基于GSM下管道流量泄漏监测与定位系统

针对管道泄漏,设计了基于GSM 下远程泄漏监测与定位系统,由管网监测终端实时采集管网流量、流速、流向和压力,通过GPRS网络实现远程数据传输;系统基于GIS技术构建,针对管网突发性的爆管和地下泄漏特点,综合运用了负压波和流量检测法进行泄漏模式识别与漏点定位,可及时、准确地发现和定位泄漏点.     

基于GIS的供水管网爆管分析

介绍了地理信息系统应用到供水管网爆管分析中的重要性。完善的爆管关阀分析,可将因爆管造成的损失降到最小。基于地理信息系统的供水管网爆管分析,提出了虚拟的管段概念,并为爆管事故分析建立了逻辑网络模型,使得在供水管网发生爆管事故时,能及时迅速地找到应当关闭的阀门。     

动态GPS及其在供水管网中的应用

通过动态GPS在供水管网中的应用,对动态GPS的特性和使用方法做了阐述,指出了动态GPS在供水管网管理中的重要作用。     

滨南油田注水管网系统水力损失实验研究

结合实际情况,对注水管网系统中水力损失情况进行分析,并进行室内模拟实验,对现场生产提供理论依据,合理布置管网和确定管网中各管段的管径,做到既满足各注水井的压力和配注量要求,又不使某些配水间的系统压力损失过高。     

代数水锤法在复杂供水管网系统瞬态计算中的应用

管网水锤是复杂供水工程中常见的水力现象，具有极大的危害性，为此必须采用合适的水锤计算方法分析和计算管网瞬态水力问题，以便制定相应的防护措施，确保系统运行安全。本文引入了一种解算管网系统瞬变问题较经济的瞬态水力计算方法－－代数法，由于该法需事先存贮大量的控制标号以便索引数组的建立，而这些标号的确定又与管网稳态水力情况有关，因此本文还介绍了与代数水锤法相适应的稳态水力计算方法－节点水头法。最后本文结合实例并运用供数法对管网瞬态问题进行了论证。     

降低给水管网的漏水量

从给水系统的设计压力、水管及附件的质量、管线接头和基础的施工以及锤等方面具体分析了我国给水管网漏水量比较大的原因,并提出了相应的防漏措施。对于已建管网,必须加强日常维护管理,采取有效的检漏和治漏措施减少管网的漏水量。     

输油管网系统中水击的研究

分析了管道中水击产生的原因及危害,通过对管网水击的一维数值进行分析,采用特征线法对管道水击压力分布进行分析计算,通过对模拟管道的计算,提出了水击的抑制措施和长距离输送管道的具体措施,确保正常供油压力下各水击的叠加不会影响和危害系统设备,确保输油管网安全平稳运行。     

武汉市供水管网水力计算模型的建立

从武汉市供水管网实际出发，介绍了建立管网水力工况分析中基础资料的收集处理及计算模型的校核，模型建立方法及使用效果，并对模型的局限性进提出了改进设想。     

大牛地气田29#站-塔榆二阀室管网工况调节

大牛地气田产量供应上涨的需求给运行压力较高的29#站-塔榆二阀室管网带来了压力,为确保该管网在保证产量供应的条件下能够安全运行,在分析影响管网流量因素的基础上,分别利用TGNET软件模拟了集气站压力、温度及管线直径与输气量之间的关系,为管网的优化和改造提供依据.     

管网改扩建中管线布局和离散管径的遗传解法

供水管网系统改扩建的优化设计是一个含有混合整型离散变量的非线性规划问题,其中的管线布局和市售管径的直接决求解,对单纯的数学方法说来是一直仍未攻破的难题。本文在遗传算法的基础上,针对该难题提出了有效的求解方法,有很大的实用价值。     

The key principles of optimal train control—Part 2: Existence of an optimal strategy,the local energy minimization principle,uniqueness, computational techniques

We discuss the problem of finding an energy-efficient driving strategy for a train journey on an undulating track with steep grades subject to a maximum prescribed journey time. In Part 1 of this paper we reviewed the state-of-the-art and established the key principles of optimal train control for a general model with continuous control. We assumed only that the tractive and braking control forces were bounded by non-increasing speed-dependent magnitude constraints and that the rate of energy dissipation from frictional resistance was given by a non-negative strictly convex function of speed. Partial cost recovery from regenerative braking was allowed. Our aim was to minimize the mechanical energy required to drive the train. We examined the characteristic optimal control modes, studied allowable control transitions and established the existence of optimal switching points. We found algebraic formulae for the adjoint variables in terms of speed on track with piecewise-constant gradient and drew phase plots of the associated optimal evolutionary lines for the state and adjoint variables. In Part 2 we will establish integral forms of the necessary conditions for optimal switching, find general bounds on the positions of the optimal switching points, justify an extended local energy minimization principle and show how these ideas can be used to calculate the optimal strategy. We prove that an optimal strategy always exists and use a perturbation analysis to show that the optimal strategy is unique. Finally we discuss computation of optimal switching points in two realistic examples with steep grades and describe the optimal control strategies and corresponding speed profiles for a complete journey with several different allowed journey times. In practice the strategies described here have been shown to reduce the costs of energy used by as much as 20%.     

The key principles of optimal train control—Part 1: Formulation of the model,strategies of optimal type,evolutionary lines,location of optimal switching points

We discuss the problem of finding an energy-efficient driving strategy for a train journey on an undulating track with steep grades subject to a maximum prescribed journey time. We review the state-of-the-art and establish the key principles of optimal train control for a general model with continuous control. The model with discrete control is not considered. We assume only that the tractive and braking control forces are bounded by non-increasing speed-dependent magnitude constraints and that the rate of energy dissipation from frictional resistance is given by a non-negative strictly convex function of speed. Partial cost recovery from regenerative braking is allowed. The cost of the strategy is the mechanical energy required to drive the train. Minimising the mechanical energy is an effective way of reducing the fuel or electrical energy used by the traction system. The paper is presented in two parts. In Part 1 we discuss formulation of the model, determine the characteristic optimal control modes, study allowable control transitions, establish the existence of optimal switching points and consider optimal strategies with speed limits. We find algebraic formulae for the adjoint variables in terms of speed on track with piecewise-constant gradient and draw phase plots of the associated optimal evolutionary lines for the state and adjoint variables. In Part 2 we will establish important integral forms of the necessary conditions for optimal switching, find general bounds on the positions of the optimal switching points, justify the local energy minimization principle and show how these ideas are used to calculate optimal switching points. We will prove that an optimal strategy always exists and use a perturbation analysis to show the strategy is unique. Finally we will discuss computational techniques in realistic examples with steep gradients and describe typical optimal strategies for a complete journey.     

三江源地区生态公路施工期环境监测技术研究

为了做好三江源地区生态公路施工期的环境监测工作,针对施工期可能会出现的水、空气、声、生态环境等问题,基于依托工程,从环境监测点位布局出发,明确监测指标,开展基础数据采集,构建相应的环境在线监测系统平台,本文对三江源地区生态公路施工期环境监测技术体系进行研究分析。该体系面向公路建设管理部门,可为生态公路相关环境保护管理决策提供参考依据。     

浅埋偏压连拱隧道监控量测特征分析

结合云南某浅埋偏压连拱隧道,根据各施工阶段的地表沉降、拱顶下沉和水平收敛及洞内三维裂缝等现场监控量测,分析软弱浅埋偏压条件下连拱隧道的量测结果特征,给出量测结果的内在规律和联系。实践证明,上述量测项目和结果分析可以有效地反映浅埋偏压连拱隧道的稳定性情况,指导隧道的现场施工。文章旨在为同类工程现场监控量测的方案设计、分析方法和隧道的安全施工提供借鉴和参考。     

基于GPS和GSM的清管器智能跟踪系统

为了在清管施工中实时跟踪清管器,设计一种基于GPS系统和GSM通信系统的智能清管器跟踪系统,系统包括发射机、中继器和监控系统。发射机搭载在清管器上持续发射电磁信号和静磁信号,中继器预先埋设在设定的跟踪点接收和转发通过信息;清管器通过跟踪点时,中继器接收发射机发出的信号,精确识别出清管器并将通过时间和跟踪点GPS位置信息通过GSM网络发送至监控系统;监控系统接收到信息后,在监控界面地图上实时显示通过位置和通过时间。清管器卡堵时,系统可及时在地图上指示卡堵区间和到达卡堵现场路径。现场应用表明:该系统实现了清管器智能跟踪,通过时间和通过位置记录精确,降低清管施工中安全风险,节约成本。     

压力管道冲刷减薄原因分析及处理

文中介绍了造成压力管道冲刷减薄的主要原因,并对某化工企业的压力管道冲刷减薄实例,从管道概况、检验要点和检验结果等方面进行了原因分析,指出结构设计的不合理及弯头附近严重错边缺陷是造成该压力管道冲刷减薄的主要原因,随后提出了改进措施并取得了良好效果。     

靖咸大落差成品油管道顺序输送的特点

运行中的顺序输送管道沿线压力的变化主要是由管路特性的变化和不同密度油品在管道中交替产生的,管道的落差越大,对压力的影响越明显。由于靖成输油管道具有落差大、翻越点多、地形复杂及进出油点多等特点,所以在成品油顺序输送时,随着混油段位置的变化,其管输量、各站进出口压力等均在变化。针对靖咸成品油顺序输送管道通过大落差地段的压力变化进行研究,对不同油品在大落差管道中交替时压力变化规律做了定性和定量的分析,并提出了危险点的压力控制措施。     

Fatigue in transport: a review of exposure,risks, checks and controls*

Human fatigue continues to threaten safe transport. There are claims that employers of operators should do more to mitigate the risks, and several regulators are promoting fatigue-risk management in the context of safety management systems (SMS). The current paper reviews fatigue-related risk and exposure factors and control measures for operators of land- and sea-based transport forms. Our review identifies 13 types of measures for the monitoring or control of fatigue risks: optimal staffing; optimal schedule design; optimisation of breaks/naps; monitoring of actual hours worked; optimisation of work content; monitoring and feedback of actual sleep; health screening and treatment; promotion of recovery from work; fitness-for-duty testing; monitoring of fatigue symptoms while operating; control of fatigue while operating; performance monitoring and assistance; and fatigue-proofing. We also identify two systemic measures needed to anchor risk mitigation in SMS: organisational learning and training/other. By structuring monitoring and control measures along Dawson and McCulloch’s [Managing fatigue: It’s about sleep. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 9(5), 365–380] fatigue-risk trajectory, a framework is obtained that acts as a guide for fatigue-risk management by transport employers. To inform transport managers further, evaluations are needed of the effectiveness of individual control measures as well as whole fatigue-risk management interventions.     

Network design for personal rapid transit under transit-oriented development

This study addresses guideway network design for personal rapid transit (PRT) favoring transit-oriented development. The guideway network design problem seeks to minimize both the guideway construction cost and users’ travel time. In particular, a set of optional points, known as Steiner points, are introduced in the graph to reduce the guideway length. The model is formulated as a combined Steiner and assignment problem, and a Lagrangian relaxation based solution algorithm is developed to solve the optimal solution. Numerical studies are carried on a real-sized network, and illustrate that the proposed model and solution algorithm can solve the PRT guideway network design problem effectively.     

压力管道施工焊接质量控制

焊接过程是钢制压力管道工程施工中的关键过程,焊接过程的质量控制对保证压力管道工程的安装质量起着非常重要的作用。介绍了压力管道安装焊接质量控制环节,主要包括焊接设备、管道组对、焊材管理、焊接工艺评定、焊接工艺管理和焊缝返修等。介绍了钢制压力管道安装工程施工中焊接过程的质量控制要点,以确保压力管道工程质量和安全。