Developing the logical cross-sectoral framework of local SDGs project targeting safety and sustainability

Localization of sustainable development goals (SDGs) was given a boost at the 2019 Seville commitment, which highlighted the importance of local governments on sustainability. Various cities worldwide are at different stages of the localization program. Therefore, in this paper, we discuss two small cities in India that have advanced towards collectively achieving certain targets in SDGs 3, 9, and 11, despite having a small budget, limited human resources, and less international exposure. By utilizing the plan, do, access or analyze, report, and utilize (PDARU) cycle and logic model, we accessed the methods that led to the development of SDG-oriented street designs. The findings show that consensus building of different stakeholders eases data collection and analysis. Residents are adamant to adopt SDGs, but once they are sensitized, they become willing to contribute towards their realization. This exchange of ideas among different government sectors and the residents depicts a cross-sectoral cooperation that is a backbone in localizing SDGs. Despite the fact that social and environmental issues are more dire today, residents understand economic issues better because they directly affect their livelihood in the short run. Therefore, to set realistic localized goals, baselines must reflect residents' short and long-term requirements. Furthermore, by focusing on the top three problems of the locality, other problems are either directly or indirectly addressed. To create a similar strategy in other cities, a back-casting Theory of Change was adopted to propose a methodology for implementation.     

Development of public transport systems in small cities: A roadmap for achieving sustainable development goal indicator 11.2

United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Number 11 aims to promote inclusiveness and sustainable urbanization, such that cities can become productive and accessible places for attracting talent, encouraging innovation, and creating economic growth. SDG Target 11.2 specifically mentions urban transport. Localizing SDG Target 11.2 involves city governments ensuring a public transport (PT) system that has at least two dimensions of accessibility: physical and economic. This translates to ensuring barrier-free physical access to the PT system, as well as affordable fares for using the PT system. This study presents a process for operationalizing the SDG Target 11.2 indicator for small cities in India. The study focuses on addressing physical access to quality public transport system. Presently, the commuters in these cities are dependent on intermediate PT (IPT) systems to meet their mobility needs.Small cities lack a detailed database for planning PT systems. Master plans are generally prepared by planning authorities to guide the future development of cities; however, the master plan documents lack discussion and vision for future mobility, as required by SDG Target 11.2. This study concludes that the current indicator for SDG Target 11.2 requires modification to ensure SDG-compliant PT systems in small cities. An integrated IPT and PT system is required to improve access to high-quality PT systems, in line with SDG Target 11.2.     

Future of road safety and SDG 3.6 goals in six Indian cities

In this paper, we use estimates of the effectiveness of existing road safety technologies and interventions to estimate the reduction in road safety deaths in six Indian cities over the next decade, in order to achieve the SDG 3.6 goal of a 50% reduction by 2030. Only the existing interventions are considered and technologies that might be available in the future are not accounted for. The results show that similar policies for all cities will not produce the same results, and that achieving the SDG 3.6 goal does not automatically reduce fatality rates in cities with high fatality rates. The introduction of safer cars with currently available safety technologies, although necessary, will have much less effect than the combined effect of motorcycle safety technologies, speed control and traffic calming. This study suggests that while SDG 3.6 targets may be satisfied by 2030 with great effort in India, the presently available safety interventions may not be adequate to bring about death rates below 2.0 per hundred thousand persons. Since the situation differs significantly between cities, it will be important to evolve city-specific policies for safety intervention priorities and changes in travel behavior. The desired reduction in road traffic injuries in India will not be possible without much greater investment in road safety research and road design for safer travel.     

Ambient air pollution in selected small cities in India: Observed trends and future challenges

Exposure to ambient air pollution is a major threat to human health in most Indian cities. Recent studies have reported that more than three-quarters of the people in India are exposed to pollution levels higher than the limits recommended by the National Ambient Air Quality Standards in India and significantly higher than those recommended by the World Health Organization. Despite the poor air quality, the monitoring of air pollution levels is limited even in large urban areas in India and virtually absent in small towns and rural areas. The lack of data results in a minimal understanding of spatial patterns of air pollutants at local and regional levels. This paper presents particulate air pollution trends monitored over one year in three small cities in India. The findings are important for framing state and regional level policies for addressing air pollution problems in cities, and achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs) linked to public health, reduction in the adverse environmental impact of cities, and adaptation to climate change, as indicated by SDGs 3.9, 11.6 and 11.b.     

Spatial econometric analysis of automobile and motorcycle traffic on Indonesian national roads and its socio-economic determinants: Is it local or beyond city boundaries?

The purpose of this paper is to verify the justification provided for a centralized national road policyin Indonesia, namely, that trips on national roads are typically inter-urban, by measuring the spatialdimensions of automobile and motorcycle trips on national roads in Indonesia. The study finds thatmotorcycle trips are characteristically local; by contrast, automobile trips extend beyond city boundaries,although to a limited extent. The results suggest the decentralization of transportation policies for thedevelopment and maintenance of national roads by granting autonomy to local governments when nofiscal externality exists. The results also indicate that road capacity, gasoline prices, income, populationand worker density, city size, and the number of public buses are strong predictors of vehicle kilometerstraveled.     

浅析城市道路人行道的海绵化设计

在面临迅速的城市化和极端天气这两大挑战的情况下，我国正采取一种新策略，将城市变成巨大的“海绵”，城市“海绵化”改造被提上建设日程，促进雨水资源的利用和生态环境保护的“海绵城市”建设正日益受到重视。海绵城市对于系统解决城市发展中的水问题，具有举足轻重的意义。参照国家海绵城市建设第一批试点城市萍乡市的建设经验，结合相关规范、标准和图集，因地制宜地进行了人行道的海绵化设计，可供后续低影响开发建设项目提供参考价值。     

南京仙新路过江通道总体设计综述

南京仙新路过江通道为南京1.5环的重要组成部分,串联浦仪高速公路、国道312、宁杭高速公路及南京五桥,是串联南京江南江北重要的过江通道之一。大型过江通道的总体及其重要,事关过江通道的功能发挥以及城市的交通格局。路线方案选择需综合考虑城市总体规划、快速路网规划,接线路线方案均需综合考虑;出入口布设需要综合考虑相交道路地理位置、功能定位及地方政府的要求,尽可能增设过江方向出入口。本文希望起到抛砖引玉的作用,为未来类似项目提供借鉴。     

掘金2000亿,充电桩行业前景无限?

<正>到2020年,新能源汽车充电配套设施投资规模达2000亿元,充电桩行业看似前景无限,然而在目前新能源汽车还没有大规模普及的情况下,涉足该行业的企业必然要承担一定的风险。虽然充电桩的业务前景十分可观,但想从此分一杯羹的企业仍然需谨慎。"     

New local design in the new normal: Sustainable city for outbreak risk

There is an urgent need to transform the conventional city into a flexible and sustainable city that can respond to the risks of outbreaks in a broad sense, including global infectious disease pandemics and large-scale disasters. However, today's cities have many trade-off (compatibility) problems related to peacetime-emergency, global-local, and so on, in addition to inertia to change. In this paper, we presented the idea of a new local design in which people's well-being is maintained and improved even in the new normal, based on the idea of “three compatibility problems.” As a concrete measure, we developed the concept of milieu that emphasizes local “place” and “innovation,” and expresses its socio-economic function after including the void spaces of today's cities. At the same time, we proposed an autonomous and self-sustaining segmented city that can respond to outbreaks by increasing the self-efficacy of citizens. Furthermore, based on an analysis of the implementation cases of integrated transportation machizukuri with railway development in Japan, we reported that the emergence of new local design has already been seen in industry-government-private partnership efforts.     

Analyse de la prise en compte de la sécurité routière dans les plans de déplacements urbains

At the time when Urban Travel Plans (utps) are being introduced it is important to see how they take safety into account, certu's analysis of a dozen recent docuements shows the position occupied by road safety in utps, reveals the stated aims of the utps, identifies local actions aimed at improving road safety and highlights current or foresedable problems in the implementation of utps. The analysis shows that the way safety is taken into account varies considerably from one city to another. The desire to introduce measures to improve safety is usually present, but there is uncertainty as to how to tackle the issue. The examples of methods and actions that are given in this paper may provide some ideas which merit further examination for utps in the future. It is already obvious that utps will be responsible for profound changes in urban travel and its safety, and the results obtained over the next five years will doubtless have important consequences for the cities of tomorrow.     

景观桥梁设计中地域文化与桥梁美学的融合研究

随着人们物质生活水平的不断提高,精神文化需求也在不断提高,千篇一律的桥梁外形已不能满足人们日益增长的景观需求。景观桥梁作为城市形象的外在表现,反映了城市的历史、文化和艺术风貌。因此,景观桥梁设计中应该深入挖掘并融合当地文化,凸显地域个性。但是,如何设计一座即能满足国家规范要求,又能与人们现代生活需求相适应,还具有地域精神的景观桥梁,一直是桥梁设计师思考研究的一个重要课题。京杭运河大桥是位于浙江省湖州市境内的一座大桥,通过京杭运河大桥的案例,介绍景观桥梁设计中将地域文化元素融入桥型方案中的一种有效方法,通过厘清地域文化同景观桥梁之间的联系,总结出地域文化与桥梁美学之间完美融合的办法。     

Characterizing future crashes on Indian roads using counterfactual simulations of pre-crash vehicle safety technologies

India's national road crash statistics indicate a continuing increase in casualties. Pre-crash safety technologies are effective in high-income countries, but it is unclear how these will perform in India and which crash types will remain after their implementation. The study objective was to predict and characterize the crashes resulting in moderate or more-severe injuries (Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale 2 or above: MAIS2+) that remain on Indian roads after 22 pre-crash safety technologies have been implemented in all cars, heavy vehicles (buses and trucks), and Powered Two-Wheelers (PTW). Two deterministic rulesets (one optimistic and one conservative) were modeled for each of the pre-crash safety technologies. Each rule was designed and tuned to the functionality of one technology. The data were obtained from the Road Accident Sampling System India (RASSI) database. In addition to the effectiveness of each technology alone, the combined effectiveness of all technologies was estimated. Further, the characteristics of those crashes that none of the technologies would have avoided were determined. Rear-end-specific Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB REAR-END) and Electronic Stability Control (ESC) installed in cars and heavy vehicles reduced MAIS2+ crashes the most. Crashes between PTWs and cars were significantly reduced by a rear-end-specific AEB installed in the cars. A pedestrian-specific AEB (AEB-PED) in cars and heavy vehicles was also shown to be effective. The only pre-crash safety technology in PTWs that was included, Antilock Braking Systems (ABS), reduced overall PTW crash involvement, but only reduced PTW-to-pedestrian crashes marginally. The largest proportion of remaining crashes were those that involved PTWs, indicating that PTW safety will remain a concern in future.     

Utilisation of optimisation solutions to control active suspension for decreased braking distance

This work deals with how to utilise active suspension on individual vehicle wheels in order to improve the vehicle performance during straight-line braking. Through numerical optimisation, solutions have been found as regards how active suspension should be controlled and coordinated with friction brakes to shorten the braking distance. The results show that, for the studied vehicle, the braking distance can be shortened by more than 1?m when braking from 100?km/h. The applicability of these results is studied by investigating the approach for different vehicle speeds and actuator stroke limitations. It is shown that substantial improvements in the braking distance can also be found for lower velocities, and that the actuator strokes are an important parameter. To investigate the potential of implementing these findings in a real vehicle, a validated detailed vehicle model equipped with active struts is analysed. Simplified control laws, appropriate for on-board implementation and based on knowledge of the optimised solution, are proposed and evaluated. The results show that substantial improvements of the braking ability, and thus safety, can be made using this simplified approach. Particle model simulations have been made to explain the underlying physical mechanisms and limitations of the approach. These results provide valuable guidance on how active suspension can be used to achieve significant improvements in vehicle performance with reasonable complexity and energy consumption.     

Understanding the socioeconomic characteristics of paratransit drivers and their perceptions toward electric three-wheeled rickshaws in Delhi,India

In India, electric rickshaws (ERs) prove to be a sustainable and affordable paratransit mode for the public. The ER service is also creating employment and income opportunities for the unskilled labor force. Many Indian state governments are proposing ER services to cater to first and last-mile trips. Therefore, planners must identify the significant factors that can affect ER services' adoption and expansion. Because of this, the present study investigates the perceptions of drivers of three prominent paratransit modes toward ERs. The research also provides a better understanding of the socio-economic conditions of these paratransit drivers. The study utilizes data of 620 paratransit drivers obtained from a face-to-face survey conducted in Delhi, India. Grey relation analysis is applied to assess the three paratransit driver groups' perceptions about ERs. The data reveals that paratransit drivers belong mostly to low financial and educational backgrounds. Male drivers constitute many paratransit drivers in the city. The lack of facilities such as designated parking and fixed charging stations and fare regulation is perceived as critical ER services barriers. Similarly, the absence of separate lanes and unsafe overtaking attempts by fast-moving vehicles are the major causes of accidents involving ERs. Further, the light body of ERs and careless driving and traffic rule violations of drivers in mixed traffic conditions are the primary safety issues. The study also highlights potential policy recommendations to design an efficient electric version of the paratransit service for achieving sustainable development goals.     

城市快速路与周边路网衔接分析

城市快速路为保持其"快速"性,需解决快速路车流如何与地方路网衔接的问题.该文通过分析石家庄市槐安路设计中的优缺点,阐明快速路设计中如何服务于城市内部和城市周边路网,发挥城市快速路交通特性,并对目前存在的快速路问题提出了相应对策.     

超级电容电动城市客车电磁兼容性能试验研究

分析了超级电容的机理和特点。根据我国对电动车辆在电磁兼容性能(EMC)方面的相关检验要求,对某超级电容城市客车进行了EMC试验,验证了当前国内与电磁兼容相关的准入标准在此类新能源车辆上实施的可行性,了解了目前超级电容城市客车实际的EMC性能。根据试验结果指出,采用现行国家标准对超级电容城市客车进行EMC试验虽然是可行的,但试验应该具备文中所提的前提条件。     

氢燃料电池汽车简易加氢站设计

为了面对能源与环境问题,国家与地方政府正在大力推动氢燃料电池汽车产业的发展,目前国内主流的汽车生产企业基本上都已经启动了氢燃料电池汽车的研发工作。然而,受限于我国加氢站建设周期长,成本高,流程复杂等问题,使得全国的加氢站数量十分稀少,许多汽车生产企业研发出来的氢燃料电池汽车面临着加氢的巨大挑战,一些偏远地方的汽车生产企业甚至到了无氢可加的境地。为了缓解氢燃料电池汽车的加氢问题,拓宽氢燃料电池汽车的使用场景,本文提出了一种简易加氢站的设计方法,期望该方法可为加氢困难的汽车生产企业提供借鉴,加速氢燃料电池汽车产业的发展。     

城市综合杆工程造价控制探析

现代化都市经济建设突飞猛进，一些相关设施也急需与时俱进，才能适应城市不断发展的需要。新兴的城市综合杆工程的实施孕育而生。引入了城市现状道路杆件急需综合整治的必要性，从投资的角度提出了拟建项目在造价控制上遇到的一些问题，并从项目的实体构成上和工程实施的全过程造价控制上分别剖析了如何合理优化杆件、基础、机箱以及线缆敷设等方法，从而在有效利用资金的基础上实现工程的推进，进而提高当代城市的科技指数、美观性和舒适度。     

城市物流车辆标准化又上新台阶——国家标准《城市物流车辆技术要求》征求意见稿出台

2012年6月1日,交通运输部网站发布了《关于对国家标准<城市物流车辆技术要求>征求意见的函》,国家标准《城市物流车辆技术要求》(以下简称《技术要求》)征求意见稿浮出水面.《技术要求》是由交通运输部提出,交通运输部公路科学研究院等单位按照GB/T 1.1-2009(标准化工作导则)给出的规则起草,全国道路运输标准化技术委员会(SAC/TC521)归口的;     

Is vehicle ownership in urban india influenced by the availability of high quality dedicated public transit systems?

As India's economy grows, so too does the number of people who can afford to own vehicles. A downside of this rapid increase in private vehicle ownership is a corresponding increase in traffic congestion, air pollution, and carbon emissions. Although affordability may be one reason for the shift toward commuting via private vehicles, another contributing factor could be the quality of public transportation. The objective of this paper is to determine whether private vehicle ownership in large urban areas in India is influenced by the presence of high quality dedicated public transit systems. Consumer expenditure survey data acquired from the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) for the year 2009–2010 were used to develop a vehicle ownership model for 26 Indian cities with a population of at least one million. The results show that the availability of public transportation has a negative correlation to motorcycle/moped ownership but has no strong effect on car ownership. These results should encourage governments in developing economies to invest in high-quality dedicated public transit systems.