution of PET and vehicle speeds at the crosswalk.     

交通违法监控对职业与非职业驾驶人的心理及行为影响调查分析

为了发现交通违法监控对职业与非职业驾驶人的心理及行为的不同影响,采用问卷调查方法,获得321份关于这2类驾驶人在有无交通违法监控下的驾驶心理与驾驶行为选择、对安装交通违法监控的态度等11个题目的数据,对其进行了卡方分析和配对样本t检验.结果表明,非职业驾驶人与职业驾驶人通过有监控和无监控2种交叉口时的心理存在不同;交通违法监控对非职业驾驶人的影响大于职业驾驶人,无交通违法监控下,非职业驾驶人的冒险行为倾向大于职业驾驶人冒险行为倾向;非职业驾驶人在无监控交叉口与有监控交叉口驾驶行为有显著性差异;职业驾驶人在无监控交叉口与有监控交叉口驾驶行为选择差异不显著;无论是非职业驾驶人还是职业驾驶人,大多数都支持和认可安装交通违法监控.      

低能见度水平下行人交通事故严重程度及异质性分析

为探究在低能见度水平下影响行人事故伤害严重程度的因素, 并分析可能存在的异质性。以某市6 405起行人-机动车交通事故为研究对象, 分别研究高、低能见度水平下机动车-行人事故中行人伤害严重程度影响因素, 建立均值异质性的随机参数Logit模型并通过弹性分析定量分析显著变量对行人受伤情况的影响程度。结果表明, 高、低能见度下影响行人伤害严重程度的因素存在明显差异。(1)低能见度情况下男性驾驶员、高龄行人、卡车、沥青路面、凌晨、较暗的照明条件等因素会增加行人伤害严重程度。(2)低能见度情况下卡车和凌晨这2个因素具有随机参数特征, 分别使行人死亡的概率增加了4.39%和2.67%;此外, 当事故涉及卡车和26~35岁行人这2个因素时会增大行人死亡的概率; 而当夜间有路灯照明与凌晨这2个因素共同作用时行人死亡的可能性降低。(3)高能见度情况下未发现具有异质性的影响因素, 但发现男性行人和摩托车等因素会增大事故严重程度; 而驾驶员年龄、沥青路面、周末和地形等因素对事故严重程度并没有显著影响。      

人非共板断面适应性研究

人非共板断面通过机动车与非机动车高差进行分离,减少机非碰撞的交通事故;避免非机动车对机动车通行的影响,但也不可避免地带来人非冲突予盾增加,非机动车频繁起伏,舒适性下降等问题;结合道路红线宽度、机动车、非机动车交通组织等因素,研究人非共板断面在路段及交叉口范围的交通模式,从而分析总结人非共板断面的适用范围.     

城市行人过街速度研究

为研究城市平面行人过街的速度及差别,分别对哈尔滨市冬夏两季的信号交叉口、无信号交叉口、环形交叉口、路段人行横道和自由过街5种不同过街条件下的行人过街速度进行调查。分析了冬季与夏季和不同过街条件下行人过街速度的变化以及形成原因;分析了行人年龄、性别、人行横道长度、过街行人数量和绿灯时间对行人过街速度的影响;采用数理统计方法,用15%位速度作为行人过街的设计速度,提出冬夏两季不同过街条件下的行人过街设计速度推荐值。     

设有行人专用相位的交叉口行人闯红灯行为及应对策略研究

针对主次路相交并设置行人专用相位的交叉口行人闯红灯的普遍现象,提出整个交叉口行人专用相位与几个进口行人可用相位相结合的信号配时方案,通过仿真验证得出,该方法不仅有效的降低了行人闯红灯率,减少了行人的等待时间,而且机动车的延误没有明显的增加。这种配时方案为解决我们城市主次路相交等道路宽度差距较大的交叉口中的行人闯红灯现象提供一个较好的思路。     

考虑礼让行人的信号交叉口配时优化方法

为提高机动车礼让行人背景下的人车通行效率,研究了基于叠加相位设计的信号交叉口配时优化方法.以西安市1个典型交叉口为例,分析机动车与过街行人冲突情况;在Webster配时模型的基础上,提出叠加相位设计与人车冲突时空分离策略相结合的信号配时优化方法,并给出行人信号早启时间、人车绿时分离设置阈值的计算方法;运用VISSIM仿...     

Exploring pedestrian surrogate safety measures by road geometry at midblock crosswalks: A perspective under mixed traffic conditions

Pedestrian safety is generally assessed using frequency of crashes, based on historical data, for a given transportation facility. However, the lack of good and reliable crash data has hampered its apposite analyses and in evaluating the effectiveness of pedestrian safety programs. To overcome this gap, traffic conflict technique (TCT) which relies mainly on the observations of critical traffic situations for safety analysis were developed. However, the applicability of TCTs and related measures under varying non-lane based heterogeneous traffic conditions prevailing in countries such as India is not widely explored. This paper attempts to evaluate pedestrian safety at urban midblock crosswalk using different surrogate safety measures, including vehicle crossing speed, post encroachment time (PET), yielding compliance of driver as well as pedestrian, and conflict rate. The number of conflicts were observed to increase as the average vehicle crossing speed increases, indicating that pedestrians are extremely vulnerable while crossing the road. The PET value for the smaller vehicles, such as two-wheelers and three-wheelers, is recorded to be lower than the heavy vehicles, such as trucks and buses. With the addition of one lane, there is a significant decrease in the PET value. The average PET values for the vehicle on eight-lane divided road is less than the six-lane divided, four-lane divided, and two-lane undivided roads. Further, the yielding compliance of the driver as well as of the pedestrian depends on the crossing speed of the approaching vehicle and the type of road geometry. Further, the rate and severity of conflicts increased with a decrease in the pedestrian crossing speed. The yielding behaviour of the drivers as well as the pedestrian's yielding compliance varies by location, highlighting the effect of individual and demographic characteristics on pedestrian crossing behaviour.