连接供应链

人们正在尝试各种新想法，以减少药物配送过程中的费用。制药行业的供应链企业正在实施新的物流系统，以减少运输过程中的费用和配送过程中的资本占用量。     

创新文化

药物研发领域的科技发展日新月异。针对疾病病因和治疗的新技术和新理念正在革新美国的生物制药和医疗领域。目前已经上市的及正处于研发阶段的药物都在瞄准不断增长的一系列以往棘手的疾病和状态。这些药物正在改进我们治疗疾病的方法并给数百万患者带来希望。     

深入瑞典：来自于世界上最大销量药物的成功秘诀：哥德堡——斯堪的纳维亚半岛生物医学的心脏

基于工业界、学术界和医疗系统间长期紧密协作的传统之上，哥德堡地区正在引领欧洲的生物医学发展，尤其是在心管和代谢性疾病、生物材料和细胞治疗领域内。几种销售最好的药物都是在这里开发的。其中包括如洛赛克和耐信这样治疗胄肠疾病的药品，及治疗心血管疾病的药物如美托洛尔、非洛地平和萝伐他汀——所有的药物都来自阿斯利康公司。     

优化可成像的生物标记物

开发新药的工作正变得比以前更负挑战性。尽管用于研究和开发的花费在不断增长，但是目前上报申请法规批准的新药数量实际上正在减少。形成这种趋势的一个重要因素是用于高效评价药效和药物安全性的应用科学没有跟上药物研发的发展脚步。     

巧夺天工的微观技术

当细胞级的设备有望替代传统的临床前实验工序时，小到以一纳升计量的样品和试剂正在被用于鉴别药物靶标[编者按]     

于未知中勘查安全性

纳米技术对于医药的潜在益处非常明了。由于纳米技术极大地提高了分子的靶向，而且指数级的增加了表面积并能够全面地将药物源源不断地输送到以前不能达到的身体部位，因此纳米级别的结构正在被宣布为下一个重大事件就毫不奇怪了。     

抵御流感

就是全世界最好的专家也不能预测出流感大流行爆发的可能性及其规模，所以政府有关部门正在积极做准备应对最坏的可能性，以维护公众的健康。这就为抗病毒药物创造了一个巨大的市场。如果禽流感病毒H5N1发生变异，变成可以在人类之间传播的变异株，那么人们将更加需要一些新技术，以加速禽流感疫苗的开发和提高疫苗的产量。     

设计肿瘤学试验的改良策略

一种能够评估分析候选药物并能开发生物标记的模型正在不断形成,美国冠科生物技术公司（Crown Bioscience）对此作出点评     

为了试验和未来的感知生产

过程分析体系（PAT）正在迅速发展成为大批量药物生产中的程序性步骤。不过在临床试验的产品研发期小量样品生产中PAT的价值还没有得到广泛的承认。[第一段]     

磁力输送

一类被注射到患者体内以便疾病能够被诊断的复合材料已经在纳米级别上成为位点特异性药物输送系统的根基。被多聚体包埋以便其在血流中分散的铁氧颗粒胶囊通常被用于磁共振成像技术。现在研究者正在把经包埋的磁性晶体的原理改用到一系列活性比率高且对正常组织影响低的药物治疗中。[第一段]     

System power loss optimization of electric vehicle driven by front and rear induction motors

Power loss optimization aiming at the high-efficiency drive of front-and-rear-induction-motor-drive electric vehicle (FRIMDEV) as an effective way to improve energy efficiency and extend driving range is of high importance. Different from the traditional look-up table method of motor efficiency, power loss optimization of the dual- motor system based on the loss mechanism of induction motor (IM) is proposed. First of all, based on the power loss characteristic of FRIMDEV from battery to wheels, the torque distribution optimization model aiming at the minimum system power loss is put forward. Secondly, referring to d-q axis equivalent model of IM, the power loss functions of the dual-IM system are modeled. Then, the optimal torque distribution coefficient (β _o) between the two IMs is derived, and the theoretical switching condition (T _sw) between the single- and dual-motor-drive mode (SMDM and DMDM) is confirmed. Finally, a dual-motor test platform is developed. The derived torque distribution strategy is verified. The influence of motor temperature on β _o and T _sw are tested, and the correction models based on temperature difference are proposed. Based on the system power loss analysis, it can be confirmed that, under low load conditions, the SMDM takes priority over the DMDM, and the controller of the idling motor should be shut down to avoid the additional excitation loss. While under middle to high load conditions, even torque distribution (β _o = 0.5) is preferred if the temperature difference between the two IMs is small; otherwise, β _o should be corrected based on dual-motor temperatures. The theoretical T _sw derived without dealing with temperature difference is a function only of motor speed, while temperature difference correction of it should be conducted in actual operations based on motor resistance changing with temperature.     

Effect of UWS injection at low exhaust gas temperature on NO<Subscript>x</Subscript> removal efficiency of diesel engine

Urea-SCR systems have been widely used in diesel vehicles according to the strengthened NO_x (Nitrogen Oxides) emission standard. The NO_x removal efficiencies of the latest well optimized urea-SCR system are above 90 % at moderate exhaust gas temperature of 250 ~ 450 °C. However, a large amount of NO_x is emitted from diesel vehicles at cold start or urban driving conditions, when the exhaust gas temperature is not high enough for SCR catalyst activation. Although many researchs have been stuied to improve NO_x conversion efficiency at these low temperature conditions, it is still one of important technical issues. In this study, the effect of UWS injection at low exhaust gas temperature conditions is studied. This study uses a 3.4 L diesel engine equipped with a commertial urea SCR system. As a result, it is found that about 5 % of NO_x removal efficiency is improved in the NRTC test when UWS injection starts at the SCR inlet temperature of 150 °C compared to 200 °C. It is also found that urea deposits can be formed on the wall of exhaust pipe, when the local wall temperature is lower than temperature of urea decomposition.     

Effect of steady airflow field on drag and downforce

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the steady airflow field of a rear spoiler on the coefficients of drag (C_D) and downforce (C_DF). The type of spoiler is suggested as a two-jointed arm model that mimics the flapping flight mechanism of the Canada goose. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique was used for the steady airflow analysis of a vehicle implemented with various spoiler topologies. We evaluated C_D and C_DF due to the three types of airfoils and the five phases of each airfoil. We obtained the following conclusions from the results: (1) We found that the best cases for C_D and C_DF were the case of Phase 5 and symmetry airfoil, and the case of Phase 1 and reverse airfoil, respectively. (2) It is clear that C_D becomes the largest at Phase 1 of the reverse airfoil, since the eddy magnitude at the rear of the vehicle is the largest, and C_DF also becomes the largest during that phase, since the pressure distribution on the upper surface of the spoiler is very large. (3) As Phase 1 moves to Phase 5 in the same type of airfoil, it is advantageous for C_D and disadvantageous for C_DF, respectively.     

Nonlinear robust control of integrated vehicle dynamics

A new methodology to design the vehicle GCC (global chassis control) nonlinear controller is developed in this paper. Firstly, to handle the nonlinear coupling between sprung and unsprung masses, the vehicle is treated as a mechanical system of two-rigid-bodies which has 6 DOF (degree of freedom), including longitudinal, lateral, yaw, vertical, roll and pitch dynamics. The system equation is built in the yaw frame based on Lagrange's method, and it has been proved that the derived system remains the important physical properties of the general mechanical system. Then the GCC design problem is formulated as the trajectory tracking problem for a cascade system, with a Lagrange's system interconnecting with a linear system. The nonlinear robust control design problem of this cascade interconnected system is divided into two H _∞ control problems with respect to the two sub-systems. The parameter uncertainties in the system are tackled by adaptive theory, while the external uncertainties and disturbances are dealt with the H _∞ control theory. And the passivity of the mechanical system is applied to construct the solution of nonlinear H _∞ control problem. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed controller is validated by simulation results even during the emergency manoeuvre.     

Active lateral secondary suspension with H ∞ control to improve ride comfort: simulations on a full-scale model

In this study, a full-scale rail vehicle model is used to investigate how lateral ride comfort is influenced by implementing the H _∞ and sky-hook damping control strategies. Simulations show that significant ride comfort improvements can be achieved on straight track with both control strategies compared with a passive system. In curves, it is beneficial to add a carbody centring Hold-Off Device (HOD) to reduce large spring deflections and hence to minimise the risk of bumpstop contact. In curve transitions, the relative lateral displacement between carbody and bogie is reduced by the concept of H _∞ control in combination with the HOD. However, the corresponding concept with sky-hook damping degrades the effect of the carbody centring function. Moreover, it is shown that lateral and yaw mode separation is a way to further improve the performance of the studied control strategies.     

高烈度区液化场地连续梁桥减隔震设计研究

以海口港某高架项目3×18.6 m连续箱梁为研究背景,以《公路桥梁抗震设计规范》(JTG/T2231-01—2020)^[1]为研究依据,利用有限元软件进行抗震设计分析。研究得出：(1)高烈度区液化场地连续梁桥宜采用减隔震设计。(2)采用了减隔震设计,结构基本周期较长、非线性特征较强,更宜采用时程法进行分析。(3)消除桩间液化土后,改善了地震作用下桥梁下部结构的受力,特别是桩基的受力。     

Robust <Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis><Subscript>∞</Subscript> preview control of an active suspension system with norm-bounded uncertainties

A robust H _∞ preview control is investigated for an active suspension system with look-ahead sensors. The uncertain system is described by a state-space model with linear nominal parts and additional nonlinear time-varying norm-bounded uncertainties. Proof of robust stability and a feedback-type robust H _∞ preview controller are derived by augmenting the dynamics of the original system and previewed road input. As, however, the augmented previewed road input gives the system a much larger dimension than the original system, much more computation time is required for solving of Riccati equations. To resolve this problem, a decomposed robust H _∞ preview controller is proposed. Robust stability and performance variations for system uncertainties are shown using a numerical example of a quarter-car model.     

Output feedback H ∞/GH 2 preview control of active vehicle suspensions: a comparison study of LQG preview

This study concerns with multi-objective H _∞/GH ₂ preview control of active vehicle suspensions. This control scheme has two main aspects: first, it allows constrained outputs of the system to vary freely as long as they remain within their given bounds, in order that the best possible performance could be delivered. Secondly, the optimisation as well as constraint fulfilment is done for the worst-case road disturbances to cover all road types. To design a system to perform satisfactorily for a wide range of road irregularities, H _∞-norm is used wherever minimisation is required, and generalised H ₂-norm is used to care for the constraints on suspension working space. Moreover, to ensure desired stability margins for the system, pole location constraints are considered in the design. The proposed approach is evaluated on a quarter-car model and compared with the state-of-the-art preview control algorithm in the literature, namely, Linear quadratic Gaussian preview. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

On the scattering of test data and the significance of the standard coefficients ‘dynamic stiffness’ and ‘loss angle’ for hydraulic engine mounts

Based on the test results, a study on the scattering of the standard coefficients c _dyn and δ within the test cycles on a standard testing machine as well as within the samples of a batch of hydraulic engine mounts is performed; furthermore, an estimate for the systematic error caused by the testing machine is given. By a simulated example, the pronounced sensitivity of the response of the engine to the scattering of c _dyn and δ as well as to even small deviations of the hysteresis curves for otherwise identical values of the standard coefficients is demonstrated. As a main result, it is found that the most important source of uncertainty is scattering within the batch, which, in conjunction with the observed sensitivity of the response of the engine, raises the question for the meaningful level of sophistication of a model for predictive purposes.     

公交站台区域电动自行车与行人通行冲突演化博弈模型

为探究公交站台区域进出站台行人与电动自行车发生冲突时，双方的通行策略选择机制，建立行人与电动自行车通行时间延误模型，分析2类出行者选择是否通行或穿越策略的时间收益，利用复制动态方程刻画2类出行者通行策略的博弈学习行为，建立该区域2类出行者之间的冲突演化博弈模型，结合稳定性分析可以得到该区域2类出行者发生冲突时的稳定通行选择策略。利用桂林市6个公交站台区域的实测数据对演化博弈模型进行实证分析，结果表明:选择“通行”策略的行人群体比例越大，其过街安全感越高；发生冲突时，电动自行车做出决策的时间较行人更短，且2类出行者分别做出“通行”或“穿越”的决策时间短于做出“等待”或“减速”的决策时间，电动自行车平均用时减少约23%，行人平均用时减少约24%。