Aerodynamics of Road- and Rail Vehicles

SUMMARY

The technical state-of-the-art of aerodynamics of ground transportation vehicles is reviewed. Currently available theoretical calculation methods and experimental simulation techniques as well as typical results illustrating the impact of aerodynamics on vehicle performance and running characteristics are summarized and the interactions between vehicle system dynamics and aerodynamics are adressed. Correlation of theoretical and experimental data show the present potential of vehicle aerodynamics and point to fields in which further research work is necessary.     

汽车空气动力学的计算机仿真方法

汽车的空气动力特性是汽车的重要性能指标之一。计算流体力学（ＣＦＤ）与汽车空气动力学相结合，产生了一门崭新的技术－汽车空气动力学的计算机仿真。概要介绍了汽车空气动力学计算机仿真技术的意义、理论背景、计算方法和目前国际上应用的现状。     

牵引车外流空气动力学性能CFD分析

应用CFD仿真技术,分析某汽车的外流空气动力学性能,以判断其气动性能是否满足设计要求。     

A nonlinear model for top fuel dragster dynamic performance assessment

The top fuel dragster is the fastest and quickest vehicle in drag racing. This vehicle is capable of travelling a quarter mile in less than 4.5 s, reaching a final speed in excess of 330 miles per hour. The average power delivered by its engine exceeds 7000 Hp. To analyse and eventually increase the performance of a top fuel dragster, a dynamic model of the vehicle is developed. Longitudinal, vertical, and pitching chassis motions are considered, as well as drive-train dynamics. The aerodynamics of the vehicle, the engine characteristics, and the force due to the combustion gases are incorporated into the model. Further, a simplified model of the traction characteristics of the rear tyres is developed where the traction is calculated as a function of the slip ratio and the velocity. The resulting nonlinear, coupled differential equations of motion are solved using a fourth-order Runge–Kutta numerical integration scheme. Several simulation runs are made to investigate the effects of the aerodynamics and of the engine's initial torque in the performance of the vehicle. The results of the computational simulations are scrutinised by comparisons with data from actual dragster races. Ultimately, the proposed dynamic model of the dragster can be used to improve the aerodynamics, the engine and clutch set-ups of the vehicle, and possibly facilitate the redesign of the dragster.     

预测和确定汽车气动特性的新理论模型

本文以汽车空气动力学的“升力面理论”为出发点，提出一种预测和确定汽车空气动力学特性的新理论模型，并就其在评价空气动力学因素对汽车性能的影响，在研究开发气动阻力最小且同时满足汽车工程各方面要求的近地形体及车身优化设计等方面的应用价值进行了探讨。     

汽车空气动力学数值仿真研究进展

阐述了数值仿真在汽车空气动力学领域的研究特点及难点，介绍了汽车空气动力学数值仿真方法在研究现状，展望了这一研究领域的发展前景。     

High downforce race car vertical dynamics: aerodynamic index

Race car performance is strongly affected by aerodynamics. Due to downforce generated by the vehicle floor (i.e. diffuser), vehicle ride heights are key parameters to improve performance, and the coupling of aerodynamics and suspension is one of the key points of race car setting. This work focuses on the suspension and aerodynamic coupling from the vertical dynamics point of view. Besides road holding performance, for race cars, aerodynamic performance and stability are major factors. Downforce decreases laptime (the main performance target) but pitch instability is a non-desired effect that can happen in high downforce race cars. A new vertical dynamic performance index is proposed through the use of simulation to improve aerodynamic performance and understand the pitch instability phenomenon. This new index uses all relevant vehicle nonlinearities related to vertical dynamics and can handle a specific track profile and vehicle speed range, allowing the analysis be conducted according to a circuit specification. A previously validated Formula 3 car model was used as an example.     

基于气动风洞测试的整车热管理CFD分析精度提升方法

研究了在整车开发前期,通过油泥模型在气动风洞中测试前端模块的风速来标定热管理CFD模型的方法,分解了测试流程和标定方法,使标定后的模型与试验一致性较好。利用标定后的模型可以在项目开发早期提升热管理机舱内流分析准确度,使发动机舱内流场的优化做到空气动力学性能和热管理性能的最佳平衡。     

汽车车架动应力匀化分析与实验研究

本文以表征汽车车架动应力不均匀度目标函数，以截面尺寸的大小为设计变量，对车架进行了优化设计，为此需根据已知路面谱计算车架的动应力，为了能获得目标函数的简捷准确的计算，引入了模态加速度法，摄动法和可变误差多面体法，并进行了理论计算与实验研究。     

轿车车身外部造型设计中有关技术问题的研究

在分析了大量轿车相关设计标准和资料的基础上,研究了在轿车外部造型设计中涉及到的主动安全性、被动安全性、空气动力性及乘座舒适性等技术性问题。特别就行人保护和碰撞后对车辆本身的损坏等被动安全性问题对轿车车身外部造型设计的要求,做了比较详细的讨论。     

基于NX的节能赛车车身设计与制造

论文以第9届Honda中国节能竞技大赛作为设计背景进行节能竞赛车车身正向设计。整个设计过程在满足竞赛要求的基础上,以降低整车机构复杂度和选择合理的车身材料从而降低整车整备质量,减小整车阻力为主要指导思想。基于空气动力学、人体工程学、机械工程学以及美学方面的知识对节能竞技车的车身各部位进行合理的设计与布置。论文利用NX软件勾勒车身形态特征线,再利用强大的曲面造型功能建立车身三维数字化模型。基于该模型完成节能赛车车身的制作,并在比赛中取得理想的成绩。     

Effect of rear slant angle on vehicle crosswind stability simulation on a simplified car model

It is important to know the effect of the aerodynamic forces and moments on driving stability because it is responsible for the excitation and influences the response of the vehicle. The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of rear slant angle of a surface vehicle on crosswind sensitivity for stability analysis. The vehicle mathematical model used to conduct a dynamic simulation was based on a simple reduced order lateral dynamics of sideslip and yaw rate motion coupled with aerodynamics model. The intention here is to compare the effect of rear slant angles response to crosswind and to rank the crosswind sensitivity ratings. The aerodynamic loads are defined as the function of the aerodynamic derivatives from the static wind tunnel tests. Result shows a 20° rear slant angle demonstrates the highest rating of crosswind sensitivity, while zero degree slant exhibits the least.     

Vergleich einiger Rechen- und Messergebnisse zum Fahrverhalten von Sattelzügen

In this paper some results of theoretical and experimental investigations on the dynamic directional properties of heavy tractor-semitrailer vehicles are presented.

A nonlinear digital computer model was developed on which the theoretical system analysis is based. This model takes account of the nonUnear tire properties and the friction couple of the fifth wheel. A combination of numerical computation methods (Runge-Kutta and Newton-Raphson techniques) is used for the digital computer simulation.

Full scale road tests with articulated vehicles of 38 ton total weight were conducted for experimental validation of the used theoretical model. As input signals to the vehicle, predetermined steering wheel angle functions were used. The system output signals corresponding to these input functions were measured and stored.

A comparison of the obtained theoretical and experimental results shows a very good qualitative agreement and hence leads to the conclusion that the developed theoretical model can give consistent estimates of the basic dynamic vehicle properties.     

Vergleich einiger Rechen- und Messergebnisse zum Fahrverhalten von Sattelzügen

SUMMARY

In this paper some results of theoretical and experimental investigations on the dynamic directional properties of heavy tractor-semitrailer vehicles are presented.

A nonlinear digital computer model was developed on which the theoretical system analysis is based. This model takes account of the nonUnear tire properties and the friction couple of the fifth wheel. A combination of numerical computation methods (Runge-Kutta and Newton-Raphson techniques) is used for the digital computer simulation.

Full scale road tests with articulated vehicles of 38 ton total weight were conducted for experimental validation of the used theoretical model. As input signals to the vehicle, predetermined steering wheel angle functions were used. The system output signals corresponding to these input functions were measured and stored.

A comparison of the obtained theoretical and experimental results shows a very good qualitative agreement and hence leads to the conclusion that the developed theoretical model can give consistent estimates of the basic dynamic vehicle properties.     

PIV技术在汽车模型风洞中的应用

运用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术对某类车体纵对称面内的尾部流场进行测量;研究了不同雷诺数下尾部流场的变化,并对速度场和涡量场进行定量分析.结果表明PIV技术用于汽车周围复杂流场的测量具有很强的优势,将成为汽车空气动力学试验的一种新的研究方法.     

Fundamentals of vehicle–track coupled dynamics

This paper presents a framework to investigate the dynamics of overall vehicle–track systems with emphasis on theoretical modelling, numerical simulation and experimental validation. A three-dimensional vehicle–track coupled dynamics model is developed in which a typical railway passenger vehicle is modelled as a 35-degree-of-freedom multi-body system. A traditional ballasted track is modelled as two parallel continuous beams supported by a discrete-elastic foundation of three layers with sleepers and ballasts included. The non-ballasted slab track is modelled as two parallel continuous beams supported by a series of elastic rectangle plates on a viscoelastic foundation. The vehicle subsystem and the track subsystem are coupled through a wheel–rail spatial coupling model that considers rail vibrations in vertical, lateral and torsional directions. Random track irregularities expressed by track spectra are considered as system excitations by means of a time–frequency transformation technique. A fast explicit integration method is applied to solve the large nonlinear equations of motion of the system in the time domain. A computer program named TTISIM is developed to predict the vertical and lateral dynamic responses of the vehicle–track coupled system. The theoretical model is validated by full-scale field experiments, including the speed-up test on the Beijing–Qinhuangdao line and the high-speed running test on the Qinhuangdao–Shenyang line. Differences in the dynamic responses analysed by the vehicle–track coupled dynamics and by the classical vehicle dynamics are ascertained in the case of vehicles passing through curved tracks.     

Vehicle-Bridge Interaction

With the emergence of high-speed trains, dynamic loads on bridges have changed. A method for estimation of the time-dependent vehicle-bridge interaction forces has been developed in the present paper. The increase (or decrease) of the bridge response due to dynamic effects is determined.

The moving constant-force problem is reviewed in some detail. Results obtained by the present method for the moving-mass problem are compared with existing experimental and theoretical results as reported in the literature. A parametric study of bridge responses is made. The parameters varied are the vehicle speed, the ratio of vehicle mass to bridge mass, the ratio of vehicle eigenfrequency to bridge eigenfrequency, and the relative damping of the vehicle. Finally, the influence of an initial bridge deflection is discussed.     

新能源汽车远程控制云平台设计

为了实现汽车远控控制功能,需要设计汽车远程控制平台。根据业务要求,本文将云平台业务逻辑架构设计为车辆管理、事件管理、命令管理、协议解务及WEB端服务模块,最后对车辆的在线离线状态监控、命令下发测试验证。结果表明云平台实现了对车辆在线离线状态的实时监控,及命令下发和结果解析;排除非云平台问题成功率可达100%,总体命令平均响应时间1.54s。所以本文建立的新能源汽车远程控制云平台具有一定的可行性、可靠性、稳定性及实用性,为车辆远程控制能提供有意义的理论架构和实验依据。     

Evasive manoeuvres with a steering robot

In the pursuit of an objective rating on vehicle stability performance, it is always desirable to reduce disturbances and inconsistencies during experimental evaluations, especially the ones introduced by human drivers. This paper presents the development of a steering robot designed for closed-loop steering tasks during evasive manoeuvres. It describes the controller structure and discusses experimental results, in addition to simulation/vehicle model verifications and theoretical control analysis.     

轻型车后桥壳液压胀形仿真与试验研究

运用动显式有限元软件LS-DYNA对某1t轻型车后桥壳液压胀形过程进行了仿真,针对后桥壳两次液压胀形时的胀形比、载荷匹配及摩擦力等因素对液压成型的影响进行了分析。通过厚度分布、轴向收缩量、内压力及轴向力的试验与仿真对比,验证了仿真结果的正确性,同时讨论了仿真与试验结果之间产生误差的原因。