Time domain approach for coupled cross-flow and in-line VIV induced fatigue damage of steel catenary riser at touchdown zone

Existing VIV prediction approaches for steel catenary riser (SCR) typically employ truncation model without considering the interaction between the SCR and soil, and only allow for cross-flow (CF) VIV. In this study, a time domain approach accounting for the SCR-soil interaction is proposed to predict the CF and in-line (IL) VIV induced fatigue damage of a SCR at touchdown zone (TDZ). The hydrodynamic force resulting from the vortex shedding is modeled using the forced oscillation test data of a rigid cylinder and an empirical damping model, which are defined as functions of the non-dimensional dominant frequency and amplitude of the SCR response. Due to the coupling effect, the IL VIV force is magnified based on the CF VIV amplitude. By combining a linear hysteretic interaction model with a trench shape model, some particular phenomena during the vertical SCR-soil interaction are captured and qualitatively discussed, while for the horizontal direction, the seabed is simplified as nonlinear spring model. Based on these models, parametric studies are conducted to broaden the understanding of the sensitivity of VIV induced fatigue damage to the seabed characteristic. The results indicate trench depth, vertical and lateral stiffness, and clay suction are significantly affect the VIV induced maximum fatigue damage at TDZ.     

管土作用下的钢悬链线立管动力响应及其疲劳分析

钢悬链线立管的疲劳分析得到越来越多的重视,尤其是其与海床土体相互作用引起的疲劳。本文根据 Aubeny提出的管土作用模型以及 Bridge提出的土体吸力模型,采用有限元方法,在考虑其与海床土体相互作用的基础上,分析了钢悬链线立管在不同载况作用下的动力响应及疲劳损伤。分析发现,钢悬链线立管上触地点和悬挂点处的疲劳损伤更为显著;洋流载荷对立管疲劳损伤的影响随着水深的增加而减弱;土体吸力的存在,会增大触地段尤其是触地点附近的疲劳损伤;立管触地点附近的疲劳损伤与土体刚度呈正相关。     

Riser-soil interaction model effects on the dynamic behavior of a steel catenary riser

A mathematical model employed to analyze the global dynamics of a Steel Catenary Riser (SCR) taking into account the interaction with the seafloor and the effect of the soil reaction forces is established. The choice of soil model plays an important role for the dynamic behavior of SCRs. The riser has been modeled using flexible beam with large curvature and elastic foundation beam to describe the riser-soil interaction by means of realistic nonlinear load-deflection (P–y) curves. The study is made to improve an existing finite element numerical code for dynamic analysis of mooring lines and risers, known as CABLE 3D, which is based on a slender rod assumption. Effects of nonlinear seabed model on the dynamic behavior of SCRs under vessel cyclic perturbation have further been investigated and discussed using a realistic P–y curve to simulate soil deformation and resistance forces. The interaction model depends on several factors, such as soil strength, penetration depth and riser characteristics. The dynamic responses of the riser Touchdown Point (TDP) excited by vessel periodic heave motion are studied and the results are compared with those from the linear spring model. SCR has been perturbed by 10 regular sinusoidal cycles and the responses calculated by improved code show a number of features such as suction force mobilization, gradual increasing penetration depth, and gradual reduction of soil resistance at maximum penetration. The riser behavior at the touchdown zone (TDZ) depends on the riser top motion amplitude, nonlinear soil stiffness and suction force. The impact of the riser-soil interaction model on the dynamic behavior in the TDZ has been thoroughly studied in this paper.     

Catenary riser sliding and rolling on seabed during induced lateral movement

Catenary risers have an interaction zone with the seabed, usually referenced as flowline. Movements in this region can be induced by sea currents and large offsets in floating unit, leading to touchdown position changes and affecting internal loads along riser length. In this work the contact flowline-seabed is modeled including sliding and rolling friction. Case studies involving large offsets in floating unit and lateral sea currents are solved to better understand the consequences of possible rolling and large sliding. The riser is modeled using a geometrically-exact finite element beam model. The contact is addressed with a new technique to include rotation movements from underlying beam models. This leads to global riser models including complex kinematics, being able to represent scenarios with alternating sliding/rolling and its consequences on internal loads of riser structure. A parametric study is performed to measure the influence of the friction coefficient in tension and torsion along typical flexible pipe and steel pipe catenary risers.     

复杂地形下平台水弹性响应研究

在以往的研究中,波浪对浮体的水动力响应作用大多采用有限均匀水深或无限水深情况进行计算,考虑实际复杂地形对浮体性能影响的研究较少,但事实上地形的变化对浮体影响不可忽略,尤其岛礁附近区域珊瑚礁地形复杂,需要考虑地形对波浪场的影响。文章先从简单情况入手,入射波浪采用有限水深均匀入射波,使用有限水深格林函数求解源强,但加入了地形对浮体波浪绕射和辐射的影响。基于这些假定,验证了该方法计算结果的准确性,进而对某浮式平台在复杂地形下的水动力进行计算,并与均匀有限水深的结果进行比较,两者总体趋势吻合。结果表明,地形的存在对低频区运动响应影响较大,相比均匀水深波动较大。该文可以为浮体在实际地形下水动力响应计算研究工作的开展提供一个参考。     

Metamodel approach for reliability-based design optimization of a steel catenary riser

A reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) methodology is presented for the design of a steel catenary riser (SCR) under dynamic environmental loads. The purpose of this work is to optimize the cost of products subjected to probabilistic constraints. Searching for the optimal design of the riser in a wide range of design variables is computationally very expensive if time-consuming codes for dynamic analysis are necessary in the iteration process. In this study, the effectiveness of the proposed RBDO using a metamodel is firstly studied and validated through a beam test, then applied to the industrial dynamic optimization problem. The design variables of structures are assumed to be uncertain, and some other parameters such as loading and material properties are considered random. The performance function is approximated using metamodels to avoid time-consuming finite-element analysis during the optimization iteration. A single-loop method is used to decouple the double-loop RBDO problem. The reliability is finally confirmed through Monte Carlo simulations. According to the analysis, the presented methodology is more rational and realistic compared with deterministic optimization.     

深水钢悬链线立管(SCR)安装分析研究

海管(立管)是海底生产系统和浮武装置之间的关键连接.随着海洋油气开发水深的不断增加,对海管(立管)自身以及辅助施工设备的性能都提出了更高要求,施工及正常作业的安全保证愈加重要.基于立管分析软件Orcaflex,针对项目中的SCR立管进行了安装分析,并依据规范进行应力、应变校核,可为深水安装分析及方案的确定提供一定的技术参考和理论支持.     

钢悬链线立管整体干涉分析研究

深水海洋立管具有柔性,特别是极端海况条件下,相邻立管之间可能发生互相干涉而增大立管的应力,从而影响其疲劳寿命.钢悬链线立管相比顶张力立管,有效张力较小,对环境载荷作用更加敏感,更容易发生碰撞.基于动力学分析软件OrcaFlex建立有限元模型,从允许碰撞的角度出发,对串列布置于张力腿平台上的两根钢悬链线立管进行整体碰撞分析,研究立管间距、尾流模型、拖曳力系数、海流流速和柔性接头刚度对立管碰撞的影响,阐述对碰撞范围、上下游立管相对运动速度、最大碰撞速度和最大碰撞能量的影响规律,为实际工程中立管的空间布置和结构优化设计提供参考.     

塔式立管涡激疲劳损伤敏感参数研究

针对西非海域的塔式立管,考虑沿水深变化的不同流速截面,分析塔式立管在不同参数下的涡激振动响应及疲劳损伤沿管分布,讨论立管顶部张力、管内流体密度、立管外径、立管壁厚和SHEAR7能量阈值等参数的变化对疲劳损伤的影响.结果显示,由于制造和安装误差等因素导致这些参数的改变,对结构的涡激振动疲劳损伤影响显著,应该在工程设计中引起注意.     

南海自由站立式立管设计与分析

自由站立式立管可作为南海油气开发的立管形式。根据设计参数建立自由站立式立管系统模型,根据南海某油田环境参数校核立管各工况下的强度结果并进行疲劳分析,探讨自由站立式立管动态强度与疲劳特性并验证是否满足规范要求。分析结果表明：该立管设计满足规范中的强度与疲劳要求,且疲劳性能较好;立管等效应力最大处为立管主体顶部应力节下端;最危险浪流方向为沿立管向平台方向;立管主体应力水平受平台运动影响较小,受顶部张紧力以及海流大小影响较大;疲劳损伤最大处位于立管主体顶部,且涡激疲劳损伤大于浪致疲劳损伤。     

Research on the pipeline walking caused by cyclic increasing soil friction for free deep-sea submarine pipelines laid on even seabed

Pipelines are important to offshore oil and gas development, but suffers from the pipeline walking phenomenon due to cyclic temperature variations—where large axial walking distances threaten the safety of pipeline systems. Current research indicates that pipeline walking is triggered by steel catenary riser (SCR) tension, seabed slopes, or thermal transients. This paper proposes a new driving mechanism for the pipeline walking phenomenon, involving cyclic hardening soil strength. The finite element analysis method was adopted to analyse the soil friction difference induced walking phenomenon, and the influence of key parameters on the gain in soil friction on walking distance was studied. Pipeline walking distances under different drainage conditions in the heating and cooling processes were also calculated, and the impact of the degree of drainage in the heating process was determined. To better understand the new pipeline walking mechanism, theoretical analysis of the walking behaviour under different cyclic soil friction conditions was carried out. Analytical solutions for estimating the pipeline walking distance were also provided, based on the simplified theoretical analysis.     

基于顶部张紧式立管动力分析的关键参数研究

文中提出了一种适用于工作于南中国海张力腿平台(TLP)的顶张紧式立管(TTR),并利用有限元软件ABAQUS/AQUA对该立管进行了模拟分析,计算用以预测立管波浪飞溅区和立管下部区域在波浪以及平台联合作用下的影响。计算时采取时域计算方法,计算过程中考虑了几何非线性的影响。并在计算完成TTR在位动力分析的基础之上,做了一定量的参数敏感性分析,重点考察立管侧向位移,弯矩以及等效应力水平对TTR一些重要参数的敏感性。结果表明,计算顶张力TTR动力分析时,必须考虑平台侧向位移跟轴向位移的耦合作用,立管响应受其顶部TLP平台以及张力比TTF的影响较大。随着立管顶部张力比TTF的增加,立管的变形逐渐变小,但顶部张力的增加同时增加了立管内部的等效应力,立管设计时应充分考虑到这两者之间的"平衡"关系。     

A numerical study on the installation configuration design of compliant vertical access riser (CVAR) in deepwater

In oil and gas transportation, the compliant vertical access riser (CVAR) system conducts economic and operational advantages due to its special configuration. In this paper, the static performance of the CVAR is studied by an efficient numerical method. According to the unique configuration of the CVAR, the mathematical model is established based on minimum total potential energy principle. The equilibrium equations are discretized by finite difference method and then solved by Newton-Raphson technique. The accuracy of the numerical method is verified by OrcaFlex software. Detailed parametric analysis is carried out based on practical engineering requirements. The effects of buoyancy section's configuration including buoyancy factor, buoyancy section's length and buoyancy section's location, and external environmental factors including wellhead offset distance, water depth and current velocity on installation shape and mechanical properties of the CVAR are analyzed. The research shows that the presented numerical method has good applicability and flexibility for the early installation configuration design of marine risers which have no touchdown section but only one touchdown point and are equipped with multiple buoyancy blocks subjected to forces of different directions and magnitudes, such as CVARs.     

深海钢悬链线立管（SCR）安装强度分析

在研究深水钢悬链立管（SCR）安装方法基础上,结合实际工程安装经验,提出了深水SCR在J-lay这种铺管方式下的安装方案,应用专业立管安装分析软件Orcaflex对各个安装过程进行实例分析,对安装过程中立管的安装强度进行校核。     

连云港港扩建对田湾核电站取水影响及措施研究

基于TK-2D软件建立了连云港港和田湾核电站海域的潮流泥沙数学模型,在对模型进行验证的基础上,对连云港港口扩建(旗台港区3.5 km规划)方案对田湾核电站已建取排水工程的影响进行了数值模拟研究,计算了取排水明渠口门附近岸滩的冲淤变化及取水口设计水深等深线的位移。针对连云港港扩建造成的影响,对田湾核电站取水工程2种措施方案(即取水明渠向东延长方案和取水明渠及拦沙防波堤同时向东延长方案)的泥沙冲淤进行了研究,并采用常用的经验公式进行了校核。研究结果表明:(1)连云港港口扩建后,己建的田湾核电站取水明渠口门附近水域形成了泥沙淤积环境,滩面将会淤高,设计的取水口门水深等深线将会外移1402 m,核电站正常取水将会受到影响,必须采取工程措施;(2)取水明渠向外延长方案延伸段会发生明显淤积,取水明渠及拦沙防波堤同时向东延长1500 m可保证取水明渠口门设计水深,取水明渠内的泥沙淤积明显减少。     

平台运动下悬链线立管涡激振动响应特性分析

悬链线立管会在半潜平台运动带动下出现涡激振动现象,对立管疲劳寿命造成影响.借助海工结构物动力分析软件Orcaflex建立立管模型,使用Iwan-Blevins尾流振子模型进行数值模拟.通过与试验结果对比验证了该方法的可行性.同时建立实尺度悬链线立管模型,并考虑背景海流的影响,分析平台垂荡、纵荡运动下的立管涡激振动响应和疲劳损伤.研究表明,平台运动产生的非定常流场将引起悬链线立管发生涡激振动现象,并在背景洋流激励的基础上增大疲劳损伤,在立管结构实际工程设计时应予以关注.     

考虑内流和海床作用的柔性立管和钢悬链线立管非线性分析(英文)

Flexible risers and steel catenary risers often provide unique riser solutions for today’s deepwater field development. Accurate analysis of these slender structures, in which there are high-speed HP/HT internal flows, is critical to ensure personnel and asset safety. In this study, a special global coordinate-based FEM rod model was adopted to identify and quantify the effects of internal flow and hydrostatic pressure on both flexible and deepwater steel catenary risers, with emphasis on the latter. By incorporating internal flow induced forces into the model, it was found that the internal flow contributes a new term to the effective tension expression. For flexible risers in shallow water, internal flow and hydrostatic pressure made virtually no change to effective tension by merely altering the riser wall tension. In deep water the internal pressure wielded a dominant role in governing the riser effective tension and furthering the static configuration, while the effect of inflow velocity was negligible. With respect to the riser seabed interaction, both the seabed support and friction effect were considered, with the former modeled by a nonlinear quadratic spring, allowing for a consistent derivation of the tangent stiffness matrix. The presented application examples show that the nonlinear quadratic spring is, when using the catenary solution as an initial static profile, an efficient way to model the quasi-Winkler-type elastic seabed foundation in this finite element scheme.     

深水钻井隔水管静态性能参数敏感性分析

采用ABAQUS软件，建立深水钻井隔水管的有限元模型，对隔水管的力学性能进行了研究。在此基础上，对隔水管参数敏感性进行了分析，研究深水钻井隔水管力学性能在不同工况下的变化规律，得到一些有用的结论可供工程应用参考。     

深海立管涡激振动疲劳损伤影响因素分析

根据我国南海、墨西哥湾和西非海域的流速沿深度方向的分布规律,利用涡激振动预报程序计算了立管在不同参数下的动力响应.在此基础上计算了立管沿长度方向涡激振动引起的疲劳损伤.分别讨论了立管顶部预张力、管内流体密度、管外流速分布、立管外径、立管壁厚等参数的变化对疲劳损伤的影响.结果显示立管顶部预张力、管外流速分布、立管外径对疲劳损伤的影响非常明显,而管内流体密度和立管壁厚因其变化范围有限,对疲劳损伤的影响没有上述三个参数显著.     

Computational film cooling effectiveness of dual trench configuration on flat plate at moderate blowing ratios

In the present work, computational simulations was made using ANSYS CFX to predict the improvements in film cooling performance with dual trench. Dual-trench configuration consists of two trenches together, one wider trench and the other is narrow trench that extruded from the wider one. Several blowing ratios in the range (0.5:5) were investigated. The pitch-to-diameter ratio of 2.775 is used. By using the dual trench configuration, the coolant jet impacted the trench wall two times allowing increasing the spreading of coolant laterally in the trench, reducing jet velocity and jet completely covered on the surface. The results indicate that this configuration increased adiabatic effectiveness as blowing ratio increased. The spatially averaged adiabatic effectiveness reached 57.6% for at M= 2. No observed film blow-off at all blowing ratios. The adiabatic film effectiveness of dual trench case outperformed the narrow trench case, laidback fan-shaped hole, fan-shaped hole and cylinder hole at different blowing ratios.