Implementation of sustainable urban transport in Latin America

Transportation provides vital support to the economic and social development of Latin America cities, but current growth patterns and trends are not sustainable. While non-motorized and public transport modes have the largest shares in passenger transport, there is a strong increase in ownership and use of cars and motorcycles. In Latin America in 2010 there were 2.5 new motor vehicle registrations for every new child being born.     

Economic appraisal of universal design in transport: Experiences from Norway

Economic assessment of universally designed transport projects has not been studied in depth in the transport planning literature. Universal Design (UD) refers to the design of transport systems in a way that they are accessible to all users, irrespective of the users’ abilities. This definition of UD has not yet gained roots in the transport economic literature. The conventional thinking is that UD is for the few, i.e., the impaired, and given that they are few in numbers, UD projects will generally be unprofitable from a socioeconomic point of view because benefits will be low while investment costs will be too high. The objective of this paper is to prove the opposite: UD projects benefit all users of the facility, whether impaired or not, and the additional costs of implementing them are generally low; hence, their net present values are high and positive. We build on collaborative work between the Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA) and the Institute of Transport Economics (TOI) aimed at creating guidelines for assessing the economic merits of UD projects. Therefore, in this paper, we: (1) define how UD is to be understood in the context of road and public transport; (2) describe the types of benefits and costs that accrue to users if UD projects are implemented; (3) address how the benefits and cost can be valued in monetary terms; and (4) using three different types of projects, demonstrate that UD projects are surprisingly profitable from a socioeconomic point of view. Finally, we address the implications of our findings and explain why governments need to be concerned with UD of transport systems.     

Risk and reward in public transportation contracting

The workshop discusses and documents a number of countries’ experiences regarding risk and reward in the delivery of public transport and determines the way in which competitive pressures actually work (or not) to deliver efficient and effective services. Papers are grouped into three main themes, i.e., public versus private management; negotiated versus competitively tendered contracts; and measures to improve performance. This chapter begins with a brief overview of each of the eight papers. This is followed by a section that out the discussions that emanated from the papers. Finally, the main policy and research recommendations are presented.     

连云港港——淮海经济区经济互动的综合分析

通过构建SWOT模型,结合AHP分析方法,对连云港港—淮海经济区经济互动有较大影响的内外部环境和互动的优劣势加以分析,得出当前连云港港—淮海经济区经济互动的优势大于劣势的结论,并运用战略地位评估矩阵对其进行战略定位,结果为合作型战略中的机会型,战略强度较大。     

A simulation approach for estimating value at risk in transportation infrastructure investment decisions

Traditional economic analysis techniques used in the assessment of Public Private Partnership (PPP) projects are based upon the assumption that future cash flows are fully deterministic in nature and are not designed to account for risks involved in the assessment of future returns. In reality, many of these infrastructure projects are associated with significant risks stemming from the lack of knowledge about future cost and benefit streams. The fundamental premise of the PPP concept is to efficiently allocate risks between the public and the private partner. The return based on deterministic analysis may not depict a true picture of future economic outcomes of a PPP project for the multiple agencies involved. This deficiency underscores the importance of risk-based economic analysis for such projects. In this paper, the authors present the concept of Value-at-Risk (VaR) as a measure of effectiveness (MOE) to assess the risk share for the public and private entity in a PPP project. Bootstrap simulation is used to generate the risk profile savings in vehicle operating cost, and in travel time resulting from demand-responsive traffic. The VaR for Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is determined for public and private entity. The methodology is applied to a case study involving such a joint venture in India, the Mumbai Pune Expressway/National Highway 4 (MPEW/NH4), and fiscal implications from the perspective of the public and the private entities are examined. A comparison between deterministic and risk based economic analysis for MPEW/NH4 is presented. Risk analysis provides insightful results on the economic and financial implications from each participant's viewpoint.     

Effect of transportation infrastructure on economic growth in India: The VECM approach

This paper examines the effect of transportation (road and rail) infrastructure on economic growth in India over the period 1970–2010. Using Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), the paper finds bidirectional causality between road transportation and economic growth. It also finds bidirectional causality between road transportation and capital formation, bidirectional causality between gross domestic capital formation and economic growth, unidirectional causality from rail transportation to economic growth and unidirectional causality from rail transportation to gross capital formation. The paper suggests that expansion of transport infrastructure (both road and rail) along with gross capital formation will lead to substantial growth of the Indian economy. Therefore, within its stated scope, this study suggests that a suitable transport policy should be retained to boost transportation infrastructure and hence sustainable economic growth in India.     

Nations and regions in transition

The workshop included presentations of nine papers covering very different types of situations and transitions. Some papers were region specific (Russia, Middle East, Asia, Europe, and two from Latin America) and others were of general applicability. The discussion highlights that virtually all cities and regions will go through one type of transition or another, sooner or later, and that the study of such transitions provides a very rich learning environment. The most important conclusion has been that in many cases the stability of supply and accessibility to public transport by all population segments is more important than competition and ownership.     

Competition in Brazilian bus and coach services - The results of recent competitive tendering processes

This paper analyses the terms and the results of a sample of some recent Brazilian bidding processes for the concession of public passenger transport services: namely, urban and metropolitan bus or regional coach services. The analysis is based on selected issues relating to competitiveness and upon the legal framework that applies in this sector. It was concluded that, given the lack of bidding processes for concessions in the bus and coach sector in Brazil, the fact that some bidding processes have been carried out should be considered a sign of progress. However, these auctions have not necessarily prioritised competitiveness, since many barriers to entry into the systems were imposed by the bidding terms. Future competitive tendering processes should seek to abide by stricter principles of competitiveness, if they wish to avoid the entire effort expended on conducting such processes serving only to mask nothing more than formal obedience to the law and to discredit the bidding process in the eyes of Brazilian citizens.     

流场实景可视化在水运工程中的应用研究

在水运工程水动力数值模拟可视化中融入地理实景,能丰富视景信息,达到直观显示的目的.文章以Google地球软件(Google earth)作为虚拟场景的图形平台,对二维水动力数值计算流场进行动画仿真,实现了对数模计算成果的实景可视化.为实现实景可视化,首先要获取Google地球软件的视图窗口句柄,用Windows API...     

基于物联网技术的船舶危险品运输监控系统设计

随着我国工业经济的快速发展,对于能源以及相关化工原料的需求也越来越大。船舶运输虽然使沿江城市经济得到快速发展,但也带来了很多问题。本文围绕船舶危险品运输所存在的问题,提出基于物联网技术的船舶危险品监控系统,对监管系统中所涉及的RFID技术、GPS等进行介绍及设计。本文提出的危险品运输监控系统可有效降低船舶危险品在运输过程中的风险,并在最大程度上避免事故的发生,因而具有非常重要的实际意义。     

综合交通体系下“十二五”水运发展方向的思考

阐述水运在我国综合交通体系中的地位与作用,分析世界金融危机背景下我国"十二五"经济和产业发展方向及对水运发展的主要影响,对当前热点、难点问题进行了探讨与思考,最后提出了促进水运发展的对策与建议。     

Multimodal route choice in maritime transportation: the case of Korean auto-parts exporters

Global offshoring has increased the need for transport of half-finished goods and components, along with finished goods. The auto-parts industry in Korea has also entered the global market as Korean car manufacturers have started to build overseas factories. Maintaining cost competitiveness by minimising total logistics costs will thus be a critical strategy for the industry. This research compares the total annual costs of four feasible transport routes from Korea to the US using the inventory-theoretic model, which encompasses direct transport costs, in-transit carrying costs, and warehouse inventory costs. We apply this model to real transport data collected from a Korean auto-parts company. A static analysis shows that inventory costs can play a decisive role in altering the cost competitiveness of different routes. In addition, sensitivity and scenario analyses with changes in variables and the market situations reveal that the cost structure of each route plays an important role in determining their relative cost competitiveness in varying market conditions.     

Impacts of the Belt and Road Initiative in the Indian subcontinent under future port development scenarios

ABSTRACT

The aim of this paper is twofold: the first is to assess the extent to which current port development initiatives contribute to securing the status of the Port of Colombo as a regional transshipment (T/S) hub to serve the Indian subcontinent; and the second is to generate plausible future development scenarios for the maritime industry in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). A scenario analysis method is applied to examine the past trends and to build future development scenarios. The results showed that major Indian ports have experienced a significant growth in cargo volumes and vessel traffic. South and East Indian coastal ports continue to use the Port of Colombo as a T/S port in tandem with the corridors connected to the Indian Ocean. Scenario analysis highlights the growing importance of BRI-centric land-based economic corridors, which would generate a large amount of cargos from hinterlands up to China. This would be further fueled through the Great Mekong region-driven industrialization, which would add to the west-bound maritime cargo volume. The paper concludes that the increased capital influx from China would more likely to result in a substantial development of the present port and road/rail infrastructure in Sri Lanka.     

Constructing Paradise: The Impacts of Big Tourism in the Mexican Coastal Zone

Although coastal tourism is often looked to as a way of generating foreign revenue, it can also engender a range of social and environmental impacts. From an historical perspective, this article examines the growth of Cancún in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo since the late 1960s. The article documents a range of socioeconomic and environmental impacts associated with the rise of coastal tourism, and suggests that centralized planning and the provision of physical and financial infrastructure does not prevent those impacts. The principal causes of these impacts are also described, including changes in land-usage, population, tourism markets, foreign market penetration and control, an emphasis on short-term economic gain, weak regulatory enforcement, and an overall lack of integration of coastal zone management.     

The impacts of mass transit on land development in China: The case of Beijing

Land development impacts of mass transit have long been studied in the developed economies. Yet relatively little is known by the outside world about the Chinese experience due to China's rather short history in the development of modern mass transit and land/property market. This paper attempts to fill the gap by presenting evidence from China, with a detailed case study of Beijing. Selecting three newly built suburban transit lines in Beijing, the study examined land development context and estimated hedonic housing price models to measure the proximity premiums associated with these three lines. The empirical evidence in Beijing, one of the first tier mass transit cities in China, shows that investments in mass transit can have significant and positive impacts on land development. Properties with transit proximity enjoy sizable price or value premiums. The study also confirms the international experience: transit impacts on land development are unlikely to occur automatically; they rely greatly on supportive regional and site conditions. Integrated planning and design for mass transit and land development are critical to expand and maximize the return of transit investments.     

海运集装箱提单在南京地区的应用

随着运输方式的改变,海运集装箱提单也被用于与海洋运输有关的长江运输。探讨海运集装箱提单在南京地区的应用特点,可以充分认识和掌握海运集装箱提单的操作规律,并在实践中不断地完善。     

环渤海地区客货滚装运输现状分析与展望

介绍环渤海地区客货滚装运输发展历程,论述客货滚装运输码头泊位、航线、运输企业等情况和客货滚装运输量现状,并分析其发展特点及存在的问题,结合区域经济发展规划,对发展前景进行了展望,并提出渤海湾客货滚装运输发展的意见与建议。     

岸线变化对天津近岸海域污染物输移扩散影响研究

应用MIKE21数学模型对天津近岸海域潮流场进行数值模拟,同时考虑天津近岸海域5个典型河口污染物输入的影响,计算了大小潮作用下COD输移扩散范嗣,并研究了岸线变化对COD输移扩散范围的影响.结果表明,岸线的变化对北塘口及天津港附近COD的输移扩散有较大影响.岸线变化后,大小潮高低潮时刻对应的0.001 mg/L浓度等值...     

基于模糊神经网络的复杂环境下军用集装箱最优运输方案选择

在信息化战争时代,后勤保障系统也常常是敌人重点打击的对象之一。合理选择运输方案,有效防御敌人的打击,降低运输成本,对顺利完成保障任务具有重要意义。综合考虑战争对运输保障的要求和战场环境对运输效能的影响,构建了军用集装箱运输效能评价指标体系,针对战争条件下指标权重难以确定的特点,提出了一种权值获取方法,并基于模糊神经网络给出了最优运输方案的选择方法。通过将指标参数模糊处理形成特征向量作为输入,以综合评价值作为期望输出,对网络进行训练,对多个路径方案进行评价,取得了良好的效果。     

中国内河航运发展的机遇与挑战

论述了内河航运的优势和我国内河航运的现状,分析了我国发展内河航运的优势和劣势,研究了我国现阶段发展内河航运面临的机遇和挑战。提出了加快实现船舶标准化、打通高等级航道网中的瓶颈、沟通水系、开辟新的入海通道、科技创新、解决关键技术问题、形成水资源综合利用的有效协调机制等应对措施。