隧道内新型组合轨枕块式无砟轨道结构分析

针对复杂艰险山区铁路隧道内区段较为严重且整治难度较大的基础变形病害,提出了一种隧道内新型组合轨枕块式无砟轨道,能充分适应轨道下部基础的变形,并基于有限元法对该结构的不同参数进行了力学分析。结果表明:为保证钢轨垂横向位移及轨道结构各部分所受拉应力值较小,建议组合式轨枕块的长宽高分别为830,276,140 mm;凹槽的深度宽度分别为80,970 mm;凸出高度为60 mm;为保证结构的整体性,建议组合式轨枕块选取聚氨酯材料;列车在新型组合轨枕式无砟轨道上运行时,其安全性与平顺性均满足要求。     

盾构到达突发涌水处理及水中到达方案分析

盾构到达时易出现涌水、涌砂、上覆土体坍塌等事故,是盾构施工的重大风险点之一。通过盾构到达突发涌水事故解决实例,介绍事故发生后采用钢筋混凝土接收洞室进行盾构水中到达的施工经验。钢筋混凝土接收洞室基于平衡到达理念,采用密闭的箱型混凝土结构与隧道洞门密闭连接,并在箱体内灌入填充物,以达到与土层压力平衡,模拟盾构在土体中的掘进状态,使盾构安全进入接收洞室内。     

灵宝环城斜交桥病害分析与加固技术

在分析灵宝环城大桥病害的基础上提出斜交桥上下部整体加固设计方法。该推荐方案为基本构件和节点碳纤维加固和桥面浇筑整体化钢筋混凝土层、基础砌筑片石混凝土防护。该方案不仅提高了桥梁结构的整体刚度和承载力,达到荷载等级提高的目的;而且很好地控制裂缝的发展。通过对比加固前后静载和动载数据,得出该推荐方案在旧桥加固中的优势。     

Design and optimisation of wheel–rail profiles for adhesion improvement

This paper describes a study for the optimisation of the wheel profile in the wheel–rail system to increase the overall level of adhesion available at the contact interface, in particular to investigate how the wheel and rail profile combination may be designed to ensure the improved delivery of tractive/braking forces even in poor contact conditions. The research focuses on the geometric combination of both wheel and rail profiles to establish how the contact interface may be optimised to increase the adhesion level, but also to investigate how the change in the property of the contact mechanics at the wheel–rail interface may also lead to changes in the vehicle dynamic behaviour.     

庄行镇水利小包围工程分析

奉贤区庄行镇地处低洼,易受涝灾。随着大暴雨频率增加及地区经济的发展,低洼地区的防洪排涝日显重要,直接影响人民生活关系密切的居民区,更需及时解决排水除涝问题,以确保人民安居乐业。该文在对该地区水情作模型分析的基础上,提出实施水利小包围工程的建设意见,在小范围内彻底解决防洪排涝问题,减少大暴雨造成的损失。     

施工索赔策略与技巧分析

承包商承包工程的目的是为盈利,而在目前建筑市场的压价竞争导致的低价甚至是低于成本价的大环境下,传统观念上的施工要想取得较好的盈利是很困难的。索赔似乎成了改变承包商命运的途径之一。该文根据笔者多年从事工程建设的经验,认为要做好索赔工作,索赔策略与技巧尤为关键,并就此作了探讨。     

全站仪免棱镜测距技术在隧道施工测量中的应用

通过全站仪在隧道施工测量的现场使用,详细地总结了免棱镜测距技术在隧道开挖与衬砌过程中的具体使用方法,能够有效的减少传统隧道工程测量中断面放样及检查对施工速度的影响,为施工决策提供数据基础,避免了超挖、欠挖,为整个工程顺利完成提供了基础保证.     

重载铁路下穿京沪高铁的路基结构设计研究

山西中南部重载铁路与京沪高铁在山东泰安交叉,由于重载铁路设计轴重达30 t,动应力影响深度大,采用何种路基结构型式,避免外荷对高铁桥墩的影响,成为控制线路安全通过高铁的关键。同时,该处线路北临大汶河,采用何种防水路基结构,以满足大汶河百年洪水位防洪要求,也是设计需考虑的重要因素。研究结果表明:采用路堤式U型槽路基结构型式,取得了预期效果。     

隧道数值模拟计算边界范围研究

本文以某高速公路隧道的开挖和支护过程为工程实例,采用有限差分法岩土分析软件Adina进行全过程模拟,旨在分析模型的边界效应对相应求解精度的影响。研究方法是在其它条件同等的情况下,采用不同的模型边界范围建模,并分别独立进行模拟求解,通过比较不同模型下同一截面的力学响应的差异,进而分析模型边界范围这一单因素对隧洞开挖数值模拟的精度影响。研究思路和结论可以为类似的数值模拟关于如何合理地选择模型边界范围提供参考,从而使模拟实现过程的时效性和精度达到较佳的统一。     

双洞互补式通风系统在两河隧道中的应用研究

针对两河特长公路隧道左右线通风负荷差异较大的情况,采用双洞互补式通风设计理论及方法,对两河隧道通风系统进行优化设计。采用横向通风道使上下行隧道形成整体通风网络,以下坡隧道内污染物浓度较低的空气去稀释上坡隧道中污染严重的空气,使2条隧道内的通风均满足娩范要求。互补式通风方式充分利用隧道内部空间与下坡隧道的富裕通风能力,取消通风竖井,使通风系统整体经济效益得到显著提高。     

The cognitive training needs of older drivers

According to a recent publication (OECD, 2001), in many OECD member countries one in four persons will be aged 65 or over in 2030. The significant increase in the number of driving licence holders means the percentage of older drivers will follow this trend. With age, many structural and functional changes occur leading to declines in the ability to perform common daily tasks and to a continuous need for medication. Both these factors affect driving skills. Moreover, changes in driving laws, or modifications (even temporary) in the road environment, may cause confusion and disorientation. Following a review of the literature on age-related declines and their effects on the driver’s activity and compensatory behaviours, this article suggests that the cognitive plasticity concept should be further developed in order to design adequate training programmes centred on systematic cognitive stimulation. The scientific evidence for adult cognitive plasticity suggests that cognitive training may become an important means of reversing or preventing age-related cognitive declines. On its own, an adequate road environment may not be able to improve road safety, an appropriate training programme is also required in order to slow down and/or prevent age-related declines in cognitive abilities, particularly those involved in driving. Also, telematic systems may allow older people to delay mobility loss by adding to their existing compensatory strategies, but a generation effect could cause the elderly to avoid using them. Therefore, training programmes should include adequate materials to familiarize older drivers with new technology, being designed according to current scientific knowledge in the area of cognitive training and aim to meet the identified needs of older drivers. Finally, older drivers should be encouraged to take part in specific re-training programmes, which should be widely available. To achieve this, further research is required, involving longitudinal studies with representative samples in different countries.     

勘察设计单位知识型员工的管理思考

对于知识密集、人才密集的勘察设计单位,发挥好勘察设计单位知识型员工在资源配置中的作用,建立有效的管理和激励机制,调动其积极性和主动性,具有重要意义。该文论述了勘察设计单位知识型员工管理上的几点看法,可供企业管理人员参考。     

新时期农村公路建设重点与发展对策研究

我国当前正处于大规模农村公路建设时期,明确农村公路的建设重点和发展对策可以更好地发挥农村公路的作用。基于农村公路的经济学属性,从当前国家宏观发展战略出发,提出了与时代特征相结合的农村公路发展观;结合农村公路作用机理和作用过程,探讨了与之相适应的农村公路的发展目标与方向;以此为基础,探讨了今后农村公路的建设重点和主要对策措施。本文的研究可以为今后区域公路的持续协调发展提供决策参考。     

基于BIM的物化阶段碳排放简化计算方法

“十四五”时期是我国持续推进节能减排、持续向双碳目标迈进的重要时期，建筑业作为我国碳排放的重要来源，必须在设计阶段就进行碳排放的计算，实现以减少碳排放为目标的设计。为了在结构设计中实现物化阶段碳排放量的快速统计和优化设计，提出综合碳排放因子的概念以简化碳排放计算。与此同时，为了达到碳排放量自动统计及便捷优化设计的目的，尝试将综合碳排放因子同BIM软件结合起来，利用BIM中明细表功能，实现基于构件类别的碳排放自动统计，以达到节能减排的目标。     

Human driving data-based design of a vehicle adaptive cruise control algorithm

This paper presents a vehicle adaptive cruise control algorithm design with human factors considerations. Adaptive cruise control (ACC) systems should be acceptable to drivers. In order to be acceptable to drivers, the ACC systems need to be designed based on the analysis of human driver driving behaviour. Manual driving characteristics are investigated using real-world driving test data. The goal of the control algorithm is to achieve naturalistic behaviour of the controlled vehicle that would feel natural to the human driver in normal driving situations and to achieve safe vehicle behaviour in severe braking situations in which large decelerations are necessary. A non-dimensional warning index and inverse time-to-collision are used to evaluate driving situations. A confusion matrix method based on natural driving data sets was used to tune control parameters in the proposed ACC system. Using a simulation and a validated vehicle simulator, vehicle following characteristics of the controlled vehicle are compared with real-world manual driving radar sensor data. It is shown that the proposed control strategy can provide with natural following performance similar to human manual driving in both high speed driving and low speed stop-and-go situations and can prevent the vehicle-to-vehicle distance from dropping to an unsafe level in a variety of driving conditions.     

多年冻土公路工程分类研究进展与思考

冻土的工程分类是冻土学研究中一个重点问题,文章在总结和分析国内外多年冻土分类研究的基础上并结合中国现行规范对多年冻土公路工程分类的方法,指出了现行规范所存在的问题,并且提出以影响多年冻土工程性质的综合因素为指标对多年冻土进行工程分类,对我国多年冻土地区工程的建设,尤其对青藏公路的建设具有积极的指导意义。     

墨西哥:下一个车企兵家必争之地

<正>墨西哥本身就是一个正在迅速成长的市场,而其地理位置接近南美与拉丁美洲国家,那里更是一片尚未开发的汽车币场。墨西哥预计在2014年将出口169万辆汽车进入美国市场,超越日本的151万辆;2015年,更将以190万辆汽车进口美国,超越加拿大的187万辆,成为美国最大的汽车进口国家。     

Improving train service reliability by applying an effective timetable robustness strategy

ABSTRACT

To avoid propagation of delays in dense railway timetables, it is important to ensure robustness. One strategy to improve robustness is to provide adequate amount of buffer times between trains. This study concerns how “scheduled minimum headways” should be determined in order to improve robustness in timetables. Scheduled minimum headways include technical minimum headway plus some buffer time. We propose a strategy to be implemented in timetables at the final stages of planning and prior to the operations. The main contributions of this study are 1) to propose a strategy where the size of the scheduled minimum headways is dependent on trains' travel times instead of a fixed-sized time slot and it is called “travel time dependent scheduled minimum headways” or TTDSMH, 2) to evaluate the effects of the new strategy on heterogeneity, speed, and the number of trains in timetables, 3) to show that a simple strategy can improve robustness without imposing major changes in timetables. The strategy is implemented in an Mixed Integer Linear Programming framework for timetabling and tested for some problem instances from Sweden. Results show that TTDSMH can improve robustness. The proposed strategy can be applied in intelligent transportation tools for railway timetabling.     

浅议安全监理如何在拆除延安东路高架过程中发挥的监督作用

近年来,市政基础设施建设在飞速发展,城市中可用于市政建设的空间将越来越紧张。如何在不影响周边环境和交通的前提下完成工程,对原有结构部分进行拆除和新建,尤其是在上海外滩"亚洲第一弯"拆除工程中,既要按时完成又要确保安全拆除万无一失,发挥安全监理的监督作用。该文对此作了一些有益的探讨,可供参考。     

城市地下空间开发规划与设计——亚洲稠密城市经验研究

由于地下空间开发的不可逆性,为使城市可持续发展,地下空间开发应当合理调研、规划及管理。在大多数城市,由于缺乏地下空间整体开发利用规划,没有相应的明确政策和行政指引,开发引导因素不足,导致地下空间开发往往形成相对单一独立的项目。在亚洲2个人口密集城市——香港和新加坡的地下空间开发经验的基础上,审视地下空间开发经常被忽视但益发重要的课题,这就是如何通过城市规划设计,发挥地下空间资源协调和平衡利用。