分心对驾驶人交通冲突反应时间的影响(双语出版)

为了研究分心对交通冲突状态下驾驶人反应时间的影响,采用驾驶模拟器构建城市道路交通环境下2种典型冲突形态：侧向行人冲突和纵向追尾冲突,设计认知、视觉以及发短信（认知+视觉复合分心）3种分心任务,在不同行驶车速、跟车时距、前车减速度等紧迫度条件下,采集30名驾驶人应对交通冲突的制动反应时间,分别采用重复测量一般线性模型及线性混合模型进行统计分析。研究结果表明：认知分心使驾驶人应对侧向行人冲突的制动反应时间增加0.09 s,但未观察到其对纵向追尾冲突反应时间的显著性影响;视觉分心与发短信都会延缓驾驶人应对侧向行人（分别增加0.31 s和0.27 s）以及纵向追尾冲突（分别增加0.47 s和0.38 s）的制动反应时间;此外,在纵向追尾冲突中,随着冲突紧迫度提高（前车减速度增大、车头时距减小以及自车速度增大）,驾驶人制动反应时间显著减小。表明驾驶分心延长了驾驶人应对交通冲突的反应时间,容易导致事故的发生,具体而言,认知分心主要延长驾驶人应对侧向冲突的反应时间,涉及视觉的分心同时延长驾驶人应对侧向及纵向冲突的反应时间;视觉分心对驾驶人反应时间的延长显著性高于认知分心,说明视觉分心对行车安全影响更大。     

基于累积前景理论的无信控路段人车通行冲突博弈分析

无信控路段具有强交互性和高事故率,由于缺乏交通信号将人车进行分离,导致其容易形成人车通行冲突,影响道路通行效率和交通安全.为此,以各道路使用者的损失最小为目标,构建了基于累积前景理论的人车通行冲突博弈模型.通过研究过街行人与机动车辆的交互作用,分析双方决策行为影响因素并构建得失矩阵;同时在考虑决策者主观心理感知的前提下...     

城乡快速干道车-人冲突时间窗预测模型

为了解决城乡快速干道车-人冲突和事故严重的问题，将车-人冲突点的分析方法扩展到车-人冲突时间窗的分析方法，构建一种行人运动轨迹实时监测和穿越时间预测相结合的车-人冲突时间窗组合预测模型。首先，分析行人违规穿越的实测数据，确定不同类别行人对应的穿越时间置信区间以及松弛时间；其次，根据运动学模型的预测结果判断行人的所属类别并初步确定行人的穿越时间，同时通过卡尔曼滤波算法对行人穿越过程进行实时监测；再次，融合运动学模型预测结果和卡尔曼滤波监测结果，确定最终的车-人冲突时间窗；最后，对所提出的组合预测模型进行标定和验证，并通过VISSIM仿真平台进行安全性能测试。模型验证结果表明：在正常情况下，该模型能够保障行人的安全且能兼顾松弛时间重置次数；在行人初始穿越速度过低或穿越前、中期存在持续低速的情况下，该模型可以通过多次松弛时间重置来解决模型的适用性问题。安全性能测试结果表明，在车辆行驶时间均值增加4.7%的情况下，安全车辆数占比增加了37.3%，车辆的后侵占时间(PET)测试值则增加53.8%。因此，与无松弛时间的预测模型相比，所提出的有松弛时间的车-人冲突时间窗预测模型能够在对交通效率影响较小的前提下，较大程度地提高车-人冲突的安全性。     

人非共板断面适应性研究

人非共板断面通过机动车与非机动车高差进行分离,减少机非碰撞的交通事故;避免非机动车对机动车通行的影响,但也不可避免地带来人非冲突予盾增加,非机动车频繁起伏,舒适性下降等问题;结合道路红线宽度、机动车、非机动车交通组织等因素,研究人非共板断面在路段及交叉口范围的交通模式,从而分析总结人非共板断面的适用范围.     

行人穿越车流的特征性研究

在实地调查测量的基础上,通过统计分析行人穿越车流时的平均步行速度,行人所需要的穿越时间,综合运用交通工程学和心理学理论,分析了影响行人穿越车流的各个因素的特征,得出行人穿行车流过街的流程图,并对防治行人穿越车流过街的违章行为的发生提出了一些建议。     

Estimation of left-turning vehicle maneuvers for the assessment of pedestrian safety at intersections

Improving pedestrian safety at intersections remains a critical issue. Although several types of safety countermeasures, such as reforming intersection layouts, have been implemented, methods have not yet been established to quantitatively evaluate the effects of these countermeasures before installation. One of the main issues in pedestrian safety is conflicts with turning vehicles. This study aims to develop an integrated model to represent the variations in the maneuvers of left-turners (left-hand traffic) at signalized intersections that dynamically considers the vehicle reaction to intersection geometry and crossing pedestrians. The proposed method consists of four empirically developed stochastic sub-models, including a path model, free-flow speed profile model, lag/gap acceptance model, and stopping/clearing speed profile model. Since safety assessment is the main objective driving the development of the proposed model, this study uses post-encroachment time (PET) and vehicle speed at the crosswalk as validation parameters. Preliminary validation results obtained by Monte Carlo simulation show that the proposed integrated model can realistically represent the variations in vehicle maneuvers as well as the distribution of PET and vehicle speeds at the crosswalk.     

车路协同无信号交叉口的矩形冲突检测及消解

针对车路协同环境下的冲突问题，建立了以系统反应时间代替驾驶员反应时间的自动驾驶车辆制动距离模型，以此作为安全距离改进了矩形冲突检测模型，并根据轨迹优化的研究思路，提出了以矩形冲突检测模型为基础的冲突消解算法，对非通行优先权车辆进行速度引导，避免车辆冲突。在车联网开源框架 Veins 的基础上，将交通仿真器 SUMO和网络仿真器 OMNeT++双向耦合，并对冲突检测模型与消解模型进行验证。仿真结果显示，该冲突检测及消解模型具有可行性，与传统无信号交叉口四路停车让行规则相比，模型中的速度引导方案能减少合流冲突车辆 8.6%的平均行驶时间，减少交叉冲突车辆 8.3%的平均行驶时间；合流冲突和交叉冲突中车辆的平均速度分别提高了61.4%和105.0%。在实际应用中，冲突消解模型可以为不同速度范围内的自动驾驶车辆提供速度参考，降低无信号交叉口车辆发生碰撞的概率，提高无信号交叉口的通行效率。     

Modelling traffic safety at uncontrolled median openings: A case study in India

Assessment of traffic safety is an essential study in transportation engineering. In a developing country like India, around 150,000 people die in road crashes every year. Furthermore, at uncontrolled median openings, the severity of road crashes is higher due to the presence of impatient U-turning road users who don't obey the rule of priority. Traditionally, road crash data have been used since long to analyze traffic safety. However, in developing countries, the main drawback of this conventional method is limited availability of accident data as very few accidents get reported. Moreover, the accuracy of these reported data is questionable. Therefore, now-a-days, various surrogate traffic safety measures like Post Encroachment Time (PET), and Time to Collision (TTC) are being used to examine the safety of road users. Among them, PET is regarded as the most consistent, and most widely used safety indicator. Therefore, in the present study, PET across different traffic volume levels has been determined. Videography data has been collected from selected median openings located on six-lane divided urban roads. PET values for different traffic volumes, and different category of vehicles have been analysed in detail. Further, the distribution of PET values across the full width of road has also been studied. Concept of critical speed is introduced which is compared with conflicting speed to assess unsafe conflicts and determine a critical PET. Finally, regression models have also been proposed with good levels of accuracy to determine the PET values for various category of vehicles travelling at different conflicting speeds.     

Review of traffic safety evaluation at T-intersections using surrogate safety measures in developing countries context

In recent years, significant research has focused on traffic safety evaluations at unsignalized intersections due to complex and heterogeneous traffic movements as well as driver behaviour at such locations. However, at unsignalized T-intersections, priority traffic rules are less respected, which creates more conflicts. Further, multiple traffic movements such as right turns and through movements with varied driver behaviour results in increases the severity of conflicts. Many research studies have focused on the proactive safety measures in traffic safety evaluations as compared to crash-based analysis. Also, it is observed that Time to Collision (TTC) and Post Encroachment Time (PET) are the predominant types of surrogate safety measures in traffic safety evaluations. From the existing research outcomes, it is understood that these surrogate safety measures may give a better understanding of chain events for crash occurrences, collision mechanisms, and resulting consequences. However, further research is required in order to understand the suitability of such surrogate safety measures based on the complexity of heterogeneous traffic as well as driver behaviour with considerations of turning vehicles, particularly at T-intersections. In this context, this paper critically reviews the recent developments in Surrogate Safety Measures (SSM) and their applications at unsignalized intersections, with a particular focus on the T-intersection. This paper also brings attention to T-intersection safety evaluation with SSM in a developing country context. The outcome of the present study is more useful in the evaluation of traffic safety at T-intersections and suitable safety indicators for the evaluation.     

基于驾驶行为的城市道路车辆主观换道模型研究

车辆换道行为因其运行环境复杂,所涉及的交通因素众多,容易引起交通冲突,从而降低道路交通系统的安全性.对车辆换道行为的动态特性及其对车流运行的影响机理进行建模与研究,对提高交通系统的运行效率有重要意义.基于城市道路车辆换道行为的特征,改进了元胞自动机模型细化车辆换道过程;考虑驾驶员特性、车辆类型的影响,采用模糊推理理论描述驾驶员的换道决策,进而建立了城市道路驾驶员主观换道模型.通过将实测交通流数据与仿真输出数据进行对比,验证模型的有效性.结果表明,所建立的模型输出结果与实测数据的误差较小,说明模型具有一定的有效性.     

信号交叉口右转机动车与行人冲突运动模型

在一些信号交叉口,右转机动车的转弯行为不受信号控制,容易与过街行人发生冲突。现有冲突研究的内容多为冲突判别和冲突分级研究,对人车冲突运动过程研究相对较少。为减少交通冲突,提高行人过街安全性,提出一种新的右转机动车与行人冲突运动过程的仿真模型。研究右转车辆的决策过程,分析人车冲突机理。建立人车冲突模型,依据实际调查所获得的车辆速度和可接受间隙数据,对模型参数进行标定。对模型进行仿真分析,通过比较冲突时间、后侵占时间、安全减速度、间距时间4个冲突严重性指标,选择后侵占时间(PET)这一评价指标进行安全评价。仿真得到的车辆速度和 PET 数据与调查得到数据相比误差不超过5%,验证了模型的有效性。通过灵敏度分析,小交叉口 PET 提高了10%,说明小交叉口有助于降低冲突的严重性。      

信号交叉口行人使用手机对其过街行为和安全的影响

针对信号交叉口处行人使用手机对其安全产生不利影响的问题,以武汉市9个信号交叉口的实测数据为基础,对行人使用与不使用手机情况下的过街行为与安全性差异进行统计分析.以往的研究中,评价行人安全多通过简单的对比分析,很少有量化的参数依据;针对行人使用手机对过街安全的影响,以人车冲突为评价指标,建立了基于有序概率(OP)的模型,可以更好地量化评价与预测信号交叉口处的行人安全.结果 表明,有11个因素与人车冲突显著相关,包括行人年龄、使用手机方式、过街速度、行人是否与他人结伴过街、嘹望次数、闯红灯与否、车道数、上游车道左转流量、上游车道右转流量、进口道右转流量和信号周期.其中,使用手机会增加人车冲突的概率:在双向2,4,5,6和7车道上,过街时打电话行人的人均冲突分别是不使用手机行人的3.56,3.42,3.33,3.29和3.00倍;看屏幕行人的人均冲突分别是不使用手机行人的4.78,4.17,3.80,3.59和3.30倍;而听音乐行人和不使用手机行人之间的人均冲突并没有明显差异.      

基于心理安全距离的行人风险评价及预警算法研究

为实现在机非混行的交通环境下,对动态、随机弱势道路使用者的准确风险评估,基于行车安全场理论提出了考虑行人心理安全距离的碰撞行人风险评价模型.首先通过考虑行驶车辆是否会危及行人的心理安全,提出了心理安全距离的概念,包括心理安全通行距离和心理安全制动距离2个方面,并通过问卷调研挖掘其可能的影响因素进行数值分析;接着将心理安...     

基于T形道路交通安全冲突评价指标的研究

根据目前我国城乡T形无信号管制道路交叉口及行人的步行特点。从交通安全的角度出发，通过人车潜在交会次数来研究交通冲突量，比较完整地引出道路交通安全潜在穿越冲突量指标，该指标反映人车发生冲突与事故的可能次数，有利于评价城乡T形无信号管制道路交叉口的交通安全的改善状况。     

What affects pedestrian crossing difficulty at urban intersections in a developing country?

In developing countries, road traffic crashes involving pedestrians have become a foremost concern. At present, road safety assessment plans and selection of interventions are primarily restricted to traditional approaches that depend on the investigations of historical crash data. However, in developing countries such as India, the availability, consistency, and accuracy of crash data are major concerns. In contrast, proactive approaches such as studying road users' risk perception have emerged as a substitute method of examining potential risk factors. An individual's risk perception offers vital information on probable crash risk, which may be beneficial in detecting high-risk locations and major causes of crashes. Since the pedestrian fatality risk is not uniform across the urban road network level, it may be expected that pedestrians' perceived risk measured in terms of “crossing difficulty” would also vary across the sites. In this perspective, the present paper establishes a mathematical association between the pedestrians' perceived “crossing difficulty” and actual crashes. The model outcome confirms that pedestrians' perceived crossing difficulty is a good surrogate of fatal pedestrian crashes at the intersection level in Kolkata City, India. Subsequently, to examine the impact of traffic exposures, road infrastructure, land use, spatial factors, and pedestrian-level attributes on pedestrians' “crossing difficulty”; a set of Ordered Logit models are developed. The model outcomes show that high vehicle and pedestrian volume, vehicular speed, absence of designated bus stop, the presence of inaccessible pedestrian crosswalk, on-street parking, lack of signalized control (for both vehicle and pedestrian), inadequate sight distance, land use pattern, slum population, pedestrian-vehicular post encroachment time, waiting time before crossing, road width, and absence of police enforcement at an intersection significantly and positively increase pedestrian's crossing difficulty at urban intersections. To end, the model findings are advantageously utilized to develop a set of countermeasures across 3E's of road safety.     

路段感应式信号控制行人过街系统设计

为保障路段行人安全过街,提高行人过街效率,设计了基于感应控制的路段行人安全过街系统.该系统分别采用视频和感应线圈实现对过街行人和路段车辆的自动检测,并据此设计行人过街感应信号控制方案,辅以“减速带式”人行横道、路段行人过街通道灯和智能人行道护栏3种过街辅助设施,实现时空上的人车分离.     

路段行人过街设施的合理间隔

通过对路段行人过街设施的合理间隔进行分析,发现如果路段行人过街设施间隔过大,会导致行人绕行距离过长,行人乱穿道路的现象加剧;如果过小,则车辆行驶时频繁启停,行车延误增大。以行人延误和机动车延误之和最小建立目标函数,求解得到行人过街设施的合理间隔。路段行人过街设施的合理间隔与行人交通量、机动车交通量、路段长度以及行人过街宽度有关,充分考虑行人过街设施设置的各种影响因素。路段行人过街设施依据合理间隔进行设置,可以有效降低行人和机动车延误。     

城市横向交通

随着中国城市化进程的加快,城市机动车保有量的剧增,使得纵向交通与横向交通的冲突愈来愈突出,导致现有的道路交通设施的利用率进一步降低,机动车的运营速度大幅下降,尤其是公交车,行人与非机动车穿越纵向交通流越来越不方便,安全系数低,纵向交通与横向交通处于不和谐的状态。针对这一交通现状从以人为本的角度出发,以提高城市道路交通系统的使用效率,实现城市的可持续发展为目标来分析横向交通,又建议在所有的道路上逐步实现横向交通与纵向交通的彻底分离。     

典型信号控制交叉口行人专用相位设置阈值研究

针对目前城市道路交叉口中人车混行现象,综合考虑效率与安全两方面因素,选取延误成本和冲突成本分别作为效率与安全的评价指标,构建有(无)行人专用相位信号控制模式的交叉口运行成本模型.模型的延误成本中,行人和非机动车延误考虑了信号延误、冲突延误以及绕行延误;冲突成本则基于交通冲突理论,以车头时距判断机动车与行人和非机动车是否发生冲突为指标,并根据机动车及行人和非机动车达到分布确定冲突概率.最后,通过北京市四道口交叉口验证了该模型的适用性,并基于遗传算法求得典型信号控制交叉口中行人专用相位设置的阈值在750~900人/h浮动,随着车流量的增长,行人专用相位的设置对行人流量的要求呈现先降后升的趋势.为城市道路交叉口信号配时设计提供了理论支撑,保障行人及非机动车安全、舒适、方便、尊严的出行.      

车路协同下基于冲突规避的匝道合流优化控制方法

匝道合流区是城市快速路冲突频发区,研究匝道合流控制方法对于提高道路的通行安全具有重要意义。文中基于冲突规避原则提出了CVIS环境下的匝道合流控制方法。考虑车辆特性和行驶的约束,以合流区冲突最小为目标,优化行车过程。经仿真验证,该方法能有效避免冲突并提高车辆行驶的舒适性,为匝道合流区的冲突管理提供控制方法。