Independent control of all-wheel-drive torque distribution

The sophistication of all-wheel-drive (AWD) technology is approaching the point where the drive torque to each wheel can be independently controlled. This potentially offers vehicle handling enhancements similar to those provided by dynamic stability control, but without the inevitable reduction in vehicle acceleration. Independent control of AWD torque distribution would therefore be especially beneficial under acceleration close to the limit of stability. A vehicle model of a typical sports sedan was developed in Simulink, with fully independent control of torque distribution. Box–Behnken experimental design was employed to determine which torque distribution parameters have the greatest impact on the vehicle course and acceleration. A proportional-integral control strategy was implemented, applying yaw rate feedback to vary the front–rear torque distribution and lateral acceleration feedback to adjust the left–right distribution. The resulting system shows a significant improvement over conventional driveline configurations under aggressive cornering acceleration on a high-μ surface. The performance approaches the theoretical limit for these conditions. In the medium term, such a system is only likely to be economically viable for premium vehicles. However, a future revolution of powertrain technology towards, for example, wheel-mounted motors, could realize these handling benefits far more widely.     

An optimal torque distribution control strategy for four-independent wheel drive electric vehicles

In this paper, an optimal torque distribution approach is proposed for electric vehicle equipped with four independent wheel motors to improve vehicle handling and stability performance. A novel objective function is formulated which works in a multifunctional way by considering the interference among different performance indices: forces and moment errors at the centre of gravity of the vehicle, actuator control efforts and tyre workload usage. To adapt different driving conditions, a weighting factors tuning scheme is designed to adjust the relative weight of each performance in the objective function. The effectiveness of the proposed optimal torque distribution is evaluated by simulations with CarSim and Matlab/Simulink. The simulation results under different driving scenarios indicate that the proposed control strategy can effectively improve the vehicle handling and stability even in slippery road conditions.     

基于效率最优的四驱纯电动转矩分配仿真分析

文章针对前、后双电机动力分布式纯电动汽车,以优化能量消耗为目标,如何合理的动态分配前、后轴转矩的问题进行了研究.首先依照制动法规、驱动电机动态响应和车辆纵向平顺性等要求,提出切实可行的分配计算与优化方法,并且区分驱动和制动两种工况.之后采用循环工况仿真验证的方法,进行能耗分析.通过与固定分配方法结果的对比,验证了所提分...     

Effect of handling characteristics on minimum time cornering with torque vectoring

In this paper, the effect of both passive and actively-modified vehicle handling characteristics on minimum time manoeuvring for vehicles with 4-wheel torque vectoring (TV) capability is studied. First, a baseline optimal TV strategy is sought, independent of any causal control law. An optimal control problem (OCP) is initially formulated considering 4 independent wheel torque inputs, together with the steering angle rate, as the control variables. Using this formulation, the performance benefit using TV against an electric drive train with a fixed torque distribution, is demonstrated. The sensitivity of TV-controlled manoeuvre time to the passive understeer gradient of the vehicle is then studied. A second formulation of the OCP is introduced where a closed-loop TV controller is incorporated into the system dynamics of the OCP. This formulation allows the effect of actively modifying a vehicle's handling characteristic via TV on its minimum time cornering performance of the vehicle to be assessed. In particular, the effect of the target understeer gradient as the key tuning parameter of the literature-standard steady-state linear single-track model yaw rate reference is analysed.     

扭杆式双横臂独立悬架车辆悬架状态与空车高度的控制

阐述了在整车装调过程中确定空车高度的重要性。空车高度是保证前轮定位正确性的前提，前轮定位参数变化量取决于悬架平衡位置，而空车高度对悬架平衡位置有重要影响。以BJl027A皮卡为例，指出对于装有扭杆弹簧的独立悬架车辆，其空车高度不仅影响整车姿态而且影响悬架的运动精度，而正确的空车高度可以保证车辆具有良好的行驶性能。     

A new formulation of the understeer coefficient to relate yaw torque and vehicle handling

The handling behaviour of vehicles is an important property for its relation to performance and safety. In 1970s, Pacejka did the groundwork for an objective analysis introducing the handling diagram and the understeer coefficient. In more recent years, the understeer concept is still mentioned but the handling is actively managed by direct yaw control (DYC). In this paper an accurate analysis of the vehicle handling is carried out, considering also the effect of drive forces. This analysis brings to a new formulation of the understeer coefficient, which is almost equivalent to the classical one, but it can be obtained by quasi-steady-state manoeuvres. In addition, it relates the vehicle yaw torque to the understeer coefficient, filling up the gap between the classical handling approach and DYC. A multibody model of a Formula SAE car is then used to perform quasi-steady-state simulations in order to verify the effectiveness of the new formulation. Some vehicle set-ups and wheel drive arrangements are simulated and the results are discussed. In particular, the handling behaviours of the rear wheel drive (RWD) and the front wheel drive (FWD) architectures are compared, finding an apparently surprising result: for the analysed vehicle the FWD is less understeering than for RWD. The relation between the yaw torque and the understeer coefficient allows to understand this behaviour and opens-up the possibility for different yaw control strategies.     

Practical vehicle rollover avoidance control using energy method

In this paper, a novel rollover prevention control algorithm is developed for application on vehicles with a high centre of gravity. The developed algorithm can be implemented on any vehicle equipped with an electronic stability program with or without an extra roll rate sensor. The vehicle rollover index is defined from the vehicle lateral kinetic energy and the new concept of virtual gravity. The algorithm is implemented on a production hydraulic control unit and tested using a typical medium size sport utility vehicle up to a speed of 110 km h^-1. The test results show that the control algorithm prevents the vehicle rollover very successfully without any noticeable false activation or over correction resulting in severe under steer. Also, the controlled wheel speed shows a very stable and smooth trace.     

Full drive-by-wire dynamic control for four-wheel-steer all-wheel-drive vehicles

Most of the controllers introduced for four-wheel-steer (4WS) vehicles are derived with the assumption that the longitudinal speed of the vehicle is constant. However, in real applications, the longitudinal speed varies, and the longitudinal, lateral, and yaw dynamics are coupled. In this paper, the longitudinal dynamics of the vehicle as well as its lateral and yaw motions are controlled simultaneously. This way, the effect of driving/braking forces of the tires on the lateral and yaw motions of the vehicle are automatically included in the control laws. To address the dynamic parameter uncertainty of the vehicle, a chatter-free variable structure controller is introduced. Elimination of chatter is achieved by introducing a dynamically adaptive boundary layer thickness. It is shown via simulations that the proposed control approach performs more robustly than the controllers developed based on dynamic models, in which longitudinal speed is assumed to be constant, and only lateral speed and yaw rate are used as system states. Furthermore, this approach supports all-wheel-drive vehicles. Front-wheel-drive or rear-wheel-drive vehicles are also supported as special cases of an all-wheel-drive vehicle.     

汽车操纵稳定性的虚拟实验

虚拟实验是利用虚拟现实技术而进行的仿实验。本文设计了一套桌面虚拟现实系统（DesktopVR），利用该系统开发了汽车操纵稳定性虚拟实验平台，并在平台上进行了汽车双移线的虚拟实验。结果表明虚拟实验能虚拟再现实际实验的结果，与实际实验具有较好的一致性。     

液力变矩器滑摩离合器控制压力计算方法

自动变速器中的滑摩离合器滑摩时发动机的动力同时通过液力传动和机械滑摩传动两条路线传递,它能够在大范围内提高传动效率。文中推导了汽车自动变速系统在滑摩过程中的功率平衡方程,并利用该方程计算了滑摩过程的控制油压,选择合理的滑摩控制区域能够显著提高自动变速传动系统的传动效率和缓冲、抗振性能。该控制区域应该从发动机的扭振状况、变矩器离合器的滑摩率和功率分配比、变矩器的输出特性以及自动变速系统的换挡规律多个方面进行考虑。     

电动汽车驱动控制策略研究综述

驱动系统是电动汽车研制的关键技术之一,它直接决定电动汽车的性能。矢量控制通过坐标变换将定子电流矢量分解为转子磁场定向的两个直流分量并分别加以控制,从而实现异步电动机磁通和转矩的解耦控制,达到直流电动机的控制效果。直接转矩控制,并不需要观测转子磁链,它基于定子磁场控制磁场定向以转距作为被控量,思路清晰,手段直接。本文根据电动机矢量控制及直接转矩控制理论,结合电动汽车的实际要求,对其的现状及优缺点进行了分析及说明,介绍了改进的控制措施及发展趋势。     

New filtering technique for on-board torque estimation

A new computationally efficient filtering algorithm based on the Kaczmarz projection method for reconstruction of the first harmonic of a periodic signal is presented. The algorithm allows the recovery of combustion quality information from noise-contaminated engine speed measurements. The algorithm is verified using a spark-ignition six-cylinder engine in the torque estimation problem.     

Rear wheel torque vectoring model predictive control with velocity regulation for electric vehicles

In this paper we propose a constrained optimal control architecture for combined velocity, yaw and sideslip regulation for stabilisation of the vehicle near the limit of lateral acceleration using the rear axle electric torque vectoring configuration of an electric vehicle. A nonlinear vehicle and tyre model are used to find reference steady-state cornering conditions and design two model predictive control (MPC) strategies of different levels of fidelity: one that uses a linearised version of the full vehicle model with the rear wheels' torques as the input, and another one that neglects the wheel dynamics and uses the rear wheels' slips as the input instead. After analysing the relative trade-offs between performance and computational effort, we compare the two MPC strategies against each other and against an unconstrained optimal control strategy in Simulink and Carsim environment.     

Bosch VDC系统的控制原理及展望

VDC系统(Vehicle Dynamics Control、车辆动力学控制系统，在美日等国称为VDC，而在欧洲称为ESP，Electronic Stability Program，即电子稳定程序)是Bosch公司1995年推出的用于改善车辆操纵稳定性的一种车辆动力学控制系统。VDC系统包括两个控制回路：控制车辆运动的主控制回路，控制制动和驱动滑移的副控制回路。文中详细介绍了这两个回路的工作原理，并给出了改善车辆操纵稳定性的实例。最后，指出了VDC系统的发展趋势。     

一种新的发动机扭矩确认法的研究

<正>确的发动机数据对电控机械式自动变速器(AMT)性能具有决定性影响。错误的数据会造成AMT错误的估算整车质量和道路坡道等,导致AMT换挡时发动机升速、换挡后冲击大等,错误的整车质量或坡道会导致换挡混乱、油耗高等。传统的方法在传动轴上贴应变片测量发动机扭矩复杂且昂贵。本文提出了一种方法"扭矩确认法"。该方法经过具体操作,验证该方法操作简单,测试结果可靠。     

汽车操纵稳定性虚拟仿真的研究

应用现代虚拟现实技术，把汽车操纵稳定性研究传统的数字仿真变成为具有“真实场景”的虚拟仿真，还研制了用于汽车操纵动力学仿真的虚拟场景自动生成软件。结合汽车操纵动力学仿真数学模型和相关软件，建立了一个具有真实视觉感的、实时的汽车操纵动态虚拟仿真系统。文中给出了实例。     

汽车操纵性评价指标的研究

本文研究了驾驶员-汽车闭环系统操纵性的各个单项指标。增加了某些单项评价指标，验证了在汽车设计中仅有几个单项指标就可确定出合理的综合评价指标的结论；对汽车的开环操纵性单项评价指标也做了补充；并对汽车的开环操纵性综合评价指标的驾驶员-汽车闭环系统操纵性综合评价指标进行了相关分析。     

驾驶员PO预瞄模型参数的时域辨识

本文通过斜坡响应不变法实现离荼到连续传递函数间的转换，运用Ｍａｒｑｕａｒｄｔ阻尼最小二乘法辨识驾驶员ＰＯ预瞄模型的物理参数。辨识结果中，当信噪比为２０ｄＢ、４ｄＢ时，最大偏差分别为１．６％及１０％，从而表明斜坡响应不变法具有很高的辨识精度，且因采用阻尼最小二乘法致使物理参数识精度进一步提高。     

液力变矩器的闭锁及其控制研究

介绍了液力变矩器闭锁的由来、闭锁控制的方式以及闭锁的工作原理等 ,重点对目前研究最多的滑转控制闭锁方式进行了探讨 ,给出了系统控制框图 ,对具体的控制器设计有一定的参考价值。