Analyzing travelers' attitude towards ride-hailing services in developing countries: Case of Lahore,Pakistan

Ride-hailing services are gaining momentum to meet the urban travel demand in the absence of proper public transport in developing countries. To the best of our knowledge, research on passenger's behavior and attitude towards the service quality of ride-hailing services and certainly studies focusing on developing countries are quite rare. Ride-hailing services were launched to meet the travel demand of residents throughout the city of Lahore, Pakistan in 2015. A revealed preferences study of 865 respondents consisting their demographic, travel information and perceptions related to selected attributes of service quality was carried out to examine their attitude and behavior towards the use of ride-hailing services in Lahore, Pakistan.Most of the users of these services are young, well-educated and have relatively high income. The travelers who were using Rickshaw services before are found to be the frequent users of these services and ride-hailing services have started replacing respondents' previous modes of travel. Exploratory factor analysis were employed on collected data to identify the factors effecting the traveler's perceptions regarding the use of ride-hailing services and structural model of users' satisfaction were constructed based on these factors later.The results exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed that significant determinants of passenger's satisfaction with ride-hailing services are coverage and accessibility attributes (CAA), instrumental attributes (IA), service attraction attributes (SAA) and safety attributes (SA). The number of trips, trip purpose, income, education, time since the use of these services, profession and household size are also significant parameters in the determination of traveler's behavior and attitude towards the use of ride-hailing services in Lahore city. The commuter's overall satisfaction with service quality of app-based services have positive association with travelers intentions to continue use of app-based services and their believe that these services have filled the gap of public transport in the city and replacing previous modes of travel. The further improvements in attributes will enhance the traveler's satisfaction with these services. Insight into the attitude and perceptions of travelers would be useful for the transport planners, ride-hailing companies and policy makers for making appropriate improvements in the services and giving them space in existing transport system.     

Vulnerable road users: Cross-cultural perspectives on performance and attitudes

Pedestrians, cyclists and powered two-wheeler riders are considered vulnerable road users, as they are prone to a high risk of injury in the event of vehicular collision. This paper sought to elucidate the road safety performance and attitudes of vulnerable road users in 32 countries. In addition, comparisons between countries and demographic characteristics have been conducted, and recommendations that could enhance vulnerable road users' safety have been provided. For the study, data from the second edition of the ESRA survey (E-Survey on Road Users' Attitudes – ESRA2) conducted in 2018 were utilized. The results indicate that crossing the road at places other than nearby pedestrian crossings, reading a text message or checking social media while walking on the streets, cycling and riding without wearing a helmet, and speeding on powered two-wheelers outside built-up areas but not on motorways/freeways were the most frequently reported self-declared behaviours in the 32 countries. Finally, some solutions on preventing road crashes and increasing vulnerable road users' safety such as infrastructure interventions, use of protective equipment, and training and educational campaigns are discussed.     

User retention tendency of bus routes based on user behavior transition in an area with low mode share of public transport

Although both public transport and private modes have their own purposes and safety issues, most people are free to choose either way to make a trip. Previous research states that increasing the mode share of public transport is an important transportation policy to improve traffic safety, and it is a key outcome of demand management indeed. However, rather than merely focusing on increasing its ridership, a more reliable way to reach for the universality of a public transport system is through its customer retention tendency. Research on satisfaction with bus service often focuses on the influence of specific variables. However, numerous variables may influence users' decision-making. To ease their work, managers have no choice but to ignore some unknown variables. Therefore, we now propose a bottom-up procedure, which needs only smart card data, to obtain the odds ratio of usage of a specific bus route. Logistic regression models are calibrated based on four behavior groups, and the significant coefficients of route variables represent the odds ratios of the bus route usage. The calibration of odds ratio does not need any individual personal or individual socio-economical information, but only smart card transaction data. This method will dramatically decrease the cost and time for data collection. Further, the procedure proposed in this study can be encapsulated in software, which managers can then use to assist their planning.     

Temps et pratiques modales. Le plus court est-il le mieux ?

This paper considers the rationality of travel practices with regard to journey times. The problem can be formulated as follows: to what extent is modal choice determined by a qualitative rather than a quantitative comparison between journey times? Modal choice for home-to-work trips in the conurbations of Grenoble, Geneva, Lausanne and Berne among a representative sample of 2,000 employed persons faced with an alternative is analyzed. The study on which the paper is based explores two directions: the first examines the perception of journey times and the second considers the rationality of users' modal choice with regard to real and perceived travel times. This dual analysis reveals that although users do not necessarily attempt to minimize their home-to-work travel time, they do try to avoid time spent travelling that is impossible to put to good use because of a lack of comfort or flexibility. Furthermore the results show that the quality of time and the speed at which time passes are linked: when use can be made of the journey time it passes quickly, when it cannot it passes slowly and is viewed in the same way as a long waiting time. Such poor quality is a frequent characteristic of public transport. Ultimately, the study shows that while the comparison between journey times is a criterion for modal choice it only takes on meaning in relation to the form and content of the time. While most respondents prefer their car to public transport it is as much on the grounds of flexibility and quality of the time as on the grounds of speed.     

Mixité sociale et choix modal : importance des dimensions symboliques dans l’attrait des transports collectives

Our understanding of transport mode choice is largely based upon functional attributes, such as travel time, cost or accessibility. It is important, however, to also look at symbolic and affective attributes. Indeed, one of the main differences between mass transit and private car use is strongly symbolic: public transport compels users to confront social diversity. Given a hypothetical choice between those modes, 200 residents of the Parisian region were asked five times to evaluate (measuring usage intention on a six point scale: ?3 meaning never and +3 meaning always, with no neutral point) the attractiveness of bus versus car-based transport, according to relative travel time and bus users’ population type. The results show that the symbolic dimension (the social mix) strongly contributes to the desirability of a transport mode, as does the functional dimension (travel time).     

Besoins en information et problèmes d'utilisation des transports ferroviaires par les personnes déficientes visuelles

This paper describes some of the findings of the biovam project, which deals with the difficulties encountered by the visually impaired when travelling on public transport, for example buses, the underground or trains. The biovam project brings together a team of researchers who are specialized in the accessibility of transport to disabled persons, mobility instructors for the visually impaired and two public transport operators, the ratp (the Paris Region Public Transport Authority) and the sncf (French National Railways). The biovam project performed a survey which identified the difficulties encountered by visually impaired travellers, and then conducted an inventory of the technical devices which could alleviate these problems. This paper pays particular attention to train travel, which differs from other modes in particular as regards frequency of use, journey duration and the nature of the infrastructure and the rolling stock. The presented findings have led to a number of recommendations and the organization of an experimental program which has renewed financial support from predit.     

Study on influence of walking experience on traffic safety attitudes and values among foreign residents in Japan

The most vulnerable user in road space is still an ordinary pedestrian even though the top fatalities by traffic mode differ in countries. Thus, prioritizing/protecting vulnerable road users is essential to improve road safety. People's safety perceptions toward vulnerable users are strongly associated with surrounding elements and their own experiences, especially as pedestrians. Therefore the attitude and values toward vulnerable users would vary due to culture and customs related to walking in each country. This study examines how a walking experience change reflects people with diverse backgrounds' traffic safety attitudes by conducting an online questionnaire survey for foreigners living in Japan for five years or less. As a result, 75% of respondents walk more frequently due to increased public transportation usage. For all the respondents, the increase in the walking frequency also drives the shift in the attitude toward vulnerable users and the values regarding travel safety and comfort indirectly intermediated by the shift in attitudes toward walkability, applying structural equation modeling. To focus on the structure of the shift according to nationality, people from Southeast/South Asia, where motorcyclists are the top fatalities in the road space and somehow regarded as vulnerable road users, the increased walking experience contributes significantly to the improvement of awareness of vulnerable road users and to the formation of safety and comfort values. Regarding people from Europe/North America, although their walking frequency increases after coming to Japan, there is a static causal relationship that does not influence their attitude toward walkability or safety and comfort values. Additionally, they already have an attitude of protecting/prioritizing pedestrians and placing more importance on safety and comfort. At the same time, people from Southeast/South lacks the attitude toward pedestrians due to much less frequency of walking in daily life. It suggests that establishing safe and having comfortable pedestrian spaces and public transport in developing countries where traffic infrastructure is at the development stage will encourage people to walk and likely help foster an attitude of placing importance on safety.     

石家庄城市交通项目中山路公交优先

为实现世界银行“为人和货的移动创造良好的环境,实现石家庄市的公共交通、自行车、步行等交通方式在城市交通系统中运行效率得到提高”的总目标,在石家庄市城市总体规划的指导下,本着“少花钱,多办事,见实效”的原则,对石家庄市公交线网最为集中的中山路进行改造,实施公交优先试点。实践证明,公交优先的实施,提高了公交设计车辆的客运能力和通行能力,把使用个人交通工具的人有效地吸引到了公共交通上来,促使了石家庄市出行方式结构的良性转变,塑造了合理的城市交通方式结构。     

Driving behavior in mixed traffic flow: A novel model for assessing bus movement considering the interaction with motorcyclists

Improving level of service (LOS) is an essential requirement for a sustainable public transport development of a city. A large number of previous studies have considered bus LOS on viewpoints of its users. It should, however, be noted that the viewpoint of non-bus travelers is also equally important because they are potential to be bus users. This paper suggests a novel model for transport planners to assess driving behavior of bus drivers through a consideration of bus movement in association with motorcyclists' interaction. Bus movement assessment is modelled based on GPS and traffic surveillance video data in correlation with the traffic density estimated under Kalman-filter algorithm. A case study in Hanoi, Vietnam showed an illustration to the model.     

Choix modal et valeurs du temps en Île-de-France

This paper estimates values of time in the Paris region by investigating modal choice. It uses survey data from the 1997 Enquête globale de transport and results from simulation using the model developed by the IAURIF (Institut d'aménagement et d'urbanisme de la région Île-de-France). Initially, the authors applied conventional Logit and Probit models to give estimates for groups of users based on age, gender, income and geographic variables relating to the location of their residence and work. In general our values of time are higher than the official figure. Two extensions of the basic models were then tested. First, with a Mixed Logit model, the heterogeneity of users was considered, then ER-logit model was applied to examine income effects. The main finding is the extent to which the income effect modifies values of time estimates. The paper also presents a separate distribution of values of time for car users and public transport users and an assessment of the proportion of their income that users take into account when selecting a transport mode.     

Is vehicle ownership in urban india influenced by the availability of high quality dedicated public transit systems?

As India's economy grows, so too does the number of people who can afford to own vehicles. A downside of this rapid increase in private vehicle ownership is a corresponding increase in traffic congestion, air pollution, and carbon emissions. Although affordability may be one reason for the shift toward commuting via private vehicles, another contributing factor could be the quality of public transportation. The objective of this paper is to determine whether private vehicle ownership in large urban areas in India is influenced by the presence of high quality dedicated public transit systems. Consumer expenditure survey data acquired from the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) for the year 2009–2010 were used to develop a vehicle ownership model for 26 Indian cities with a population of at least one million. The results show that the availability of public transportation has a negative correlation to motorcycle/moped ownership but has no strong effect on car ownership. These results should encourage governments in developing economies to invest in high-quality dedicated public transit systems.     

The association between national culture,road safety performance and support for policy measures

There are considerable differences between countries when it comes to road safety performance, as indicated by the number of road fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants. These discrepancies are strongly associated with differences in wealth and prosperity, as expected, but are also related to national culture. The overall objective of this exploratory study is to identify relationships between national culture, road safety performance and public support for policy measures. Using the revised version of Hofstede's cultural dimensions, we show the strong correlation between national culture and road safety performance, which exists even after controlling for the national level of wealth as measured by the gross national income. Furthermore, by combining the national cultural dimensions with data on 29 countries from the second stage of ESRA, the E-Survey of Road users' Attitudes, this study demonstrates that culture also affects the level of public support for policy measures related to road safety. Specifically, for many measures, the degree of individualism accounts for a considerable part of the statistical variation in the public support for policy measures across countries—except for those measures for which the support is very high in most countries. Possible explanations are given for the seemingly paradoxical finding that countries which witness high resistance to road safety policy measures have nevertheless managed to achieve better road safety performance.     

面向移动终端的偶发事件信息需求与发布框架研究

目前城市交通运行特性逐渐由规律性向偶发性转变,居民对偶发事件的预警需求也日渐增加.针对常见公共交通偶发事件,通过SP公众小样本调查,从影响程度、发生频率及对居民行为影响等角度开展偶发性事件特征的深入分析;进而利用系统聚类算法实现点、局部、全局三层级的偶发事件分类.在此基础上,分析并明确不同偶发事件下居民对信息需求的类型、位置、提示时间,构建偶发事件信息需求表.通过研究移动互联环境下不同服务终端的信息发布和收取特性,获取最佳信息发布获取渠道,进而构建偶发事件信息发布框架并搭建基于手机APP移动终端的服务平台.结果表明,手机移动终端的居民使用满意率达到85%.有助于解决城市交通运行特性的不确定性与出行信息的可靠性、及时性之间的矛盾,提高交通出行效率.      

基于大数据的出行方式分配预测研究

随着城镇化及城市交通机动化的进程加快，在城镇化和机动化的共同作用下，交通拥挤问题已经成为制约城市发展和影响居民生活质量的主要问题之一。居民出行行为研究在交通管理和控制中有着非常重要的作用。结合多元大数据，构建出行方式选择的概率模型，有助于不同小区的出行方式分担率的预测，对缓解城市交通压力、提升运营管理能力有直接作用。本文基于小区出行分配、公共交通和非公共交通以及公交和轨道出行三个层级，分别得出出行分配预测模型，并形成计算机程序。利于实际应用，对识别城市出行特征、缓解城市交通压力提供有效措施。     

基于公交数据的公交乘客上客特征分析

城市公共交通是城市交通的重要组成部分,具有缓解交通拥堵、降低能源消耗、改善生态环境等优势,一直是政府大力支持与提倡优先的出行方式。基于公交的运营数据,提取了每次刷卡数据的上客站点数据,进一步分析出公交网络层面站点上客特征,最后,结合居住人口、工作人口分布,分析出公交乘客上客与空间人口分布的关联性。     

Shared public transport within a physical internet framework: Reviews,conceptualization and expected challenges under COVID-19 pandemic

Traffic congestion, dominated by private mobility, reveals not only negative impacts on road safety and the environment, but also on community cohesion. With the global COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2COVID-19 (COVID-19) epidemic, there is an urgent need for social isolation and the use of individual private transport as per the approved health guidelines. Urban transport, especially public transportation (PT), is among the primary sectors affected due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, novel alternatives for competitive PT services still have to be provided to remain meeting the socio-economic and ecological PT challenges. In this respect, sharing PT vehicles carrying passengers (shared freight-PT) could exploit a significant residual capacity as absorptive capacity is actually reduced. However, such use is based on a large-scale mutualization. The idea of integrating freight in passenger transit networks could be efficient within a Physical Internet (PI or π) framework for improving system monitoring, operational performance and, user comfort. This paper explores the major trends in the theory and practice of shared transport systems, in terms of passengers and freight, and suggests a PI conceptual framework to check if we could promote such logistics. In exploring the PI approach, a number of proposals appear providing answers and advance researches towards shared freight-PT.     

Classification of Livebus arrivals user behavior

With the increasing use of Intelligent Transport Systems, large amounts of data are created. Innovative information services are introduced and new forms of data are available, which could be used to understand the behavior of travelers and the dynamics of people flows. This work analyzes the requests for real-time arrivals of bus routes at stops in London made by travelers using Transport for London's LiveBus Arrivals system. The available dataset consists of about one million requests for real-time arrivals for each of the 28 days under observation. These data are analyzed for different purposes. LiveBus Arrivals users are classified based on a set of features and using K-Means, Expectation Maximization, Logistic regression, One-level decision tree, Decision Tree, Random Forest, and Support Vector Machine (SVM) by Sequential Minimal Optimization (SMO). The results of the study indicate that the LiveBus Arrivals requests can be classified into six main behaviors. It was found that the classification-based approaches produce better results than the clustering-based ones. The most accurate results were obtained with the SVM-SMO methodology (Precision of 97%). Furthermore, the behavior within the six classes of users is analyzed to better understand how users take advantage of the LiveBus Arrivals service. It was found that the 37% of users can be classified as interchange users. This classification could form the basis of a more personalized LiveBus Arrivals application in future, which could support management and planning by revealing how public transport and related services are actually used or update information on commuters.     

私车公用视角下的广西林业类事业单位公车改革

长期以来,广西林业类事业单位公务用车存在运行成本高、公车私用、超编制超标准配备使用车辆、使用效率低等问题。虽然在国、区两级政策的指导下,广西林业类事业单位通过体制改革,公车私用、配备不合理、使用效率低等现象有所改善,但车辆运行成本高的问题仍然突出。本文就林业类事业单位公务车辆运行成本过高的问题原因进行了分析,借鉴社会企业普遍使用私车公用的策略,探索广西林业类事业单位公车改革的途径,以期为林业类事业单位公车改革提供有益借鉴。     

Exploring the possibility of MaaS service in Thailand,implications from the existing conditions and experts' opinions on “Who should be the MaaS provider in Bangkok?”

Mobility-as-a-Service or MaaS is the emerging transport solution that services a package of mobility to customers. MaaS aims to give a new travel experience to travelers, in terms of access to the services and seamless trips on one single platform. The organization of MaaS requires a new player, a MaaS provider, who mediates the travelers (customers) and transport services. The MaaS provider takes the roles of data provider, integrator, and MaaS operator. In many pilot and implementation of MaaS schemes around the world, the MaaS providers come from various stakeholders and employ various business models. MaaS providers are crucial in that they lead the cooperation among all stakeholders and are the driving force of the services. In Bangkok, Thailand, where MaaS is a relatively new concept, the identification of a suitable MaaS provider was explored. Taking the local transport conditions, both demand and service conditions, scenarios of probable MaaS providers were investigated. The study method included literature reviews and collection of present transport setting, including the organizational arrangement. Expert interview and focus group meeting were used to form a concrete understanding and to imply the possibility of the MaaS provider in Bangkok. Three scenarios of Maas providers were set: public transport service provider, private transport service provider and third party, and Public Private Partnership. The results disclose issues that need to be resolved if the stakeholder would serve as the MaaS provider. Several implications are drawn to set the directions of MaaS development and a possible MaaS provider in Bangkok.     

基于IPA的可变信息标志发布内容改善研究

可变信息标志是最具代表性的一种公共交通信息服务手段,它发布的信息具有公众性。但目前大多数可变信息标志针对不同的用户和环境提供相同的信息,这反映了对交通信息用户的偏好及道路状况等不同的交通环境考虑得不够。为了能在不同的交通环境下提供相应的信息,使用户在车辆行驶过程中由可变信息标志得到必要的交通信息,以问卷的形式调查了驾驶员对VMS提供信息的偏好度,利用IPA分析了VMS发布内容,并由分析结果提出了相应的改善方案。