Time-variant ultimate longitudinal strength of corroded bulk carriers

Many bulk carrier losses have been reported of late, and one of the possible causes of such casualties is thought to be the structural failure of aging hulls in rough weather. In aging ships, corrosion and fatigue cracks are the two most important factors affecting structural safety and integrity. This paper uses a set of the time-dependent corrosion wastage models for 23 different member locations/categories of bulk carriers previously developed by the authors, based on the available corrosion measurements for existing large bulk carrier structures. Differences due to the location and corrosion severity of every member type are taken into account. The nominal design corrosion values for the primary members are suggested based on the annualized corrosion rates obtained in the present study. The effect of time-variant corrosion wastage on the ultimate hull girder strength as well as the section moduli is studied. The criteria for repair and maintenance of heavily corroded structural members so as to keep the ultimate longitudinal strength at an acceptable level are discussed. Important insights and conclusions developed are summarized.     

散货船改沥青船方案研究

从总体布置、稳性法规、结构规范等方面分析散货船改沥青船存在的一般问题。以实船为例,列举一艘7000DWT散货船改装成沥青船所遇到的问题,并介绍最终的解决方案。     

Collapse strength of hatch cover of bulk carrier subjected to lateral pressure load

A series of elastoplastic large deflection FEM analyses has been performed on hatch covers of bulk carriers subjected to lateral load. Two types of hatch covers are considered which are the folding type and the side-sliding type. For the folding-type cover, one size is considered which is for Handy size bulk carrier, whilst for the side-sliding-type cover, two sizes are considered which are for Panamax and Cape size bulk carriers. For each type, two hatch covers are selected which are designed in accordance with the old ICLL rule and new IACS rule, respectively. Calculated collapse strengths are compared with individual design loads, and a strength assessment is performed. On the basis of collapse behaviour observed in FEM analyses, a simple method is proposed to evaluate the collapse strength of a hatch cover subjected to lateral load. It is confirmed that the collapse strength is accurately predicted by the proposed method.     

基于CSR的散货船极限强度分析

基于CSR共同规范提出的逐步破坏分析法,自编船体梁极限强度计算软件,对多艘各种类型结构船舶进行计算,得到与多位学者相近的结果。与用有限元程序Patran建模、MSC／Marc计算优选散货船得出结果也有很好的近似。计算结果表明,CSR的方法有较高的精确度。     

Time-variant bulk carrier reliability analysis in pure bending intact and damage conditions

Time-variant reliability analysis of a corroded bulk carrier in intact and damage conditions is performed by First-Order (FORM), Second-Order (SORM) Reliability Methods and Importance Sampling simulation. Annual failure probabilities are determined up to 25-year ship lifetime, accounting for time-variant corrosion wastage of structural members contributing to hull girder strength. Statistical properties of hull girder capacity are determined by Monte Carlo simulation, applying three correlation models among corrosion wastages of structural members contributing to hull girder strength, namely no correlation, full correlation and full correlation among wastages of structural members belonging to the same category of compartments. A modified incremental-iterative method is applied, to account for instantaneous neutral axis rotation, in case of asymmetrical damage conditions, as for collision and grounding events. Incidence of intact/damage condition, as well as correlation among corrosion wastages, on annual sagging/hogging time-variant failure probability is investigated and discussed. Time-variant sensitivity analyses for intact and damage conditions are also performed, to investigate the incidence of random variables' uncertainties on the attained failure probability. Finally, the bulk carrier section scheme, benchmarked in the last ISSC Report, is applied as test case.     

矿砂船船体强度与稳定性分析

对矿砂船船体主要结构进行有限元分析,得出在舱段内货物压力、舷外水压力、波浪压力作用下船体主要结构的结构响应,计算和分析结果表明船体主要结构满足强度与稳定性要求。     

自卸式散货船强度评估与加强方案研究

本文以68000t非CSR自卸式散货船为研究对象,对其首、尾货舱及C-Loop局部结构的屈服和屈曲强度进行分析评估,在此基础上提出加强方案.本文中的分析流程、加强方案和相关结论对同类船舶有一定的参考意义.     

Extensive study on the design loads used for strength assessment of tanker and bulk carrier structures

ClassNK has undertaken wide-ranging basic research covering many aspects related to the safety of ship structures, including design loads, structural analysis, strength assessment of buckling, collapse, and fatigue, and rational corrosion margins to develop new design standards which have transparency and consistency. Among the wide-ranging basic research, this article summarizes the results of extensive work on the design loads used for strength assessments of tanker and bulk carrier structures. The main aim of the research was to develop practical estimation methods of design loads with rational technical backgrounds relating to the actual loads acting on the primary structural members of tankers and bulk carriers. During this study, we proposed the following methodology. Design sea states that closely resemble the actual sea states which are considered to be the most severe for hull structures. Find practical estimation methods for the design sea states by parametric studies using the results of series calculations on representative tankers and bulk carriers. Find practical estimation methods for design regular waves which will result in the same level of stresses as those induced in irregular waves under the design sea states. We also briefly introduced some practical estimation methods for the design loads, such as ship motions, accelerations, hull-girder bending moments, and hydrodynamic pressures that are induced under design regular waves. The findings in this study have been summarized and implemented in the new design standards for tanker and bulk carrier structures.Updated from the Japanese original which won the 2003 SNAJ prize (J Soc Nav Archit Jpn 2002; 191:195–207; 2002; 191:208–220; and 2002; 192:723–733)     

散货船碰撞损伤后的剪切极限强度

船体梁受到碰撞损伤后,必须有足够的剩余强度用以抵抗最大外弯矩,同时还需能够承受最大剪力.在众多类型的船舶中,散货船是一种抗剪能力较差的船型.对于其碰撞损伤后纵向剩余极限弯矩的研究已有较多的文献[2-7],而对于碰撞损伤后的剪切极限强度的研究目前还比较少.针对这一现状,本文的主要目的在于分析讨论散货船受到碰撞损伤后的极限承剪能力;分析结构几何尺寸,碰撞损伤形状以及边界条件等各种因素对碰撞破损船体抗剪能力的影响.为了方便起见,文中也给出了相应的回归经验公式.本文同时还推导了一个船体梁碰撞损伤后的初始屈服剪力计算公式.最后,本文以一艘散货船为例,计算分析其碰撞损伤后的抗剪能力,从中得出一些有益的结论.     

基于LR-SDA的自卸式散货船强度分析

以某68 000 DWT自卸式散货船为研究对象,依据英国劳氏船级社(LR)的散货船结构设计评估程序,采用大型通用软件MSC.Patran/Nastran以及LR自主开发的ShipRight软件,对该船的船中区域结构强度进行评估,并提出若干加强建议.     

散货船横向强度有限元分析

利用MSC/Nastran软件探讨了散货船横向强度的计算方法.文中给出了外载荷的计算方法和边界条件的施加方法,并在五种工况下对一散货船进行了横向强度分析.通过有限元分析得到的结论可用于指导散货船的结构设计与优化.计算结果表明结构响应满足强度要求.     

基于全周期抽样的搜索自适应Monte Carlo重要抽样法的船舶总纵强度可靠性研究

引入随机过程理论,确定表征船舶总纵弯曲载荷和强度的随机变量的概率分布及统计特征,针对船体梁总纵弯曲的失效模式,提出全周期抽样的搜索自适应Monte Carlo重要抽样法进行船体总纵强度可靠性分析;该方法对传统的Monte Carlo法进行改进,有效地平衡了Monte Carlo方法的计算速度与计算精度之间的矛盾,利用较少的抽样次数可得到更加理想的抽样密度函数和收敛速度更快、精度更高的失效概率计算结果;最后以某军用艇为例,分别采用本文方法与JC法进行船体总纵强度可靠性评估,并对计算结果进行了比对分析.     

散货船隔舱重载下极限强度简易计算方法研究

散货船在装载矿石等重货时,通常只装载在奇数货舱内,这就是所谓的隔舱重载工况。在这种工况下,中间舱的双层底结构除受到总纵弯曲作用外,还会受到邻舱重货引起的局部弯曲作用,而且该局部弯曲的作用会降低中拱状态下船体梁的极限强度。文章提出了一种简易计算方法,顶边舱结构和底边舱结构可以看作两根梁,双层底结构可视作正交异性板,运用双梁理论和正交异性板理论可推导出局部弯曲的影响。然后,考虑该局部弯曲的作用,用Smith法计算船体梁的极限强度。最后,将文中方法计算的结果与FEM结果进行比较,并对结果进行了分析。     

Corrosion analysis of bulk carriers, Part I: operational parameters influencing corrosion rates

This paper considers the physical processes of corrosion that occur in bulk carriers. Three main types of corrosive environments are identified within a bulk carrier, namely, immersion in seawater, exposure to an enclosed atmosphere, and exposure to porous media. Fundamental variables influencing corrosion in each environment of the cargo hold region, ballast tanks and void spaces are identified. These serve to identify operational parameters that affect bulk carrier corrosion. It is proposed that such parameters can be used to obtain corrosion rate databases representative of vessel operation.     

矿砂船货舱NO.1舱口盖结构强度分析

以320000DWT矿砂船NO．1舱口盖为研究对象,使用MSC．Patran软件建立舱口盖结构模型,根据规范IASCUR$21。施加相应的载荷、边界条件等。利用MSC．Nastran软件对该结构进行数值计算,分析结构的应力水平,最后对NO．1舱口盖的屈服和屈曲强度进行校核,经过分析得出NO．1舱口盖的强度满足规范IASCUR$21要求。     

Reliability analysis of a bulk carrier in ultimate limit state under combined global and local loads in the hogging and alternate hold loading condition

The alternate hold still-water loading in hogging combined with wave loading is critical for the safe design of bulk carriers. The ultimate longitudinal strength of the hull girder of bulk carriers in this condition has been found to be considerably reduced by the action of local lateral pressure loads. In the present paper, an interaction equation based on the ultimate hull girder strength assessment obtained by nonlinear finite element analyses is adopted to consider the relationship between ultimate longitudinal bending capacity and average external sea pressure over the bottom. This interaction equation is used as the basis for the failure function. The annual probability of failure is obtained by FORM analysis considering two typical load cases, namely, pure longitudinal hogging bending moment and combined global hogging bending moment and local lateral pressure loads. The effect of heavy weather avoidance on the failure probability is evaluated. The results show that the local lateral pressure has a significant influence on the annual probability of failure of bulk carriers in the hogging and alternate hold loading condition.     

协调版共同结构规范对港口工况下散货船的影响分析

协调版共同结构规范（CSR-H）对港口工况下船体梁强度和船体构件局部强度的要求与先前的油船共同结构规范（CSR-OT）基本一致,而相比散货船共同结构规范（CSR-BC）有明显变化。通过对比分析CSR-H和CSR-BC对于港口工况具体要求的差异,并结合实船数据分析,阐述基于CSR-H要求的港口工况对散货船结构设计的影响;并探讨针对符合CSR-H的散货船,如何合理选取船体梁许用静水弯矩值和许用静水剪力值。     

散货船三维时域波浪载荷计算研究

采用三维势流理论进行船舶运动和波浪载荷预报时,有2种Green函数可供选择:自由Green函数和Rankine源.混合源法,同时使用这2种Green函数,结合了两者的优点.本文对三维时域混合源法开展研究,为了验证该方法的可行性,本文对一艘散货船进行了时域上运动和波浪载荷的计算,并将计算结果转化到频域上以得到RAO.最终把有航速随浪和顶浪工况下该散货船垂向运动和载荷的RAO与WASIM计算结果以及模型试验结果进行比较.比较结果表明,混合源法计算结果与WASIM结果大体一致;在波长较短时,两者计算结果和试验值结果吻合较好,波长较长时两者计算结果都较试验值偏大.随浪海况下2种计算结果较顶浪更贴近试验值.     

随机模拟在干散货船运输效益分析中的应用

分析影响干散货船运输效益的两个主要随机变量:非生产停泊时间、燃油价格。通过统计数据,指出它们的分布特点,并通过假设检验,得到非生产停泊时间符合爱尔朗分布,燃油价格符合威布尔分布的结论。在此基础上,将随机模拟方法应用于10000t级江海直达干散货船的运输效益分析中,得到该船在北仑港到武汉港航线上符合实际情况的必要运费率的累积概率分布值。     

协调版共同结构规范对20.6万吨散货船的影响评估

以20.6万吨散货船为例,通过描述性规定与直接强度计算,对比分析协调版共同规范与油船共同规范的差异,评估新规范对目前散货船结构可能带来的影响。