CFD simulation of 3-dimensional motion of a ship in waves: application to an advancing ship in regular heading waves

A new computational fluid dynamics simulation method has been developed for the unsteady motion of a ship advancing in waves. The objective is to evaluate the added resistance and predict the performance of a ship in waves. In this study, a finite volume method, in the framework of a boundary-fitted grid system, is employed. The motion of the ship is solved with six degrees of freedom by using the hydrodynamic forces and moments obtained from the solution of the simulation method. The marker–density–function method is employed to calculate the nonlinear free surface. This method is applied to the coupled motion problem of heaving and pitching. Received for publication on Nov. 15, 1999; accepted on Nov. 18, 1999     

基于CFD的船舶阻力预报方法研究

根据船舶阻力成分及预报方法进行分析讨论,提出基于CFD的方法进行船舶阻力数值预报。分别基于势流和粘性流理论对船舶阻力进行预报,将阻力系数与试验值进行对比。基于粘性流体理论求解获得船体的粘性总阻力及摩擦阻力,基于势流理论直接求解欧拉方程获得船体兴波阻力。通过对某油船在各航速下的阻力理论计算结果与船模试验值的比较表明,该方法计算速度快,经济性好,且预报精确度高,完全满足工程需要,可以在实际工程使用。     

波浪增阻计算方法在船体型线优化设计中的应用

  目的  为了获得兼顾静水和波浪阻力性能的优良船型,以某散货船为研究对象,开展船型综合优化设计。  方法  基于成熟的商用软件STAR-CCM+进行目标船静水阻力性能评估。采用ISO 15016推荐的简化方法和经验方法,以及自主编程开发的二维切片理论方法进行波浪增阻计算。对比分析不同波浪增阻方法计算结果与模型试验结果的差异。  结果  结果表明：二维切片理论方法计算精度较高,且能反映船型对波浪增阻的影响;目标船改型的静水阻力性能与原型相当,改型的波浪增阻和原型相比降低了20%以上,波浪中阻力性能得到显著提升。  结论  通过探讨不同波浪增阻计算方法的工程适用性,为船型综合优化设计提供了有效工具。     

基于STAR-CCM 的多功能工作艇阻力计算方法研究

本文基于STAR-CCM+,运用平均雷诺数方程和Realizable 湍流模型,对一条宽船型、带有非流线型顶推装置的多功能工作艇的实船模型进行阻力性能预报,将计算的静水阻力与船模试验结果进行对比分析,计算值与实验值吻合良好,并给出了船体周围的流场信息。分析了多功能艇的特殊装置——顶推装置对船舶阻力的影响,发现在低航速时,顶推装置对于剩余阻力的影响较明显,为该船型的快速性优化提供参考依据。     

Study of algorithms of new slender ship theory of wave resistance

In this paper, Noblesse‘s New Slender-Ship Wave-Making Theory was investigated numerically. Detailed expressions of zeroth and 1st order wave resistance have been derived and calculation programs have also been compiled. In the single and double integral terms of Green function, the kernel function of wave resistance expression, special function expansion method and Chebyshev polynomials approach have been adopted respectively, which greatly simplify the calculation and increase the convergence speed.     

Evaluation of added resistance in regular incident waves by computational fluid dynamics motion simulation using an overlapping grid system

A computational fluid dynamics simulation method called WISDAM-X was developed to evaluate the added resistance of ships in waves. The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equation was solved by the finite-volume method and a MAC-type solution algorithm. An overlapping grid system was employed to implement rigorous wave generation, the interactions of ships with incident waves, and the resultant ship motions. The motion of the ship is simultaneously solved by combining the solution of the motion of the ship with the solution of the flow about the ship. The free surface is captured by treatment by the density-function method. The accuracy of WISDAM-X is examined by a comparison with experimental data from a container carrier hull form, and shows a fairly good agreement with respect to ship motion and added resistance. Simulations were also conducted for a bow-form series of a medium-speed tanker to examine the effectiveness of the WISDAM-X method as a design tool for a hull form with a smaller resistance in waves. It was confirmed that the WISDAM-X method can evaluate the added resistance with sufficient relative accuracy and can be used as a design tool for ships.     

数值波浪水池及顶浪中船舶水动力计算

基于粘流理论建立了三维数值波浪水池,模拟了非线性波浪,并对规则波顶浪中前进的拘束船模的水动力进行了计算.数值模拟中,控制方程-RANS方程和连续性方程使用有限体积法离散,非线性自由面采用VOF方法处理;在入口边界模拟柔性造波板运动产生入射波,使用位于波浪水池尾部的人工阻尼区消波.给出了非线性规则波的模拟结果以及规则波顶浪中前进的拘束船模的水动力计算结果,并与理论解及DUT(Delfi University of Technology)的试验数据进行了比较,二者吻合良好.     

近水面潜艇波浪力计算研究评述

对潜艇波浪力计算的研究现状进行了小结。分析了近水面潜艇波浪力计算的几种有代表性的研究方法,如切片法、STF理论、源汇分布法、面元法、Frank源分布紧密拟合法及其组合方法等的具体应用。讨论了目前潜艇波浪力研究中存在的一些问题,尤其是二阶波浪力的非线性特性、潜艇运动扰动及其相互耦合的影响还不清楚,已建立的理论和方法尚不能满足工程实际的需要。最后提出了近水面航行潜艇所受波浪力计算中有待深入研究的重点问题。     

双色波作用下港池长周期波浪模拟研究

防波堤对长周期波浪的掩护较差,长周期波浪容易直接侵袭港内,恶化港内作业条件。依托物理模型试验结果,基于BW数值模型研究双色波作用下港池长周期波浪产生机制。对BW数值模型进行验证,模型与试验结果吻合良好。在频率分别为f₁和f₂的双色波作用下,波浪间发生非线性作用产生Δf、2f₁-f₂、2f₂-f₁、2f₁、f₁+f₂、2f₂等频率的波浪,当产生的长周期波浪Δf与港口自振频率趋于一致时,长周期波浪波高被港池捕捉发生共振而放大。随着双色波入射波高、调谐率的增加,波浪之间的非线性作用增强,长周期波高显著增大。     

Finite-volume simulation of flows about a ship in maneuvering motion

A finite-volume method of computing the viscous flow field about a ship in maneuvering motion was developed. The time-dependent Navier-Stokes equation discretized in the generalized boundary-fitted curvilinear coordinate system is solved numerically. A third-order upwind differencing scheme, a marker and cell (MAC)-type explicit time marching solution algorithm and a simplified subgrid scale (SGS) turbulence model are adopted. The simulation method is formulated, including the movement of a computational grid fitted to the body boundary that allows computation of the flow field around a body under unsteady motion. To estimate the maneuvering ability of a ship, the accurate prediction of the hydrodynamic forces and moments of the hull is important. Therefore, experimental methods of finding the hydrodynamic forces of a ship in maneuvering motion, such as the oblique towing test, the circular motion test (CMT) and planar motion mechanism (PMM) test, were established. Numerical simulation methods for those captive model experiments were developed introducing computational fluid dynamics (CFD). First, numerical methods for steady oblique tow and steady turn simulation were developed and then extended to unsteady forced motion. Simulations were conducted about several realistic hulls, and the results were verified by comparisons with measured results obtained in model experiments. Hydrodynamic forces and the moment, the longitudinal distribution of the hydrodynamic lateral force, and the pressure distribution on the hull surface showed good agreement.     

不规则波浪在陡坡上非线性传播变形的试验研究

通过试验研究了不规则波浪在一陡坡(1:10)上的传播过程中的非线性特征。为达到研究目的,在试验水槽中以JONSWAP谱为靶谱生成了两组随机波浪。试验结果显示,在坡前常水深区域和坡顶,两种波况下波高分布均符合瑞利分布;但是在变浅区域两种波况的波高分布却不尽相同。应用基于小波变换的二阶相位谱来分析波浪在传播过程中的非线性相位耦合特征,结果表明：随着水深的变浅,波浪的非线性逐渐增强并且参与非线性相互耦合的频率成份也越来越多。通过二阶相位谱发现：随着水深的减小,参与最强的非线性相位耦合频率向高频处移动。另外通过傅立叶频谱、二阶谱以及二阶频谱共同分析陡坡上两组波况下低频波浪的演化情况。     

在非线性波浪载荷作用下计及多种应力组合时船体总纵弯曲累积损伤计算

在时域内计算计及非线性时的船体总纵弯曲应力,与船体局部弯曲应力迭加后,可得纵向构件中合成应力的时历.对该应力时历进行雨流计数,经统计分析获得应力范围的长期分布,进而算出船体总纵弯曲时纵向构件在多种应力成份组合下的疲劳损伤.为方便此时的计算,本文提出了基于等效规则波概念的简化方法.数例表明按严格方法与按简化方法所得的结果比较接近.     

A study on flow field around full ship forms in maneuvering motion

To estimate the maneuvering ability of a ship, an accurate estimation of the hydrodynamic forces and moment acting on the ship's hull is indispensable. For the purpose of developing a numerical method of computing the viscous flow field around a hull and evaluating its validity, the hydrodynamic pressure on the hull and the velocity field were measured. Two full ship models with different hull forms in the aft part were used for the experiment. From the results of pressure measurements, the distribution of hydrodynamic lateral forces was obtained. The simulation method is a numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equation based on a finitevolume method and applied to the maneuvering motion. The measured and computed results agree qualitatively well, and the method is a valuable tool for estimating the maneuvering ability of a ship. The typical characteristics of the flow field in the steady turning condition are revealed by the numerical simulation, and the mechanism of the relations between hull form, flow field, and hydrodynamic forces are clarified.Translation and combination of articles that appeared in the Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Japan, vols. 176, 177, 179 (1994–1996): The original article won the SNAJ prize, which is awarded annually to the best papers selected from the SNAJ Journal, JMST, or other quality journals in the field of naval architecture and ocean engineering.This work was conducted as part of the joint SR221 project supported by JSRA (Shipbuilding Research Association of Japan). The authors express their sincere gratitude to the persons concerned, and especially to M. Kanai, S. Eguchi, S. Usami, K. Tatsumi, and T. Kawamura.     

船舶在波浪中阻力增加预报研究进展

从数值计算和模型试验两个方面,介绍船舶在波浪中阻力增加预报的研究进展,分析各种方法的基本原理,提出阻力增加预报的发展方向.     

Green-Naghdi理论的全非线性浅水波数值模拟(英文)

Green-Naghdi (G-N) theory is a fully nonlinear theory for water waves. Some researchers call it a fully nonlinear Boussinesq model. Different degrees of complexity of G-N theory are distinguished by “levels” where the higher the level, the more complicated and presumably more accurate the theory is. In the research presented here a comparison was made between two different levels of G-N theory, specifically level II and level III G-N restricted theories. A linear analytical solution for level III G-N restricted theory was given. Waves on a planar beach and shoaling waves were both simulated with these two G-N theories. It was shown for the first time that level III G-N restricted theory can also be used to predict fluid velocity in shallow water. A level III G-N restricted theory is recommended instead of a level II G-N restricted theory when simulating fully nonlinear shallow water waves.     

二维浮式结构物与完全非线性波相互作用数值分析

基于粘流理论、流固耦合理论和自由液面追踪技术——VOF(Volume of Fluid)法,以不可压缩流体的连续方程和N-S方程及结构动力学方程为基本控制方程,利用商用软件ANSYS Workbench的二次开发功能,建立了粘性数值波浪水池,数值模拟了完全非线性波的生成,计算分析了二维浮式结构物遭遇波浪的完全非线性现象,得到了甲板上浪水位高度和结构物的纵摇、垂荡、横摇等运动响应。结果表明:文中的方法可以用于波浪与浮式结构物相互作用的完全非线性数值模拟.     

高速船波浪增阻数值预报方法研究

海洋气象因子fw是国际海事组织（IMO）提出的EEDI计算公式中的重要成分,而船舶波浪增阻是决定fw的关键,由于国际上关于高速船波浪增阻预报方面的研究很不完善,为此文章基于二维半理论求解水动力和运动响应,利用几种不同方法对波浪增阻进行计算,并与模型试验结果相比较,在此基础上,推荐了一种适合计算高速船波浪增阻的方法。     

基于RANS方程的船模兴波阻力分离计算方法及其适用范围研究

运用空气-水两相流RANS方程计算了两型船模的粘性兴波流场,提出了兴波阻力的分离计算方法,并研究了该方法的适用范围.结果表明,在长度傅汝德数低于0.4时,文中对船模兴波阻力及波高的计算结果都与模型试验基本相符,但当长度傅汝德数高于0.4时,计算结果与试验还存在一定的差距.     

Surf-riding and oscillations of a ship in quartering waves

The behavior of a ship encountering large regular waves from astern at low frequency is the object of investigation, with a parallel study of surf-riding and periodic motion paterns. First, the theoretical analysis of surf-riding is extended from purely following to quartering seas. Steady-state continuation is used to identify all possible surf-riding states for one wavelength. Examination of stability indicates the existence of stable and unstable states and predicts a new type of oscillatory surf-riding. Global analysis is also applied to determine the areas of state space which lead to surf-riding for a given ship and wave conditions. In the case of overtaking waves, the large rudder-yaw-surge oscillations of the vessel are examined, showing the mechanism and conditions responsible for loss of controllability at certain vessel headings.List of symbols c wave celerity (m/s) - C(p) roll damping moment (Ntm) - g acceleration of gravity (m/s²) - GM metacentric height (m) - H wave height (m) - I _x ,I _z roll and yaw ship moments of inertia (kg m²) - k wave number (m^–1) - K _H ,K _W ,K _R hull reaction, wave, rudder, and propeller - K _p forces in the roll direction (Ntm) - m ship mass (kg) - n propeller rate of rotation (rpm) - N _H ,N _W ,N _R hull reaction, wave, rudder, and propeller - N _P moments in the yaw direction (Ntm) - p roll angular velocity (rad/s) - r rate-of-turn (rad/s) - R(,x) restoring moment (Ntm) - Res(u) ship resistance (Nt) - t time (s) - u surge velocity (m/s) - U vessel speed (m/s) - v sway velocity (m/s) - W ship weight (Nt) - x longitudinal position of the ship measured from the wave system (m) - x _G ,z _G longitudinal and vertical center of gravity (m) - x _S longitudinal position of a ship section (S), in the ship-fixed system (m) - X _H ,X _W ,X _R hull reaction, wave, rudder, and propeller - X _P forces in the surge direction (Nt) - y transverse position of the ship, measured from the wave system (m) - Y _H ,Y _W ,Y _R hull reaction, wave, rudder, and propeller - Y _p forces in the sway direction (Nt) - z _Y vertical position of the point of action of the lateral reaction force during turn (m) - z _W vertical position of the point of action of the lateral wave force (m) Greek symbols angle of drift (rad) - rudder angle (rad) - wavelength (m) - position of the ship in the earth-fixed system (m) - water density (kg/m³) - angle of heel (rad) - heading angle (rad) - _e frequency of encounter (rad/s) Hydrodynamic coefficients K roll added mass - N _v ,N _r yaw acceleration coefficients - N _v N _r N _rr N _rrv ,N _vvr yaw velocity coefficients K. Spyrou: Ship behavior in quartering waves - X _u surge acceleration coefficient - X _u X _vr surge velocity coefficients - Y _v ,Y _r sway acceleration coefficients - Y _v ,Y _r ,Y _vv ,Y _rr ,Y _vr sway velocity coefficients European Union-nominated Fellow of the Science and Technology Agency of Japan, Visiting Researcher, National Research Institute of Fisheries Engineering of Japan     

船舶CFD模拟不确定度分析与评估新方法研究

比拟测量不确定度,视CFD模拟结果为随机变量,阐述了CFD模拟不确定度的定义、来源、分类和表示形式.基于正交试验设计和方差分析方法,提出了CFD不确定度分析中验证的内涵及实施流程;基于统计推断理论,提出了CFD不确定度评估中确认的标准及判断程序.应用Fluent软件及文中所建方法,针对阻力系数和伴流分数进行CFD模拟不确定度分析评估的实例计算,给出了对模拟结果有重要影响的计算因子和交互作用以及各类不确定度分量的大小,并指出就目前采用的CFD模拟技术而言,尽管其结果的分散性或不确定度数倍于物理试验,但其近似性或可信度已可接受.