极地航行船舶电气设计和设备配置特殊性研究

从极地航行船舶所在的环境状况入手,分析了低温、冰况、船上结冰、高纬度、极昼极夜对船舶航行安全和使用造成的影响,提出相应的应对方案和措施来减少和消除由此带来的影响,研究极地船舶在电气设计和设备配置的特殊性,对极地航行船舶电气设计具有一定的指导作用.     

Species of Thaumatomastix (Thaumatomastigidae, Protista incertae sedis) from the Arctic sea ice biota (North-East Water Polynya, NE Greenland)

The sea ice biota of polar regions contains numerous heterotrophic flagellates very few of which have been properly identified. The whole mount technique for transmission electron microscopy enables the identification of loricate and scaly forms. A survey of Arctic ice samples (North-East Water Polynya, NE Greenland) revealed the presence of ca. 12 taxa belonging to the phagotrophic genus Thaumatomastix (Protista incertae sedis). Species of Thaumatomastix possess siliceous body scales and one naked and one scale-covered flagellum. The presence in both Arctic samples and sea ice material previously examined from the Antarctic indicates that this genus is most likely ubiquitous in polar sea ice and may be an important component in sea ice biota microbial activities.     

New Zealand public transport procurement strategies in a new legislative environment

In 2003 and 2004 there were major changes to the legislative environment in New Zealand, with the enactment of the Land Transport Management Act, 2003 which formed the New Zealand Transport Agency. The Transport Agency has a statutory role of assisting and advising approved organisations (usually local government) and approving procurement procedures. Following the introduction of the Land Transport Management Act a review of existing public transport legislation took place leading to the introduction of the Public Transport Management Act early in 2009. This paper discusses the role of procurement strategies in obtaining value for money objectives for public transport services within the new legislative environment. A case study of Greater Wellington Regional Council’s Procurement Strategy for bus and ferry services is presented to demonstrate the usefulness of strategic thinking.     

舰船电力系统可靠性研究初探

本文讨论了舰船电力系统可靠性研究的需求和必要性,讨论了国内外的研究现状;根据陆地电力系统可靠性研究的经验和内容,在分析舰船电力系统的区别和特殊需求后,探讨了舰船电力系统可靠性的研究内容以及研究思路和步骤;以船舶电网的拓扑结构设计中的可靠性研究为例,介绍了各种可靠性指标的计算方法;最后对未来的研究提出方向。     

Derivation of plastic framing requirements for polar ships

A new International Association of Classification Societies standard for polar ship design, in the form of a unified requirement is being developed by an international committee with representatives from many classification societies and with the active participation of many polar nations. The framing structural requirements have been developed by a combination of analysis of existing rules and ships, finite element (FE) analysis and analytical solutions of plastic collapse mechanisms. This paper describes the derivation of the 3-hinge and asymmetrical shear plastic collapse mechanisms using work–energy principles. Energy methods are robust and well suited for developing design standards. The results are shown to compare well with non-linear FE analyses of frame strength.     

Sail optimization for upwind sailing: application in a Tornado, the Olympic class catamaran

A study of a boat's motion is carried out in order to analyze the aerodynamic properties of the optimal sail for obtaining the maximum velocity when sailing to windward. The mechanics study shows the optimal C _L and C _D for a given sail and how the shape of the aerodynamic polar of the sail should be. A parametrical analysis of the aerodynamics of a sail is then carried out varying the maximum camber, position of the maximum camber in the chord direction and position of the maximum camber in the mast direction. The parametric analysis is done numerically with a vortex lattice method (VLM) and experimentally in a wind tunnel. The results show that the influence of the relevant parameters studied can be reduced to the variation of two parameters, A and B, defining the polar of the sail, C _D = B + A ² C _L ²; and the influence of parameters A and B on the maximum VMG obtainable are calculated.     

极地航行法规与准则现状

受全球气候变暖的影响,两极冰融现象日益加剧.北极冰层的大面积融化促进了北极航线的开发,南极的冰雪美景也吸引了越来越多的游客乘船观光.本文针对极地航行的特殊性和挑战性,从极地安全航行和环境保护的角度出发,阐述了现行的极地水域国家相关的法律法规、国际公约、IMO和IACS等国际性组织出台的一系列规则和要求,并分析了IMO强制性《极地水域船舶作业国际规则》对船舶及海上人命安全和极地海洋环境保护的要求.     

Mass and heat transports in the NE Barents Sea: Observations and models

The strait between Novaya Zemlya and Frans Josef Land, here called the Barents Sea Exit (BSX) is investigated using data obtained from a current-meter array deployed in 1991–1992, and two numerical models (ROMS and NAME). Combining the observations and models the net volume flux towards the Arctic Ocean was estimated to 2.0 ± 0.6 Sv (1 Sv = 10⁶ m³s^? 1). The observations indicate that about half of this transport consists of dense, Cold Bottom Water, which may penetrate to great depths and contribute to the thermohaline circulation. Both models give quite similar net transport, seasonal variations and spatial current structures, and the discrepancies from the observations were related to the coarse representation of the bottom topography in the models. Also the models indicate that actual deployment did not capture the main in- and outflows through the BSX. A snapshot of the hydrographic structure (CTD section) indicates that both models are good at reproducing the salinity. Nevertheless, they react differently to atmospheric cooling, although the same meteorological forcing was applied. This may be due to the different parameterisation of sea ice and that tides were included in only one of the models (ROMS). Proxies for the heat transport are found to be small at the BSX, and it can not be ruled out that the Barents Sea is a heat sink rather than a heat source for the Arctic Ocean.     

冰晶颗粒在极地船壳管式换热器海水管内的分布和融化特性的数值模拟研究

利用计算流体力学(CFD)方法,采用欧拉-欧拉模型和相间传热传质模型相耦合的数学模型,对冰晶颗粒在船舶壳管式换热器的单根海水管内的分布和融化情况进行研究。通过数值模拟分析冰晶在直管和U形管内的分布及融化情况。结果发现:冰晶颗粒主要集中于主流区,且主流区近壁面处比中心处多;相间传质率从壁面到主流区先增大后减小,沿流动方向逐渐增大,而对于U形管,在转弯的地方出现局部相间传质率增大。     

Boundaries of the coastal zone: A survey of state laws

Abstract

A survey of coastal state legislation reveals several types of statutes affecting activities occurring in coastal regions: Coastal management statutes, wetland statutes, and shoreline statutes. Each coastal state has adopted methods to delineate coastal areas or features, whether an entire coastal zone, a limited feature such as wetlands, or shorelands. Boundary delineation is done according to linear measurements, political boundaries, roads and highways, vegetation, elevation, tidal flow, and other factors. An appendix is provided containing state statutory provisions relating to boundary‐delineation techniques.     

长波作用下与KC数相关的柔性植被对海岸结构物受力的影响(英文)

Extreme coastal events require careful prediction of wave forces.Recent tsunamis have resulted in extensive damage of coastal structures.Such scenarios are the result of the action of long waves on structures.In this paper,the efficiency of vegetation as a buffer system in attenuating the incident ocean waves was studied through a well controlled experimental program.The study focused on the measurement of forces resulting from cnoidal waves on a model building mounted over a slope in the presence and absence of vegetation.The vegetative parameters,along with the width of the green belt,its position from the reference line,the diameter of the individual stems as well as the spacing between them,and their rigidity are varied so as to obtain a holistic view of the wave-vegetation interaction problem.The effect of vegetation on variations of dimensional forces with a Keulegan-Carpenter number(KC) was discussed in this paper.It has been shown that when vegetal patches are present in front of structure,the forces could be limited to within F*￡1,by a percentile of 92%,90%,55%,and 96%,respectively for gap ratios of 0.0,0.5,1.0,and 1.5.The force is at its maximum for the gap ratio of 1.0 and beyond which the forces start to diminish.     

Satellite remote sensing of the Polar Oceans

The advent of satellite remote sensing has opened doors for detailed monitoring of the polar regions at a relatively high temporal resolution. Several sensors have been developed over the years, the most noteworthy of which are the visible, the infrared and the microwave systems. The visible and infrared systems are most intelligible to the human eye and provide images that have good spatial resolution. However, because of persistent cloudiness and several months of darkness in the polar regions the most promising sensors appear to be the microwave systems, both passive and active. The passive microwave sensors have been the source of consistently derived ice cover and ice extent data and have provided about fifteen years of global data sets. The Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), on the other hand, is noted for very high resolution and a wide range of applications including ice dynamics and ice/wave interaction studies. Nevertheless, there are applications which require the use of the visible and infrared channels, such as the mapping of chlorophyll pigment concentrations in the marginal ice zones which require an ocean color scanner. Also, the infrared sensors are most effective for detecting physical temperatures over cloud-free ice and open water surfaces. Furthermore, altimeters could play an important role in mapping ice surface topography and in evaluating ridge and lead statistics. A review of past, present and future satellite systems, methods and techniques of interpretation and potential applications to the study of the polar oceans is presented.     

Evaluating erosion susceptibility for land‐use planning in coastal watersheds

Abstract

This paper reports on research conducted in support of a coastal zone management effort to reduce erosion and sedimentation impacts in a wetland watershed, Elkhorn Slough, Monterey County, California. The research reviews methods of determining soil erosion susceptibility and relating it to land‐use intensity within the watershed, measured by a land disturbance index. Erosion susceptibility is measured in three ways: by a combination of slope and the erosion factor of the Universal Soil Loss Equation; by field measurement of erosion and deposition on selected sites; and by computer‐assisted terrain analysis of data from secondary sources. Land use is shown to be a more important factor than landform in influencing relative erosion susceptibility.     

The importance of polynyas, ice edges, and leads to marine mammals and birds

The correlation between areas of open water in ice-covered seas and increased biological productivity has been noted for some time. To date, most attention has been focused on larger polynyas, such as the Northeast Water and the Northwater. Although spectacular in their own right, these large polynyas represent only part of a vitally important continuum of biological productivity that varies significantly between geographic areas and ice habitats, that includes the multi-year pack of the polar ocean and small localized polynyas in annual ice. Surveys of the distribution and abundance of ringed seals in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago have shown differences in density that are correlated with the presence or absence of polynyas. There is also significant variation in the biological productivity of polynya areas of the Canadian High Arctic Archipelago and northern Greenland, all of which receive inflow from the polar basin. Long-term studies of polar bears and ringed seals in western Hudson Bay and the eastern Beaufort Sea show significant but dissimilar patterns of change in condition and reproductive rates between the two regions and suggest that fundamentally different climatic or oceanographic processes may be involved. Projections of climate models suggest that, if warming occurs, then the extent of ice cover in Hudson Bay may be among the first things affected. Long-term studies of polar bears and ringed seals in the eastern Beaufort Sea and Hudson Bay would suggest these two species to be suitable indicators of significant climatic or oceanographic changes in the marine ecosystem.     

澳大利亚在建极地科考破冰船“努伊娜”号综合介绍

澳大利亚在建极地科考破冰船"努伊娜"号是一艘目前即将投用的国际极地海洋科学考察船。从船舶规范、船载科考能力、极地科考补给能力等3个方面,介绍这艘集海陆综合补给与南大洋科学考察于一身的新型极地科考破冰船,使读者了解当前世界极地科考船的设计、建造与考察功能等方面的最新发展态势。     

冰载荷下的船舶运动建模

随着极地航道的开辟以及极地海洋能源开发的需要,海冰与船体的相互作用以及极地船舶航行与作业安全越来越受到关注。本文主要针对破冰过程的几个典型阶段,对冰载荷对船舶的作用力进行了分析与计算,并考察了破冰船在不同的海冰密集度、冰厚以及船舶不同航速情况下的不同影响。     

海峡两岸VTS协作初探

文中主要分析两岸开展VTS协作的必要性和可行性,并在综合分析开展协作存在的问题的基础上,提出增进协作交流、编制作业指南、建设“试验田”等方面的对策建议。     

主推进系统陆上模拟联调装置设计与实现

从国内外船舶推进装置的数字仿真研究现状出发,设计了一套用于船舶主推进装置监控系统陆上调试的半实物、半模拟实时仿真系统(简称陆上模拟联调装置)。即以计算机实时仿真代替实际的主推进装置,设置它的所有接口与实船相同,作为监控系统的被控对象,用这套模拟装置对监控系统进行设计验证和功能调试,以及验证主推进装置与监控系统之间的接口关系。陆上模拟联调装置最终成功地完成了上海船舶运输科学研究所承接的某船主推进装置监控系统的出厂调试。     

兼顾生态固滩与疏浚弃土生态化利用的生态航道建设技术

长江中下游航道治理中以软体排为主的护滩工程易造成滩面硬质化。为改善护滩工程区滩面生态环境,基于亲水植被的固土效应,结合新洲—九江河段航道整治二期工程,提出一种兼顾疏浚弃土利用与洲滩守护的生态航道建设技术。该技术利用疏浚弃土适当抬高洲滩滩面,并引入本土耐淹亲水植被,采用可降解、无污染的天然材料进行辅助固土防冲,确保先锋植被能够稳定发育至足够丰度,进而实现滩体稳定。     

低温环境下的锚链性能和选用标准

随着极地航道和油气资源的开发,造船和海工行业开始更多地关注现有装备在极地低温条件下的使用性能。锚链是船舶和平台定位用的重要组件,在使用过程中不可避免会暴露在冰冷海水和极地寒冷的空气中,有时甚至会受到浮冰冲击。钢铁材料的性能会受到低温的影响,从而产生脆化并降低可靠性。文章研究了不同等级的锚链(包括系泊链)材料在低温下的拉伸和冲击性能,并结合现有船级社规范中关于低温环境使用的材料和锚链的要求,对此类条件下锚链的设计和选用提出了参考。