基于安全车速的北京冬奥会山地道路冰雪路面通行能力研究

复杂山地线形和道路冰雪路面结合条件下的安全车速设置及通行能力保障是交通管理面临的新挑战。针对北京冬奥会延庆赛区复杂山地道路冰雪路面场景,建立了安全车速与道路线形设计及路面附着系数之间的关系,以安全车速为依据得到了不同路面条件下山地道路的通行能力。依据道路平曲线、竖曲线和横断面数据建立了山地道路三维空间模型;分析了车辆在山地道路平纵组合路段的受力情况,构建了车辆安全行驶速度与圆曲线半径、道路超高、纵坡坡度和路面附着系数的关系模型,并分析了基于安全车速模型的道路通行能力。为了验证模型,选取2种常见的冰雪路面状况和2种常用的车辆类型,获得不同条件下山地道路冰雪路面的安全车速。采用VISSIM软件设计了20种仿真场景,结合道路实测数据验证了安全车速模型的对山地道路冰雪路面车辆安全行驶的提升作用。实测与结果表明：相比全程单一限速模型,所建立的安全车速模型在冰膜路面的行程时间缩短了约38%（小汽车）和32%（大客车）,雪板路面的行程时间缩短了约26%（小汽车）和24%（大客车）。山地道路交通流量存在1个自由流到饱和流的相变过程,冰膜路面小汽车下行最大交通量为241辆/h（单向行驶）和231辆/h（双向行驶）,大客车下行最大交通量为227辆/h（单向行驶）和222辆/h（双向行驶）;雪板路面小汽车下行最大交通量为319辆/h（单向行驶）和249辆/h（双向行驶）,大客车下行最大交通量为301辆/h（单向行驶）和236辆/h（双向行驶）。     

高速公路车速离散性与交通事故的关系及车速管理研究

对高速公路的车速标准差和亿车公里事故率的数据进行回归分析,建立了二者的关系模型,模型表明车速分布越离散,事故率越高,从而为高速公路的车速限制提供了理论依据。利用中国14条高速公路的地点车速调查数据,对15％位车速、85％位车速与单圆曲线的曲率变化率CCRs进行回归分析,分别建立了85％位车速与CCRs的回归模型以及15％位车速与CCRs的回归模型,利用这些模型提出了合理的基于交通安全的车速限制建议值。     

2车碰撞事故下5座乘用车乘员死亡风险分析

为探究5座乘用车乘员在2车碰撞事故下的死亡风险,研究了6种单一特征变量对乘员致死率的影响,进而基于二项Logistic回归模型分别对单一特征变量和组合特征变量进行显著性分析。通过9种常用的分类算法,结合网格搜索的调参方法,以F1为衡量指标选出相对较优的3种分类算法,即投票分类器、梯度提升及决策树,来构建多特征组合下的死亡风险预测模型。研究结果表明：①单一特征变量中行驶方向、路段类型、碰撞对象、乘坐位置对乘员死亡有显著影响。其中,异向行驶的车辆碰撞与同向行驶相比,乘员的死亡风险增加72%;非高速交叉路段与高速路段相比,乘员的死亡风险降低69%;碰撞对象为商用货车、商用客车的乘员死亡风险分别是乘用车的5倍和3倍,若在非高速非交叉路段发生碰撞则乘员死亡风险升至8倍左右,若在高速路段则高达15倍左右;相对于驾驶位乘员,副驾驶位乘员的死亡风险增加70%,且该位置乘员的死亡风险在高速路段会升高到驾驶位乘员的近4倍;②碰撞对象和路段类型是影响乘员死亡情况的主要特征变量;③由模型的预测结果可知：5座乘用车的正面或后面与商用货车在高速路段或非高速非交叉路段发生碰撞,乘员的死亡风险高于生存几率。     

Intelligent speed adaptation: Preliminary results of on-road study in Penang,Malaysia

The first field experiment with intelligent speed adaptation (ISA) in Malaysia was held in December 2010 in the State of Penang. Eleven private cars were instrumented with an advisory system. The system used in the present study included a vocal warning message and a visual text message that is activated when the driver attempts to exceed the speed limit. When the driver decreases the speed, the warning stops; otherwise it is continuously repeated. The test drivers drove the vehicles for three months with the installed system, and the speed was continuously logged in all vehicles. The warning was however only activated in the second month of the three month period. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of an advisory ISA on driving speed, traffic safety, and drivers' attitude, behavior, and acceptance of the system. To examine these effects, both the survey and the logged speed data were analyzed and explored. The results show a significant reduction in the mean, maximum and 85th percentile speed due to the use of the system. However, there was no long-lasting effect on the speed when the system was deactivated. In the post-trial survey, drivers declared that the system helped them well in following the speed limits and that it assisted them in driving more comfortably. Furthermore, the warning method was more accepted compared to a supportive system, such as active accelerator pedal (AAP). After the trial, most drivers were willing to keep an ISA system.     

A close examination of speed limit credibility and compliance on UK roads

Speed is at the core of the road safety problem and speed management is a tool for road safety. Speed limits that are more credible are supposed to encourage drivers to comply with speed limits, with consequent benefits for road safety. Credible speed limit has been found to be affected by the features of the road surroundings in previous research. This study investigated, by using a questionnaire, whether or not the current legal speed limit is credible on a variety of current UK road environments and what the difference is between the proposed speed limit and the chosen, self-reported driving speed. The survey result revealed that road layout and the roadside environment affected the intrinsic perception of choice of speed and speed limit. Chosen speed limit and proposed speed are not identical but are related with each other. The higher the speed limit drivers perceived, the higher speed they tended to drive.     

考虑高速公路运行风险的雨天可变限速方法

为保证雨天环境下高速公路行驶安全，降低道路整体运行风险，结合雨天风险特征，开展考虑运行风险的雨天可变限速研究。首先应用随机森林模型，标定雨天环境下高速公路动静态风险因素的特征重要度，并结合熵值理论，建立高速公路风险模型、计算风险系数、划分风险等级;之后，以空域自适应算法中可变限速推演变化规律为基础，考虑大、小型车的行驶特征，结合预期风险、雨天停车视距、水膜厚度等因素，优化可变限速模型，细化大、小型车辆的初始控制值，进而提出不同降雨强度、不同能见度下的可变限速推荐值；在此基础上，利用驾驶模拟实景仿真系统、心理生理检测设备、微观交通流仿真软件，开展可变限速系统控制值合理性及驾驶人行车适应性与交通流运行状态的实证分析。研究结果表明：随着能见度降低和降雨量增大，在可变限速控制下，驾驶人呈现出交感神经兴奋性减弱、副交感神经兴奋性增强、心理紧张度降低的状态，其平均心率、心率变异性高频值、心率变异性低频值、心率变异性差异值分别由74.13、0.121、0.643、2.37变为78.23、0.192、0.567、2.01，驾驶人对限速方案的适应性良好；同时，可变限速可保证道路整体通行效率，不会造成交通流风险震动，在小型车、大型车限速分别为80、60 km·h^-1和小型车限速60 km·h^-1、大型车禁止驶入场景下，碰撞时间均值、中值大于未限速场景，各车道的行车安全性均能得到保障;提出的雨天可变限速控制方法合理，且具有一定工程适应性，能为异常天气高速公路宏观车流主动防控提供理论支撑。     

半挂汽车列车高速公路弯道下坡路段运行安全研究（双语出版）

为提升半挂汽车列车在高速公路弯道下坡路段的运行安全，采用TruckSim仿真软件，构建了车辆模型、道路模型和驾驶人动力学仿真模型；基于蒙特卡罗可靠性分析法，分别建立了半挂汽车列车发生侧滑失效、侧翻失效、折叠失效和系统失效的功能函数，并选取设计速度80 km·h^-1的高速公路为研究路段，通过进行大量车辆动力学仿真试验，对不同圆曲线半径、纵坡坡度、路面附着系数、车速和车辆总质量对半挂汽车列车的运行安全的影响进行了数值分析。研究结果表明：半挂汽车列车发生侧滑和侧翻的概率随着圆曲线半径的增加而显著降低，在一般最小半径400 m的情况下，半挂汽车列车发生侧滑失效和侧翻失效的概率趋近于0；随着下坡坡度的增加，半挂汽车列车发生侧滑失效和侧翻失效的概率基本呈线性增长趋势；车速对于半挂汽车列车运行安全的影响尤为显著，当车速均值由60 km·h^-1增加到90 km·h^-1时，发生侧滑失效和侧翻失效的概率分别增加了634倍和336倍；车辆总质量的增加对半挂汽车列车侧翻有显著影响；在路面附着系数较低的条件下，半挂汽车列车的主要事故形态为侧滑和折叠，在路面附着系数较高的情况下，半挂汽车列车的主要事故形态为侧翻。因此，在道路设计中，应避免极限最小半径与陡坡组合，严格限速和限载可确保半挂汽车列车的运行安全性能。     

Evaluating the effectiveness of a smartphone speed limit advisory application: An on-road study in Port-Harcourt,Nigeria

The development of mobile phone applications that provide speed limit advice and warnings offers opportunities for use of the technology in the improvement of driver safety. This paper looks at the effect of an advisory Intelligent Speed Assistance (ISA) application on driver speeding behaviour. Twenty participants (all males within the age range of 35–60 years) completed a within-group experimental design. Participants drove in real traffic on a 46 km test route which incorporated three-speed limits zones (50 km/h, 60 km/h, and 80 km/h speed limits) and aggregated into 10 different segments. Compared with baseline levels, possible impacts of ISA system functionalities on driver behaviour were studied through appropriate metrics including cumulative speed distribution, mean speed, speed deviation, 85th percentile speed, percentage distanced travelled above the speed limit, and safety benefit estimation. Results indicated the use of the ISA application led to significant improvement in speed limit compliance particularly in the 60 km/h and 80 km/h zones where speeding was eliminated. There were no observed negative effects on driver speeding behaviour from the use of the system. In general, the findings suggest the use of the ISA system, resulted in the adoption of vehicle speeds that are likely to improve road safety.     

港区道路交通行车安全分析

港口作为一个客货流基地、客货流枢纽及客货流节点,地理位置比较特殊,一般是多条道路的起点或终点,同时它又是大宗货物和客流的集散中心,与之关联的港区内外道路的交通特性有别于一般公路和城市道路,港区道路车辆的特殊性也对港区行车安全提高了要求,因此在港区道路、交通附属设施设计以及交通管理措施上要结合港区特性,提高道路行车安全性。     

螺旋匝道和螺旋桥的小客车行驶速度特征

为明确螺旋匝道和螺旋桥处的驾驶行为模式和汽车运行特征，在涪陵长江一桥、乌江二桥、重庆融侨大道和涪陵金凯环形高架4处地点开展螺旋匝道实车试验，用车载仪器采集自然驾驶状态下的汽车连续行驶轨迹、速度以及周围行驶环境等信息。基于自然驾驶数据，研究螺旋匝道范围内的速度变化模式、幅值特性以及影响因素。研究结果表明：单车道螺旋匝道的速度变化模式多样化，双车道螺旋匝道的行驶速度在整体上维持稳定，匝道范围内的连续升坡和降坡并未导致速度出现趋势性衰减和趋势性升高；螺旋匝道并入主线时，驾驶人在合流鼻之前有明显的、共性的减速行为，这与现行设计标准中的设计假定相反；除涪陵长江一桥之外，其余3处都是下行速度低于上行速度；螺旋匝道设计速度越低，实测速度与设计速度之间的偏离越严重，并且速度幅值离散化，因此不建议使用20 km·h^-1的匝道设计速度；螺旋匝道运行速度与匝道半径成正相关。     

Development of a driving cycle for the measurement of fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of automobiles in Bangkok during peak periods

The exhaust emissions and fuel consumption rates of newly registered automobiles in Thailand are currently assessed using the standard driving cycle of the Economic Commission of Europe (ECE). Because of the highly different driving conditions, the assessment results may not reflect realistic amounts of emissions and fuel consumption for vehicles in Bangkok traffic, which is well known for its congestion. The objective of this study is therefore to develop a new driving cycle for vehicles traveling on Bangkok’s main roads during peak traffic hours. This paper first presents the development of a method for selecting representative road routes with traffic conditions that are representative of traffic in Bangkok for conducting real-world driving speed data collection. These real-world data are obtained by driving a car equipped with a speed-time data logger along those selected road routes. Several driving characteristics, including various profiles of microtrips, are analyzed from the collected speed-time data, and a number of target driving parameters are then defined for use as a set of criteria to justify the best driving cycle. A procedure for generating driving cycles from the analyzed real-driving data is also developed, and the method to select the cycle that is most representative of Bangkok traffic is described. Comparisons found in the study show that the target driving parameters of the newly developed driving cycle are much closer to those obtained from the real-world measured data than those calculated from the presently used European drive cycle. This would imply that the obtained driving cycle will produce more realistic results of the emissions and fuel consumption assessment tests for vehicles traveling in Bangkok. The methods developed in this study for route selection and driving cycle construction can easily be adopted by other big cities to develop their own vehicle driving cycles. Furthermore, although the developed methods are for passenger cars, similar approaches can be applied to develop driving cycles for other types of vehicle, such as city buses and pick-up trucks.     

基于车辆加速度数据的互通立交匝道驾驶风险分析

为明确互通立交匝道的运行特性和驾驶风险,在重庆市南山立交和江南立交开展了超过30位被试者的小客车实车驾驶试验,通过Speedbox和Mobileye等车载高精度仪器采集了小客车在4条迂回式匝道上的连续运行数据,包括行驶速度、横向加速度、纵向加速度等,明确了迂回式匝道的车辆运行状态,然后运用表征横、纵向加速度关系的G-G...     

桥面侧风对行车安全性影响的概率评价方法

针对高速公路综合管理需求,研究强风天气的大跨度桥梁行车安全性问题。在考虑风速、车型、路面条件和车速的基础上,分析了4种典型车辆的安全行车临界风速,结合桥位风速观测资料统计和桥梁结构对桥面风速的影响,建立桥面行车高度的等效风速概率模型,提出了概率评估方法,并将此方法应用于杭州湾跨海大桥和苏通长江公路大桥的桥面行车安全性分析。研究结果表明:侧滑是行车安全性的主要问题,大跨度桥塔附近的侧风影响最为严重。     

城市干路交叉口右转车辆轨迹流线与曲率特性分析

为明确城市干路交叉口汽车右转的轨迹特性和轨迹曲率模式,使用无人机在重庆市4个城市道路交叉口上方进行高空拍摄。利用图像分析方法采集了右转车辆的轨迹数据,包括时间、行驶速度和轨迹坐标等,通过对相邻轨迹点外接圆半径的计算得到轨迹曲率。运用轨迹线-车道边缘线的间距值分析了右转车辆轨迹通过位置分布与交叉口几何布局之间的关系,明确了交叉口右转车辆轨迹的曲率特性。运用聚类方法识别了右转车辆的6种轨迹曲率形态,确定了不同轨迹曲率形态下的常见驾驶行为,并研究了车辆行驶速度与轨迹曲率的相关关系。研究结果表明：①交叉口几何布局（包括路缘半径、车道宽度和出口车道数）对右转轨迹通过位置分布存在影响;②带渠化设计的右转专用道可以限制轨迹分布范围,减少右转交通的冲突和延误;③在右转过程中公交车辆较小型汽车所需侧向空间更大,轨迹分布的离散程度更低;④轨迹曲率的关键点与圆曲线设计中的主要点变化趋势不一致;⑤车辆加速度与轨迹曲率变化率呈负相关关系,相关系数为-0.843 5;⑥行驶速度与等效半径存在正相关关系,车辆行驶速度越快,圆曲线内轨迹的等效半径越大。     

南京市轻型车行驶工况的研究

通过对南京市主城区道路网进行研究分析,对道路进行分类,选择典型道路采集交通流量以及道路状况的调查分析,采用GPS定位技术,实时记录了南京市实际道路状况下轻型车的运行状况,通过对从GPS轨迹记录仪中获取的大量速度数据的分析处理,合成了南京市轻型车的综合行驶工况,并与标准测试工况、主要城市工况进行了对比分析,指出了南京城市轻型车运行的特点。     

山区双车道公路路线设计车型分类标准

为研究建立公路路线设计标准车型,通过对西部山区双车道公路的实地交通调查,并结合我国在用车型统计,建立了各类营运车辆车型参数数据库;在详细统计分析现有车型的尺寸、载质量和功率质量比分布规律的基础上,以满足85%的车型外廓尺寸和载质量为标准,采用双因素聚类分析方法对各种车型的功率质量比进行聚类分层计算,根据外廓尺寸相近的原则进行归并后,提出了山区公路路线设计车型的小型车、大型车外廓尺寸分类标准。在此分类基础上,研究了用于公路纵断面设计的载重汽车动力性能标准,通过大量实地观测资料和统计分析,提出了载重汽车上坡动力性能曲线,建立了速度折减量与坡度、坡长之间的关系曲线,以速度折减量作为公路纵坡和坡长的设计关键指标。     

Frequency-domain method for evaluating the ride comfort of a motorcycle

In many European towns, the demand for fast and efficient mobility is frequently satisfied by means of two-wheeled vehicles. The improvement of comfort of two-wheeled vehicles used by tired and busy workers can increase safety in ground transport. Nowadays, multibody codes make it possible to predict the ride comfort of two-wheeled vehicles by means of time-domain or frequency-domain simulations. Comfort indices can be developed by post-processing the results of numerical simulations. This task is difficult, because the indices should depend on vehicle characteristics and should be independent of road quality and vehicle speed. Poor quality roads may generate nonlinear effects. Speed influences the trim of the vehicle and the wheelbase filtering, which takes place because the same road unevenness excites the front and rear wheel with a time delay which depends on the vehicle’s speed.

In this paper, the comfort of two-wheeled vehicles is studied by means of a frequency-domain approach. The wheelbase filtering is averaged considering typical missions of the vehicle. The missions are journeys with a forward speed that assumes different values according to a probability density function. Indices of comfort are calculated taking into account the human sensitivity. The examples show that the proposed comfort indices depend on suspensions’ characteristics and, hence, are useful design tools. Finally, some time-domain calculations are carried out to give emphasis to nonlinear effects and to show the limits of the frequency-domain analysis.     

Frequency-domain method for evaluating the ride comfort of a motorcycle

In many European towns, the demand for fast and efficient mobility is frequently satisfied by means of two-wheeled vehicles. The improvement of comfort of two-wheeled vehicles used by tired and busy workers can increase safety in ground transport. Nowadays, multibody codes make it possible to predict the ride comfort of two-wheeled vehicles by means of time-domain or frequency-domain simulations. Comfort indices can be developed by post-processing the results of numerical simulations. This task is difficult, because the indices should depend on vehicle characteristics and should be independent of road quality and vehicle speed. Poor quality roads may generate nonlinear effects. Speed influences the trim of the vehicle and the wheelbase filtering, which takes place because the same road unevenness excites the front and rear wheel with a time delay which depends on the vehicle's speed.

In this paper, the comfort of two-wheeled vehicles is studied by means of a frequency-domain approach. The wheelbase filtering is averaged considering typical missions of the vehicle. The missions are journeys with a forward speed that assumes different values according to a probability density function. Indices of comfort are calculated taking into account the human sensitivity. The examples show that the proposed comfort indices depend on suspensions' characteristics and, hence, are useful design tools. Finally, some time-domain calculations are carried out to give emphasis to nonlinear effects and to show the limits of the frequency-domain analysis.     

山区高速公路驾驶人加减速行为建模

山区地形地质条件复杂,各类复杂的组合线形设计更为常见,例如直线与平曲线间组合或不同平曲线间组合。驾驶人在相邻组合路段行驶时会感知到线形的变化,引起驾驶行为的改变,最终车辆的纵向加速度也会随之改变。频繁的加减速行为会引起驾驶人不适,甚至形成安全隐患。目前针对相邻组合路段驾驶行为的研究中,关于加速度的研究主要基于路段特殊点进行计算。随着驾驶模拟技术的发展,高仿真驾驶模拟器为高速公路的设计评估提供了更好的数据及试验条件支撑。在高仿真驾驶模拟器中,基于湖南省永吉高速公路道路设计参数及周边地形环境参数,构建山区高速公路的三维虚拟模型,以山区高速公路中的相邻组合路段为研究对象,获取山区高速公路组合线形路段的车辆纵向加速度数据,提取加减速事件后,基于驾驶人的加减速行为,采用混合Logit模型,分别判定道路线形层和驾驶人层的影响,研究组合线形对驾驶人纵向加减速选择的具体影响变量以及变量的影响范围。研究结果表明：下游路段最大曲率、上游路段圆曲线段比例、下游路段变坡点数量、下游路段曲线数量、上游路段平均曲率和当前位置曲率等对驾驶人加减速行为有显著影响;通过对比混合Logit模型和多元Logit模型,指出驾驶人层面对模型结果的影响显著。研究结果提供了一种山区高速公路连续纵向加减速行为的建模方案,并可为研究驾驶人在复杂线形条件下的纵向加速度选择行为提供基础。     

基于交通流模型的道路权重计算方法研究

提出了一种基于交通流模型的计算道路权重方法。实施定点道路截面雷达试验并采集交通流信息,标定生成交通流速度-密度模型。通过此模型,利用出租车行驶数据库中各条道路车速数据计算各道路车流密度,根据各道路长度和密度推算道路权重。