回转体空泡绕流现象的数值模拟

利用FLUENT 6.0流体动力学计算软件对轴对称回转体的自然空化现象进行了数值模拟,得到了不同头型和不同空化数下的回转体周围空泡绕流流场和体积分数分布.计算结果与其他研究人员的计算与试验结果比较吻合,说明利用FLUENT 6.0软件可以较好地模拟空泡绕流现象,能够正确反映空泡外形随空化数变化的规律,并且能够较准确地捕捉到空泡尾端回射流现象.     

水下航行器局部空泡流场的空泡尾流模型初探

基于二维翼型局部空泡绕流场的空泡尾流模型,提出了几种可用于轴对称回转体局部空泡流场计算的空泡尾流模型,并对这些模型进行了探索性的理沦分析,给出了应用其中的压力恢复闭合模型求解回转体局部空泡绕流场的算例,通过比较发现与实测值的一致性较好,说明本文提出的空泡尾流模型适合于求解轴对称回转体线型的局部空泡流场。     

螺旋桨梢涡及梢涡空泡数值模拟

以PPTC(Potsdam Propeller Test Case)桨为研究对象,探索了螺旋桨梢涡及梢涡空泡的数值模拟方法。通过梢涡区域的划分及网格加密,对螺旋桨无空化流场进行了数值模拟,成功捕获了梢涡;然后基于均质混合流模型和Zwart-Gerber-Belamri空化模型对空化流场进行了数值模拟;并将计算结果与试验数据进行了广泛的比较和分析,以校验计算网格和计算方法。研究表明:无论片空泡还是梢涡空泡的计算结果均与试验观测吻合良好;同时,所得螺旋桨推力和扭矩系数也与试验值符合良好;有效地实现了梢涡捕捉及梢涡空泡模拟。同时指出,水中含气率对推力和扭矩系数的影响大于空泡形态。     

回转体空化研究现状及展望

针对水下高速运动回转体周围必然产生空化现象的问题,阐述了空化现象的主要负面影响,详细介绍了回转体空化实验装置、回转体水下空泡流和出入水研究进展及成果,简要分析了回转体空化研究的发展趋势。     

FBM湍流模型在非定常通气超空化流动计算中的评价与应用

为了建立通气超空化流动计算的流动模型,应用二次开发技术将FBM湍流模型嵌入商业软件,分别采用FBM湍流模型以及商业软件中的标准k-ε湍流模型模拟了绕圆盘空化器的通气空化流场,并从空泡形态、流动结构和阻力特性等方面与试验结果进行了对比。结果表明,标准k-ε湍流模型过高预测了流场的湍流粘性,预测的空泡形态和实验观测结果有较大的差距;采用滤波器湍流模型计算,可以明显地减小通气空泡尾端流场的湍流黏性,精确地捕捉通气空化区域空泡脱落的非定常细节,更加准确地描述通气空化的过程,与试验结果更加接近。     

自然空化流动数值模拟中参数取值影响的研究

探索了应用商业软件Fluent6.2进行自然空化计算的方法.通过设定不同气核质量分数对半球头回转体的自然局部空化作了模拟,研究了气核对自然空化计算结果的影响.通过设定边界湍流参数计算了平头回转体的自然超空泡,研究了湍流参数设定对自然空化计算结果的影响.通过对圆盘空化器的超空泡计算,得出结论:气核含量主要影响超空泡尾部形态,湍流参数主要影响空泡尺度.多个算例的计算结果与相应的实验结果以及经验公式计算结果进行了比较,符合良好.     

超空泡回转体减阻特性研究

基于Fluent 6.0的气泡两相流模型对超空泡回转体的减阻特性进行了数值研究.内容包括:外形对阻力及超空泡形状的影响;超空泡控制;阻力系数随空泡数的变化规律;长细比对减阻率的影响.超空泡减阻机理的研究表明:超空泡不仅可以减小回转体的摩擦阻力,还可以减小回转体的压差阻力.在外形、长细比和空泡数以及工程可实现性等诸多因素中,存在着一个最佳组合,使减阻率最高.     

粘性流中二维水翼局部空泡流的数值模拟

基于粘流理论研究了二维水翼的局部空化。数值计算从完整的N-S方程出发,采用k-ε两方程湍流模型封闭Reynolds方程,作为基本控制方程,空泡流采用Rayleigh plessetmodel模型,计算了0°攻角时,不同航速对水翼局部空泡流的影响,同时也分析了水翼的绕流场,并把计算结果与已发表的试验结论做了比较。结果表明,本文的计算方法具有较好的计算精度。     

Simulation of Liquid Nitrogen around Hydrofoil Cavitation Flow

为研究低温空化流场特性,考虑液氮的热力学参数和空化时两相间的能量交换,利用数值模拟方法对液氮绕水翼低温空化特性进行了分析.基于均质多相流模型,采用Zwart空化模型对液氮绕水翼低温空化流进行稳态计算,修正了Zwart空化模型中蒸发和冷凝系数,给出了水翼表面压力、温度及空化强度的分布.数值结果同采用Schneer-Sauer空化模型计算的结果进行了比较.水翼表面压力和温度的数值结果与Hord实验数据吻合较好,验证了数值模拟的有效性.     

液氮绕水翼低温空化流数值模拟(英文)

为研究低温空化流场特性,考虑液氮的热力学参数和空化时两相间的能量交换,利用数值模拟方法对液氮绕水翼低温空化特性进行了分析。基于均质多相流模型,采用Zwart空化模型对液氮绕水翼低温空化流进行稳态计算,修正了Zwart空化模型中蒸发和冷凝系数,给出了水翼表面压力、温度及空化强度的分布。数值结果同采用Schneer-Sauer空化模型计算的结果进行了比较。水翼表面压力和温度的数值结果与Hord实验数据吻合较好,验证了数值模拟的有效性。     

二维水翼型空化流的数值计算(英文)

In order to predict the effects of cavitation on a hydrofoil, the state equations of the cavitation model were combined with a linear viscous turbulent method for mixed fluids in the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software FLUENT to simulate steady cavitating flow. At a fixed attack angle, pressure distributions and volume fractions of vapor at different cavitation numbers were simulated, and the results on foil sections agreed well with experimental data. In addition, at the various cavitation numbers, the vapor fractions at different attack angles were also predicted. The vapor region moved towards the front of the airfoil and the length of the cavity grew with increased attack angle. The results show that this method of applying FLUENT to simulate cavitation is reliable.     

水中超高速射弹可压缩空泡流研究进展

综述了国内外水中超高速可压缩空泡流理论、数值和试验研究的进展。分析了基于势流理论的水中亚音速、跨音速及超音速空泡流的空泡形状及空化阻力计算方法。详述了水中超高速的水、蒸汽、空气多相混合可压缩流数值计算方法及需要解决的关键问题。介绍了水中亚音速、跨音速及超音速试验的研究方法、研究成果及研究趋势。     

Protective effect of polymer coating on the circular steel plate response to near-field underwater explosions

To understand the intrinsic strong interaction between the soft coating and near-field underwater explosion, a series of comparative live fire tests are implemented. Nine steel circular plates with three configurations (i.e. rubber coated plate, foam coated plate and bare plate) are tested using 1.5 g PETN detonator. The stand-off between the plate center and explosive charge is ranged from 3.41 to 1.14 times of the maximum bubble radius. The transient strain history of the plate and acceleration history of the metal base fixture are monitored. The whole explosion process including local cavitation and bubble motion is recorded by an APX-RS high speed camera. Test results show that the compressibility of coating layer is the dominative factor that controls its protective performance in the shock wave loading phase. The more compressible foam coating distinctly reduce the shock wave intensity by local cavitation before enters the densification phase, while the explosion bubble shape and even the direction of water jet can also be changed. But the attenuation performance in the bubble loading phase is not as optimistic as that in the shock wave phase because more deformation space is required while the core has often entered the densification phase.     

波浪中船底空泡对振动吸收的研究（英文）

Bottom ventilated cavitation is the successfully proven ship drag reduction technology, but the impact of sea waves on ships with bottom cavities is the substantial concern for a broad technology implementation. The influence of waves on vertical force experienced by such ships is analyzed in this paper using a perturbation technique. The unperturbed cavity shape at given Froude number and cavity length was found from a nonlinear steady ideal fluid problem. The ship response to an impact of a wave of the given length and amplitude is considered as the one-frequency perturbation. This perturbation was found by combined consideration of compressible flow in the cavity and incompressible flow in the surrounding water. Computational examples relate to an earlier tested model with the bottom cavity restricted by skegs. The vertical forces on the model with bottom cavities and in cavitation-free conditions were compared in head and following seas. It was found that within the major part of the consider range of wavelengths the cavity acts as a shock absorber significantly reducing the vertical force pulsation and ship acceleration in waves.     

Ships Bottom Cavities as Shock Absorbers in Waves

Bottom ventilated cavitation is the successfully proven ship drag reduction technology, but the impact of sea waves on ships with bottom cavities is the substantial concern for a broad technology implementation. The influence of waves on vertical force experienced by such ships is analyzed in this paper using a perturbation technique. The unperturbed cavity shape at given Froude number and cavity length was found from a nonlinear steady ideal fluid problem. The ship response to an impact of a wave of the given length and amplitude is considered as the one-frequency perturbation. This perturbation was found by combined consideration of compressible flow in the cavity and incompressible flow in the surrounding water. Computational examples relate to an earlier tested model with the bottom cavity restricted by skegs. The vertical forces on the model with bottom cavities and in cavitation-free conditions were compared in head and following seas. It was found that within the major part of the consider range of wavelengths the cavity acts as a shock absorber significantly reducing the vertical force pulsation and ship acceleration in waves.     

涂层对空化流动特性影响的实验研究

利用实验的方法研究了涂层对绕水翼空化流动特性的影响。分别针对喷涂环氧涂层和氟碳涂层的 Clark-Y 型水翼,采用高速摄像装置观察了不同空化阶段的空化流动形态。研究结果表明：（1）在初生空化阶段,当σ=1.82时,沿环氧涂层水翼表面展向排列着初生空泡,而氟碳涂层水翼还处于无空化状态,说明相对于环氧涂层,氟碳涂层对空化现象的产生有一定的抑制作用,氟碳涂层水翼初生空化数为1.50;（2）在片状附着型阶段,当σ小于1.63时,绕环氧涂层水翼的空化先于氟碳涂层水翼发展至片状空化,绕水翼空化流动产生大量分散空泡,沿水翼表面向后运动过程中逐渐长大,在高压区溃灭后形成小空泡并以马蹄涡形式继续运动。同一空化数下,绕环氧涂层水翼空化流动的空泡长度大于氟碳涂层水翼。但随空化数降低,两者空泡长度逐渐接近,说明环氧涂层在片状空化阶段对空化的抑制作用逐渐增强;（3）σ=0.87时空化发展至云状空化阶段,空化流动伴随周期性的云状空泡的脱落,绕环氧涂层水翼的空化流动周期及无量纲空化面积均小于氟碳涂层水翼,说明涂层对空化的非定常变化也有一定的抑制作用,且环氧涂层强于氟碳涂层。     

Numerical analysis of cavitating propeller and pressure fluctuation on ship stern using a simple surface panel method “SQCM”

This paper presents a calculation method for the pressure fluctuation induced by a cavitating propeller. This method consists of two steps: the first step is the calculation of propeller sheet cavitation, and the second step is the calculation of pressure fluctuation on the ship stern. It is for practicality that we divide the method into two steps but do not calculate these steps simultaneously. This method is based on a simple surface panel method “SQCM” which satisfies the Kutta condition easily. The SQCM consists of Hess and Smith type source panels on the propeller or cavity surface and discrete vortices on the camber surface according to Lan’s QCM (quasi-continuous vortex lattice method). In the first step, the cavity shape is solved by the boundary condition based on the free streamline theory. In order to get the accurate cavity shape near the tip of the propeller blade, the cross flow component is taken into consideration on the boundary condition. In the second step, we calculate the cavitating propeller and the hull surface flow simultaneously so as to calculate the pressure fluctuation including the interaction between the propeller and the hull. At that time, the cavity shape is changed at each time step using the calculated cavity shape gotten by the first step. Qualitative agreements are obtained between the calculated results and the experimental data regarding cavity shape, cavity volume and low order frequency components of the pressure fluctuation induced by the cavitating propeller.     

Study on the design of propeller blade sections using the optimization algorithm

A new method for designing propeller blade sections is presented. A vortex lattice method is used to evaluate the performance and the time-dependent pressure distribution on the blade surface in a non-uniform flow, while efficient optimization algorithms are used to modify the blade sections. Two different designs were carried out in this study. The first was a design to realize a target pressure distribution in a rotating three-dimensional flow. A two-dimensional wing theory was used to obtain the target pressure distribution. The predicted increase in efficiency and the reduction in the cavity volume were confirmed by model experiments. The second was a design to maximize the propeller efficiency. By this method, the propeller efficiency was improved by 1.2% under the constrains of constant thrust and a prescribed margin for face cavitation.     

静压下球形空腔吸声覆盖层的建模与性能分析

基于声波垂直入射下的二维理论,利用COMSOL软件建立球形空腔吸声覆盖层单元模型,得到了在空腔受压变形基础上直接进行声学性能计算的耦合模型,避免了以往根据变形量重新建模带来的误差,并与静压下穿孔率的理论公式进行对比,验证了模型的有效性;利用所建模型分析了静压下球形空腔的吸声性能,并比较了内部气压对空腔变形和吸声系数的影响。结果表明：随着静压的增大,峰值上移频带展宽,更显著的是吸声效果总体变差;内部气压使得空腔变形量减少、低频吸声效果有所提高。     

螺旋桨设计参数对桨叶片空泡性能的影响分析

文章基于扰动速度势面元法建立了在均流条件下螺旋桨桨叶片空泡数值预报方法,空泡模型采用压力恢复闭合模型。通过对5600TEU集装箱船螺旋桨空泡的数值预报,以及与试验结果的比较,验证了该方法的可行性。该方法能够较为快速准确地预报螺旋桨桨叶片空泡,可用于分析参数对螺旋桨空泡性能的影响,为抑制螺旋桨空化设计提供基础。在此基础上重点分析了桨叶侧斜、纵倾以及桨叶剖面型式对螺旋桨空泡性能的影响,计算表明加大侧斜能够减少空泡面积,空泡向外半径偏移;桨叶剖面的设计对空泡性能影响较大,优化设计桨叶剖面可以有效减少空泡面积,提高螺旋桨抗空化能力;纵倾向压力面弯曲的分布形式可以改善梢部的压力分布,减少叶梢附近空泡长度,从而可望减少由空泡引起的脉动压力。