Numerical study on fatigue crack growth at a web-stiffener of ship structural details by an objected-oriented approach in conjunction with ABAQUS

It is necessary to manage the fatigue crack growth (FCG) once those cracks are detected during in-service inspections. This is particular critical as high strength steels are being used increasingly in ship and offshore structures. In this paper, a simulation program (FCG-System) is developed utilizing the commercial software ABAQUS with its object-oriented programming interface to simulate the fatigue crack path and to compute the corresponding fatigue life. In order to apply FCG-System in large-scale marine structures, the substructure modeling technique is integrated in the system under the consideration of structural details and load shedding during crack growth. Based on the nodal forces and nodal displacements obtained from finite element analysis, a formula for shell elements to compute stress intensity factors is proposed in the view of virtual crack closure technique. Neither special singular elements nor the collapsed element technique is used at the crack tip. The established FCG-System cannot only treat problems with a single crack, but also handle problems with multiple cracks in case of simultaneous but uneven growth. The accuracy and the robustness of FCG-System are demonstrated by two illustrative examples. No stability and convergence difficulties have been encountered in these cases and meanwhile, insensitivity to the mesh size is confirmed. Therefore, the FCG-System developed by authors could be an efficient tool to perform fatigue crack growth analysis on marine structures.     

考虑塑性损伤的船体裂纹板低周疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究

船舶结构的扩展断裂失效往往是低周疲劳破坏和累积递增塑性破坏耦合作用的结果,疲劳裂纹的扩展就是裂纹尖端前缘材料刚度不断降低延展性不断耗失而逐渐分离的结果.基于弹塑性断裂力学理论,文章提出了考虑累积塑性损伤的低周疲劳裂纹扩展速率预测模型.通过低周疲劳裂纹扩展试验拟合出模型相关材料参数并验证预测模型的合理性.通过系列有限元计算对平均应力及应力幅值的影响因素进行了数值分析.该模型的计算结果与已有实验结果基本吻合;对合理预估船体裂纹板的常幅低周疲劳裂纹扩展寿命有重要意义.     

4500米级载人深潜器耐压球壳疲劳可靠性分析

采用能计及裂纹闭合以及裂纹前缘的三维约束效应的裂纹扩展预报模型对我国研制中的4500米载人深潜器钛合金耐压球壳的疲劳寿命研究。参考国外同级别深潜器下潜统计数据建立了疲劳载荷概率模型,基于响应面法开展了疲劳可靠性分析,得到了失效概率及各随机变量参数敏感性结果,对载人球壳抗疲劳设计及结构安全性评估具有一定的参考意义。     

有效应力强度因子范围门槛值与载荷比关系的研究

不同载荷比下的有效应力强度因子范围门槛值△Keff.th往往被看作一个常数,然而疲劳实验数据结果通常散落在一个较窄的带宽范围内,而不是所期望的一条曲线。另外,基于改进的McEvily模型对△Keff.th进行的灵敏度分析表明△Keff.th对疲劳裂纹扩展率具有重要的影响,尤其是在占有大部分疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的近门槛值区域。因此,文章认为不同应力比下的△Keff.th为变量,并且通过三个方面对△Keff.th与应力比R的关系进行了深入的研究:(a)Schmidt和Paris提出的一个关于△Keff.th的简化模型和相应的试验数据;(b)基于传统的裂纹完全闭合概念的△Keff.th试验数据;(c)基于裂纹局部闭合模型的△Keff.th,p试验数据。分析结果表明,在应力比低于临界应力比时,随着应力比的增加,有效应力强度因子范围门槛值也相应增加;而应力比高于临界应力比时,有效应力强度因子范围门槛值随应力比的增加而减小。另外,通过对试验数据的曲线拟合分析表明,Lorentz分布能很好地描述相应的试验数据。     

高强度钛合金深潜器载人舱在三种不同类型载荷下的裂纹扩展预报

随着安全性要求的提高,深潜器耐压舱的疲劳寿命评估变得越来越重要。对于耐压舱,在其服役期间经历的载荷历程包括扰动疲劳载荷和相对稳定的蠕变载荷,目前尚未有公认合适的模型来描述这一载荷谱历程。传统疲劳寿命预报方法通常忽略蠕变效应导致疲劳寿命预测较大的不确定性。为了更清楚地理解这一机理,该文对深潜器耐压舱用β-退火钛合金TC4 ELI的裂纹扩展率进行了理论分析,分别引入了三种类型载荷作用下的裂纹扩展率模型。并开展了在包含过载和保载载荷的一系列循环三角载荷下的疲劳裂纹扩展试验,对理论模型进行了验证,为合理评估深海载人潜水器的疲劳寿命提供了基础。     

Ultimate strength analysis of a bulk carrier hull girder under alternate hold loading condition,Part 2: Stress distribution in the double bottom and simplified approaches

This is the second of two companion papers dealing with nonlinear finite element modelling and ultimate strength analysis of the hull girder of a bulk carrier under Alternate Hold Loading (AHL) condition. The methodology for nonlinear finite element modelling as well as the ultimate strength results from the nonlinear FE analyses was discussed in the companion paper (Part 1). The purpose of the present paper is to use the FE results to contribute towards developing simplified methods applicable to practical design of ship hulls under combined global and local loads. An important issue is the significant double bottom bending in the empty hold in AHL due to combined global hull girder bending moment and local loads. Therefore, the stress distributions in the double bottom area at different load levels i.e. rule load level and ultimate failure load level are presented in detail. The implication of different design pressures obtained by different rules (CSR-BC rules and DNV rules) on the stress distribution is investigated. Both (partially) heavy cargo AHL and fully loaded cargo AHL are considered. Factors of influence of double bottom bending such as initial imperfections, local loads, stress distribution and failure modes on the hull girder strength are discussed. Simplified procedures for determination of the hull girder strength for bulk carriers under AHL conditions are also discussed in light of the FE analyses.     

A computational approach for fatigue crack propagation in ship structures under random sequence of clustered loading

The authors have developed a simulation program, CP-System, for multiple cracks propagating in a three-dimensional stiffened panel structure, where through-the-thickness crack propagation is formulated as a two-dimensional in-plane problem, and the crack propagation behavior is simulated by step-by-step finite element analyses. In order to evaluate the fatigue lives of marine structures accurately, it is necessary to take into account the load histories induced by sea waves, which may be composed of a random sequence of certain clustered loads with variable stress range. In the proposed crack growth model, the crack opening and closure behavior is simulated by using the modified strip yielding model, and the effective tensile plastic stress intensity range, ΔK _RP, is calculated by considering the contact of plastic wake along the crack surfaces. The adequacy of the proposed crack growth model is examined by comparison with fatigue tests under non-constant-amplitude loading. The usefulness of the developed method is demonstrated for a ship structural detail under certain simulated load sequences. It is shown that the fatigue crack growth of a ship structure is significantly retarded due to the load interaction effects, so that the conventional method for fatigue life assessment may predict a relatively conservative fatigue life of a structure.     

低周疲劳载荷下考虑累积塑性的船舶裂纹板剩余极限强度研究

研究表明在恶劣海洋环境中船体结构整体断裂破坏往往是低周疲劳破坏和累积塑性破坏的耦合结果。考虑这两者耦合作用的影响,评估船体结构的极限承载力更为实际。基于累积塑性和低周疲劳裂纹扩展,从理论上分析了平面内低周疲劳载荷下裂纹板的残余极限强度。经过一系列数值模拟,首先讨论低周疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响,然后随着疲劳裂纹扩展的发展,主要讨论了初始变形,焊接残余应力,裂纹扩展长度,裂纹分布和裂纹板厚度对低周疲劳载荷下船体裂纹板极限强度的影响。     

A reliability approach to fatigue crack propagation analysis of ship structures in polar regions

Fatigue is a common failure mode in ship structures. For structures with an initial crack, the fatigue crack propagation behavior needs to be considered. The purpose of this study is to establish a procedure for analysis of fatigue crack propagation of ship structures in combination with reliability methods. The stress intensity factor (SIF) and geometry correction factor are calculated by means of finite element analysis. Validation for the SIF calculation is achieved by comparing the computed results with those based on related solutions. Since fatigue damage usually occurs in weld areas, the effect of such components on the fatigue crack propagation behavior was also considered in this work. The Paris law in combination with the Monte Carlo technique are employed for the fatigue crack propagation analysis in this study. Reliability updating based on inspection for cracks is also carried out. A computer program was developed for the purpose of fatigue crack propagation analysis within the framework of reliability methods. An application example of fatigue crack propagation in relation to the hull of the icebreaker Xuelong 2 is presented. The sensitivity of the procedure to key analysis parameters (sample size, initial crack size) is also considered. Finally, the effect of low temperatures on the computed results is also analyzed.     

基于设计波法的FLNG整船强度评估

本文采用基于设计波法的直接计算法对270 000m3的浮式液化天然气船FLNG进行整船结构强度评估.根据FLNG具体的结构形式和数值分析的最终目的将该装置的实际结构简化,选用适当类型的单元对该装置的结构进行离散而得到FLNG的整船有限元模型.基于三维势流理论并利用中国南海波浪散布图对FLNG进行水动力分析,得到了FLNG在典型装载工况下的波浪压力分布及设计波参数.通过把FLNG承受的波浪压力、惯性力、静水压力与重力等载荷分布到有限元模型上,得到FLNG在典型装载工况下全船的应力水平、应力分布和变形情况.该数值分析结果可在FLNG的初级设计阶段为船体结构强度分析提供有效分析依据,并为FLNG上部模块的设计开发提供船体变形参考.     

基于 PCL 的集装箱船屈服强度校核工具开发

为了保障集装箱船船体结构的安全,在设计阶段常常需要根据规范要求进行直接分析并进行整体和局部强度的校核。由于船舶运行的载荷和必须考虑的工况复杂,同时各种工况下船体结构不同部位和不同构件的校核许用水平不一,无法直接借助通用软件的后处理功能直观判断构件是否满足要求。本文基于 PCL 语言,针对中国船级社集装箱船屈服强度校核要求,经过二次开发实现了许用应力以及衡准值的自动计算,并通过云图、三色图以及报告直观输出校核结果,该工具有助于对设计结果的快速反馈。     

基于Weld-sta软件的船体结构焊接变形预测

预测船体复杂结构的焊接变形对制造工艺设计和精度控制具有重要的工程价值.基于固有应变理论,利用船体结构焊接变形预测专用软件Weld-sta对多用途船双层底结构焊接变形进行了预测,发现船长方向收缩最大变形量为13.2mm,船宽方向最大变形量14.5 mm.通过数值模拟结果与实验实测值的对比,可以得到软件计算的精度超过80%,验证了固有应变理论及软件用于焊接变形预测的可靠性,并在此基础上针对船体总段船台合拢的焊接变形进行了预测,发现焊接总收缩变形量为50.339 mm,与实际加工经验基本吻合.根据此结论可以针对各船体总段预留合理的焊接变形收缩量,验证了固有应变为基础的弹性板单元有限元预测法在船体总段合拢焊接中应用的可行性.     

Strength evaluation of intersection between stiffeners and primary supporting members in double hull structure

In this previous study, a consistent theoretical formula was established in single hull structure, taking account of all the structural components affecting the load share of each member, in combination with the combined load effect of direct force from the longitudinal stiffener and shear force on the primary supporting member. What's more, it has been known qualitatively that the bending moment at the root of the web stiffener in double hull structure is less than that in single hull structure. However, the difference between double hull and single hull structures has not been achieved. In this study, the authors develop a theoretical formulation to represent the stresses at the root of the web stiffener due to the load from both the longitudinal stiffener and the shear force on the primary supporting member in the double hull structure. Then, the results calculated by the derived formulae are compared with the results obtained by finite element analysis, and good accuracy of the proposed formula was verified. Finally, the calculated stresses were compared between double hull and single hull structures. On one hand, the share of loading born by the web stiffener is almost comparable between the double hull and single hull structures. On the other hand, the bending moment at the root of the web stiffener is smaller in the double hull structure than in single hull structure, and therefore, the maximum stress is smaller.     

Reliability analysis of a bulk carrier in ultimate limit state under combined global and local loads in the hogging and alternate hold loading condition

The alternate hold still-water loading in hogging combined with wave loading is critical for the safe design of bulk carriers. The ultimate longitudinal strength of the hull girder of bulk carriers in this condition has been found to be considerably reduced by the action of local lateral pressure loads. In the present paper, an interaction equation based on the ultimate hull girder strength assessment obtained by nonlinear finite element analyses is adopted to consider the relationship between ultimate longitudinal bending capacity and average external sea pressure over the bottom. This interaction equation is used as the basis for the failure function. The annual probability of failure is obtained by FORM analysis considering two typical load cases, namely, pure longitudinal hogging bending moment and combined global hogging bending moment and local lateral pressure loads. The effect of heavy weather avoidance on the failure probability is evaluated. The results show that the local lateral pressure has a significant influence on the annual probability of failure of bulk carriers in the hogging and alternate hold loading condition.     

轻质夹芯复合材料结构强度评估方法研究

由于具有高强度、高模量、重量轻、耐腐蚀的优良特点,复合材料在船舶上的应用逐渐成为研究热点.目前可查阅的关于船体复合材料结构强度校核的文献很罕见以及各种规范对船体复合材料结构强度校核尚未给出明确的说明.与各向同性材料的强度评估方法相比,复合材料强度评估有很大的不同.本文基于试验结果,分别采用壳单元、实体-壳单元和实体单元模型对复合材料结构进行数值分析,确定用于轻质夹芯复合材料结构强度评估的合理有限元模型.基于渐进损伤分析理论,采用Tsai-Wu失效准则和突降退化模型,对轻质夹芯复合材料的极限强度进行评估.结果表明:计及结果精确性与计算成本,可用壳单元模型分析复合材料结构的应力-应变分布;渐进损伤分析方法结合材料退化模型不仅有效地对复合材料结构的极限强度进行预测,同时还能判断材料的失效模式.     

随机载荷作用下的疲劳裂纹扩展

船舶等许多工程结构在服役过程中的受载荷历程是一个随机过程.而变幅载荷下的载荷相互作用对疲劳裂纹扩展寿命将产生显著的影响.因此研究随机载荷作用下的裂纹扩展及定量计算对船舶结构的疲劳寿命预测的可靠性是十分重要的.该文提出了一个基于有效应力强度因子,以应力比和裂纹尖端塑性区尺寸为主要参数的随机载荷作用下疲劳寿命预测模型.该模型用于预测几种载荷谱作用下的裂纹扩展试验,结果表明预测结构和实验结果符合得很好.     

疲劳裂纹扩展模型中表征裂纹闭合水平参数的确定

借助7075-T 6铝合金、6013铝合金以及0.45w t%碳钢的疲劳试验数据,结合上述材料的力学性能参数,通过非线性最小平方拟合方法,研究了表征裂纹闭合水平参数k对疲劳裂纹扩展率的影响。研究结果表明,对于宏观裂纹范围内的疲劳裂纹扩展,参数k只要大于某个值就对疲劳裂纹扩展率无影响;而对于小裂纹阶段的疲劳裂纹扩展,参数k对疲劳裂纹扩展率的影响较明显,因此参数k的大小主要取决于小裂纹扩展数据。依据0.45w t%碳钢疲劳试验数据,相应参数k的建议值为6 000m-1。     

藕节形耐压壳体强度与稳定性分析及优化设计

结合有限元理论,利用基于试验点的设计方法对藕节形耐压壳体进行优化设计。基于试验点的优化设计的相关理论,利用正交试验设计确定25组试验点。利用参数化建模的方法建立25组试验点对应的藕节形耐压壳体的三维模型。基于有限元理论,利用Workbench对其强度及稳定性进行分析,得到各试验点参数对应的最大应力、临界失稳载荷及壳体质量。根据有限元分析结果,构造最大应力、临界失稳载荷及壳体质量关于球心间距半径比、厚度及切弧角的响应面;利用遗传算法,结合构造的响应面,对藕节形壳体进行优化设计并利用Workbench对其进行校核,验证所设计壳体的安全性。     

液化气运输船温度场分布研究及钢材匹配

以6500m^3液化气运输船为研究对象,基于通用大型有限元分析软件PATRAN/NASTRAN,研究了该船液罐鞍座及其附近船体结构的稳态温度场。建立了该船舱段三维有限元模型,计算了结构吃水下鞍座及其附近船体结构的温度场,结合材料的最低许用设计温度确定鞍座及其附近船体结构的钢级和设计板厚。     

Review of ship slamming loads and responses

The paper presents an overview of studies of slamming on ship structures. This work focuses on the hull slamming, which is one of the most important types of slamming problems to be considered in the ship design process and the assessment of the ship safety. There are three main research aspects related to the hull slamming phenomenon, a) where and how often a slamming event occurs, b) slamming load prediction and c) structural response due to slamming loads. The approaches used in each aspect are reviewed and commented, together with the presentation of some typical results. The methodology, which combines the seakeeping analysis and slamming load prediction, is discussed for the global analysis of the hull slamming of a ship in waves. Some physical phenomena during the slamming event are discussed also. Recommendations for the future research and developments are made.