柴油机排放物的生成机理及降低排放的技术措施

文章简要介绍了柴油机四种主要排放物的生成机理,并结合柴油机排放物的生成机理,对柴油机如何降低排放提出一系列技术措施,从而为柴油机满足更加严格的排放法规创造了条件。     

柴油机氧化催化器NO2生成过程的仿真分析

为研究柴油机氧化催化器的NO_2生成过程,在三维CFD仿真软件FIRE中建立柴油机氧化催化器的模型。模拟氧化催化器从开始到达到稳定状态的整个过程,分析仿真结果得出:氧化催化器载体温度在480 k时,NO_2的生成量明显增加。氧化催化器达到稳定工作状态后,从入口端向出口端,氧气浓度逐渐降低,NO_2浓度逐渐升高。     

柴油机定速运行模糊控制策略研究

文章通过正交试验构建出柴油机定速运行的控制模型,并采用模糊控制方法,对该控制模型进行仿真分析。仿真结果表明,采用模糊控制策略的柴油发动机可以有效的使转速稳定在设定值范围内,控制效果显著。     

车用柴油机NO_x形成及控制

相对汽油发动机污染物排放,柴油发动机CO和CH的排放较低,不到汽油机的10%,但NOX排放水平却高于汽油发动机。本文重点讨论柴油发动机排气污染物中NOx的成分及危害,分析了NO的生成机理及影响因素,提出了控制柴油机NO排放的技术和方法。     

内燃机车柴油机常见故障及处理方法

内燃机车柴油机具有高效率、耐用、可靠等特点,因此被广泛应用于汽车、火车、船舶等交通工具中。然而,长时间运行和复杂的工作环境会导致柴油机出现各种故障,给运输业务带来不便和损失,及时发现和处理柴油机故障非常重要。对内燃机车柴油机的工作原理进行介绍,指出柴油机的常见故障并提出处理方法,以期帮助交通运输业的相关人员更好地了解和解决柴油机故障,保障运输工作顺利开展。     

关于碳质板岩隧道大变形机理及应对措施的探讨

兰渝铁路木寨岭隧道是在高地应力、碳质板岩等软弱围岩的复杂地质条件下修建的隧道,在碳质板岩段出现了明显的大变形和局部破坏。针对木寨岭隧道的大变形,文章分析了碳质板岩大变形发生的影响因素,探究了碳质板岩的塑变、板梁弯曲、剪切滑移、压杆破坏等大变形机理,提出了调整隧道围岩受力、加强支护、超前控制等施工措施。     

水运交通灾害的致灾机理及应对策略

水运交通给人类带来了文明与进步,但同时也带来了交通事故、环境污染等公害,某些事故甚至已经到了灾害的程度。仅从交通安全的角度进行防范已经不够,需要从交通灾害的角度进行综合的防范。文章在提出水运交通灾害的概念基础上,构建了基于人、船、环境和管理四要素的水运交通灾害的致灾机理,改变了以前的跟随控制模式,并利用预警管理的思想,构筑了水运交通灾害的预警管理模式对策。     

浅谈船用柴油机曲轴轴承损坏的原因与对策

通过对船用柴油机曲轴轴承损坏原因的分析,从管理、修理角度提出应对措施,拟达到降低事故发生的目的.'     

柴油机拉缸及应急处理措施

拉缸故障是柴油机的常见故障之一。文章分析了柴油机拉缸事故发生的主要原因,阐述了预防拉缸事故的方法,同时提出了拉缸事故发生后的应急处理措施。     

船用柴油机12PA6B超负荷性能试验研究

我国船用柴油机功率标准规定柴油机应能够在超负荷功率(即110%标定功率)下连续运转。超负荷工况各参数变化可以反映柴油机的整体性能,是船用柴油机负荷试验的重要工况点。本文通过陕柴重工生产的12PA6B柴油机的负荷试验,研究证实该机型在超负荷工况下能保持较低的燃油消耗率和烟度排放,以及较高的功率和扭矩输出。     

Analysis of real driving gaseous emissions from light-duty diesel vehicles

Increasingly strict emissions standards are providing a major impetus to vehicle manufactures for developing advanced powertrain and after-treatment systems that can significantly reduce real driving emissions. The knowledge of the gaseous emissions from diesel engines under steady-state operation and under transient operation provides substantial information to analyze real driving emissions of diesel vehicles. While there are noteworthy advances in the assessment of road vehicle emissions from real driving and laboratory measurements, detailed information on real driving gaseous emissions are required in order to predict effectively the real-time gaseous emissions from a diesel vehicle under realistic driving conditions. In this work, experiments were performed to characterize the behavior of NOx, unburned HC, CO, and CO₂ emitted from light-duty diesel vehicles that comply with Euro 6 emissions standards. The driving route fully reflected various real-world driving conditions such as urban, rural, and highway. The real-time emission measurements were conducted with a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS) including a Global Positioning System (GPS). To investigate the gaseous emission characteristics, authors determined the road load coefficients of vehicle specific power (VSP) and regression coefficient between fuel use rate and VSP. Furthermore, this work revealed the correlation between the rates of average fuel use and each gaseous emission.     

The impact of marine engine operation and maintenance on emissions

This paper examines the role of marine engine maintenance in reducing pollution. It tests four marine diesel engines, one constructed prior to January 1, 2000 and three after 2000. This paper explains how the condition of an engine’s nozzles and faulty injection pressure significantly influence NO_x and CO emissions and describes both bench and onboard ship tests, on engines fitted with new or worn nozzles at different injection pressures. The tests showed that, when the engine constructed prior to 2000 operates under normal in-service conditions, the emissions are within limits, but, with a small fault in injection timing, the NO_x emissions exceed the limits. For the engines constructed after 2000, a fault in the maintenance of the nozzles increases the CO emissions to a high level.     

闽南山地滑坡成因和形成机理探讨

通过对福建省闽南地区地质灾害调查与区划中的典型地质灾害点—滑坡的特性、成因和形成机理进行分析总结,同时进一步证明了对典型地质灾害点调查、治理的重要性。     

Thermodynamic,environmental and economic effects of diesel and biodiesel fuels on exhaust emissions and nano-particles of a diesel engine

In this study, diesel (JIS#2) and various biodiesel fuels (BDF20, BDF50, BDF100) are used to operate the diesel engine at 100 Nm, 200 Nm and full load; while the engine speed is 1800 rpm. The system is experimentally studied, and the energy, exergy, sustainability, thermoeconomic and exergoeconomic analyses are performed to the system. The Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer is used to measure the size distribution of engine exhaust particle emissions. Also, the data of the exhaust emissions, soot, particle numbers, fuel consumptions, etc. are measured. It is found that (i) most of the exhaust emissions (except NO_x) are directly proportional to the engine load, (ii) maximum CO₂ and NO_x emissions rates are generally determined for the BDF100 biodiesel fuel; while the minimum ones are calculated for the JIS#2 diesel fuel. On the other hand, the maximum CO and HC emissions rates are generally computed for the JIS#2 diesel fuel; while the minimum ones are found for the BDF100 biodiesel fuel, (iii) fuel consumptions from maximum to minimum are BDF100 > BDF50 > BDF20 > JIS#2 at all of the engine loads, (iv) particle concentration of the JIS#2 diesel fuel is higher than the biodiesel fuels, (v) soot concentrations of the JIS#2, BDF20 and BDF50 fuels are directly proportional to the engine load; while the BDF100 is inversely proportional, (vi) system has better energy and exergy efficiency when the engine is operated with the biodiesel fuels (vii) sustainability of the fuels are BDF100 > BDF50 > BDF20 > JIS#2, (viii) thermoeconomic and exergoeconomic parameters rates from maximum to minimum are JIS#2 > BDF20 > BDF50 > BDF100.     

The influence of locomotive diesel engine transient operating modes on energy usage

This paper analyzes the influence of transient operating modes in the Cat 3512B-HD and MTU 4000 R41 locomotive diesel engines on their energy usage. This analysis represents an integral component of the technological research and development performed at Lietuvos Geležinkeliai AB (JSC Lithuanian Railways) with the objective of increasing the efficiency of freight transportation with the upgraded 2M62M and modern ER20CF/2ER20CF diesel locomotives. The influence of transient modes on the operating variables of the locomotive diesel engines was evaluated under operational load-cycling conditions to aid in the selection of appropriate parameters (e.g., the train weight, the diesel locomotive type, and the technical characteristics of the diesel locomotive to be modeled) for freight transportation on Lithuanian railway lines. It was determined that the engine’s electronic control system compensates for the negative effects of transient operations on the engine’s energy usage. As a result, the increase in fuel consumption is less than 3% during transient operation when compared to steady-state operation. Through this research, methodological foundations have been formulated and adapted for the use of the mathematical modeling of the transient modes of locomotive diesel engines to optimize freight transportation, resulting in an expected decrease of 10–15% in fuel consumption.     

Comparative evaluation of eight legislated driving schedules in terms of cycle metrics and emissions from a diesel-powered turbocharged van

The present work compares, on a fundamental basis, the performance and emissions of a diesel-engined large van running on eight legislated driving cycles, namely the European NEDC, the U.S. FTP-75, HFET, US06, LA-92 and NYCC, the Japanese JC08 and the Worldwide WLTC 3-2. It aims to identify differences and similarities between various influential driving cycles valid in the world, and correlate important cycle metrics with vehicle exhaust emissions. The results derive from a computational code based on an engine mapping approach, with experimentally derived correction coefficients applied to account for transient discrepancies; the code is coupled to a comprehensive vehicle model. Soot as well as nitrogen monoxide are the examined pollutants. Only the driving cycle schedule is under investigation in this work, and not the whole test procedure, in order to identify vehicle speed (transient) effects of the individual cycles only. The recently developed WLTC 3-2 is the cycle with a very broad and at the same time dense coverage of the vehicle’s/engine’s operating activity, being thus particularly representative of ‘average’ real-world driving. Even broader is the distribution of the US06, whereas particularly thin and narrow that of the modal NEDC. It is also revealed that the more transient cycles, e.g. the NYCC or the US06, are also the ones with the highest amount of engine-out pollutant emissions and energy consumption. Relative positive acceleration and stops per km are found to correlate very well with energy and fuel consumption and all emitted pollutants.     

Assessing methods for comparing emissions from gasoline and diesel light-duty vehicles based on microscale measurements

This paper assess whether a real-world second-by-second methodology that integrates vehicle activity and emissions rates for light-duty gasoline vehicles can be extended to diesel vehicles. Secondly it compares fuel use and emission rates between gasoline and diesel light-duty vehicles. To evaluate the methodology, real-world field data from two light-duty diesel vehicles are used. Vehicle specific power, a function of vehicle speed, acceleration, and road grade, is evaluated with respect to ability to explain variation in emissions rates. Vehicle specific power has been used previously to define activity-based modes and to quantify variation in fuel use and emission rates of gasoline vehicles taking into account idle, acceleration, cruise, and deceleration. The fuel use and emission rates for light-duty diesel vehicles can also be explained using vehicle specific power -based modes. Thus, the methodology enables direct comparisons for different vehicle fuels and technologies. Furthermore, the method can be used to estimate average fuel use and emission rates for a wide variety of driving cycles.     

Experimental investigation of evaporation rate and exhaust emissions of diesel engine fuelled with cotton seed methyl ester and its blend with petro-diesel

An experimental study to measure the evaporation rates, engine performance and emission characteristics of cotton seed biodiesel (cotton seed oil methyl ester) and its blends in different volumetric proportions with diesel is presented. The thermo-physical properties of all the fuel blends have been measured and presented. Evaporation rates of neat cotton seed biodiesel, neat diesel and their bends have been measured under slow convective environment of air flowing with a constant temperature. Evaporation constants have been determined by using the droplet regression rate data. The neat fuels and fuel blends have been utilized in a test engine with different load conditions to evaluate the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of the fuels. The specific fuel consumption values of the two blends, viz. B25 and B75 are found to be same. At the highest load, B0 records the lowest CO volume followed by B100. From the observed evaporation, performance and emissions characteristics, it is suggested that a blend of B50 and B75 can be optimally used in standard diesel engine settings.