动态环境中汽车驾驶员安全可靠性分析

本文从人的基本可靠性理论出发，应用信息加工理论的观点，分析了在汽车运行的动态环境中影响驾驶员安全可靠性的有关因素；指出了提高汽车职业驾驶员安全可靠性的途径。     

影响驾驶员可靠性的因素分析与综合评价模型

对于车辆本身的系统可靠性的研究已较为成熟。而对于车辆驾驶员可靠性研究还尚处于起步阶段。文中介绍了驾驶员可靠性的概念及其重要性：总结了汽车驾驶过程中影响驾驶员可靠性的因素．并且对各因素进行了相关分析;建立了综台评价模型,井给出其应用结果．提出了相关建议。     

驾驶员反应能力与最高时速的安全可靠性分析

对驾驶员不同条件下的反应能力进行了详细的测试，提出了不同反应能力的驾驶员按一定的限速行车，以此来减少交通事故发生的频数，首次提出行车最高时速的安全域范围，同时笔者在事故失误性分析的基础上，对影响驾驶员反应能力的诸因素进行判别，建立合理的驾驶员失误率计算模式，对反尖能力不同的驾驶员确定不同的可靠性度量，提出了不同反应能力与危险行车速度域和安全行车速度域。     

驾驶员个体可靠性定量分析

本文探讨了道路交通安全系统中,汽车驾驶员的安全可靠性问题。在统计分析驾驶员为差错分布规律性的基础上,建立了驾驶员个体可靠性定量分析的数学模型,从而估计和推断Ｒ（ｔ）、Ｆ（ｔ）、λ（ｔ）等可靠性特征值,为改善和提高驾驶员个体可靠性,防止人为差错导错导致交通事故,提供科学理论依据。     

驾驶员身心条件安全可靠性综合评价

针对影响驾驶员身心条件安全可靠性的相关因素,对6个城市78万名机动车驾驶员进行了调查测试;通过对22项指标主因子分析,从中筛选出10项代表性指标分别进行分级划分,并基于感知—判断—动作可靠性模型理论,建立了驾驶员安全可靠性综合评价体系。通过对驾驶员身心条件可靠性分布以及驾驶员事故组与非事故组安全可靠性分级分布进行比较分析,研究结果表明:安全可靠度Ⅰ级占25%,Ⅱ级占64%,Ⅲ级占6%,Ⅳ级占2.5%,Ⅴ级占1.5%;而事故主要分布在Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级、Ⅴ级。     

影响汽车驾驶员行车安全的内在因素分析

本文主要从驾驶员的生理和心理角度，分析了驾驶员的视觉机能、注意品质、观测与判断能力等因素对道路行车安全的影响，探讨了汽车驾驶员的内在素质与道德交通安全的关系。     

驾驶员可靠性训练初探

本文从安全驾驶心理学的角度探讨了驾驶员可靠性的定义，影响因素及合格驾驶员可靠性标准；提出了驾驶咒可靠性训练的方法及内容。     

驾驶员不良习惯影响驾车安全

打开交通事故案例分析看一下,许多事故的发生都是因为驾驶员存有不良习惯而造成的。假如驾驶员全神贯注,身体素质保持良好,克服一些不良习惯,就会减少交通事故的发生。     

A methodology to increase driver trust in rear-obstacle warning systems with imperfect sensing results — Proposal for a warning system using sensor reliability information

Driver's workload tends to be increased during driving under complicated traffic environments like lane-changing operation. In such cases, rear collision warning is effective for reduction of cognitive workload. On the other hand, it is pointed out that false alarm or missing alarm caused by sensor errors leads to decrease of driver trust in the warning system and it can result in low efficiency of the system. Suppose that sensor reliability information is provided in real-time. In this paper, we propose a novel warning method to increase driver trust in the system even with low sensor reliability by utilizing sensor reliability information. We investigate the effectiveness of the warning methods in high and low workload situations by driving simulator experiments.     

HRV分析在驾驶疲劳中的应用研究

驾驶员在驾驶过程中易因疲劳、烦躁和压力等不良生理反应引发事故,而心率变异性(HRV)作为评价人体自主神经系统活性,反映人体生理状态的重要指标,能够准确评估驾驶员的精神状态.为了有效预防事故发生,文章介绍了驾驶员在驾车过程中HRV指标的变化及其应用.结果表明HRV指标结合相应算法模型对驾驶员生理状态识别的准确率高达90％...     

Policy challenges of increasing automation in driving

The convergence of information and communication technologies (ICT) with automotive technologies has already resulted in automation features in road vehicles and this trend is expected to continue in the future owing to consumer demand, dropping costs of components, and improved reliability. While the automation features that have taken place so far are mainly in the form of information and driver warning technologies (classified as level I pre-2010), future developments in the medium term (level II 2010–2025) are expected to exhibit connected cognitive vehicle features and encompass increasing degree of automation in the form of advanced driver assistance systems. Although autonomous vehicles have been developed for research purposes and are being tested in controlled driving missions, the autonomous driving case is only a long term (level III 2025 +) scenario. This paper contributes knowledge on technological forecasts regarding automation, policy challenges for each level of technology development and application context, and the essential instrument of cost-effectiveness for policy analysis which enables policy decisions on the automation systems to be assessed in a consistent and balanced manner. The cost of a system per vehicle is viewed against its effectiveness in meeting policy objectives of improving safety, efficiency, mobility, convenience and reducing environmental effects. Example applications are provided that illustrate the contribution of the methodology in providing information for supporting policy decisions. Given the uncertainties in system costs as well as effectiveness, the tool for assessing policies for future generation features probabilistic and utility-theoretic analysis capability. The policy issues defined and the assessment framework enable the resolution of policy challenges while allowing worthy innovative automation in driving to enhance future road transportation.     

汽车座椅高度调节器核心构件优化设计

汽车座椅安全性设计的主要目标就是尽可能避免座椅结构损坏和功能失效情况的发生.高调器作为汽车座椅的部件之一,其功能的好坏直接影响安全性.文章主要根据某款轿车驾驶员座椅在高度调节过程中失效的原因进行分析,设计一种解决高调失效的有效结构设计方案,该方案重新设计了高调器核心件内部销柱的结构.对重新设计的高调器进行疲劳耐久试验,试验结果表明,改进后的高调器可有效解决高调失效的问题,提高了汽车座椅的安全性.     

跟驰过程中驾驶员认知结构模型的建立

在道路交通4要素中(人、车、路、环境),人以其主动性和智慧性起着支配作用,是其中的主体要素。基于认知心理学的有关知识,论文采用因子分析法对五轮仪实验系统观测到的车辆跟驰数据进行分析,确定了对车辆跟驰信息提取过程有独立作用的4个因素,相应地将驾驶员认知过程划分为4个阶段,建立了车辆跟驰过程的驾驶员认知结构模型。为驾驶行为研究和车辆跟驰模型的建立提供了理论基础。     

Driver models in automobile dynamics application

Understanding the driver of an automobile has been attractive to researchers from many different disciplines for more than half a century. On the basis of their acquirements, models of the (human) driver have been developed to better understand, analyse and improve the combined couple of driver and automobile. Due to distinctive demands on the models in accordance with different kinds of applications, a variety of driver models is available. An overview of driver models is given with respect to their application and different methodical modelling approaches. The emphasis is put on the interest of engineers, who generally focus on the automobile (like design and optimization of vehicle components and the overall vehicle dynamics behaviour) by applying their approved (mathematical) methods. Nonetheless, a brief look beyond is added to better complete the view on the involved task of driving and driver modelling for automobile dynamics application.     

驾驶员手伸及界面与驾驶室尺寸综合因子G

驾驶员手伸及界面与驾驶员的手伸、能力及驾驶室内部尺寸有关。驾驶员手伸及能力的统计性可通过身材百分位和男女比来反映。而驾驶室内部尺寸对手伸及界面的影响应以多元统计分析理论加以分析。本文介绍如何利用因子分析法来求取对手伸及界面具有综合影响的驾驶室尺寸综合因子G。     

Do driver training programs reduce crashes and traffic violations? — A critical examination of the literature

This paper reviews the evaluation literature on the effectiveness of classroom and behind-the-wheel driver training. The primary focus is on North America programs as originally taught in high schools but now also by private instructors. Studies from the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and Scandinavia are also included.By far the most rigorous study to date was the experimental study in DeKalb, Georgia, U.S.A. This study used a randomized design including a control group and a very large sample size to provide reasonable statistical precision. I reexamine the DeKalb data in detail and conclude that the study did show evidence of small short-term crash and violation reductions per licensed driver. However, when the accelerated licensure caused by the training is allowed to influence the crash and violation counts, there is evidence of a net increase in crashes.The other studies reviewed present a mixed picture but the better designed quasi-experimental evaluations usually showed no effects on crash rates but almost all suffer from inadequate sample size. I show that as many as 35,000 drivers would be required in a two group design to reliably detect a 10% reduction in crash rates.The advent of GDL laws in North America and other countries has largely remedied the concern over accelerated licensure of high risk teenage drivers by delaying the progress to full licensure. Conventional driver training programs in the U.S. (30 h classroom and 6 h on-the-road) probably reduce per licensed driver crash rates by as little as 5% over the first 6-12 months of driving. The possibility of an effect closer to 0 cannot be dismissed.Some GDLs contain an incentive for applicants to complete an advanced driver training program in return for shortening the provisional period of the GDL. The results of Canadian studies indicate that any effects of the driver training component are not sufficient to offset the increase in accidents due to increased exposure.There is no evidence or reason to believe that merely lengthening the number of hours on the road will increase effectiveness. Programs directed toward attitude change and risk taking better address the underlying cause of the elevated crash risk of young drivers but these behaviors are notoriously resistant to modification in young people.     

Application of a driving simulator to the development of in-vehicle human-machine-interfaces

The use of a driving simulator in the development of human-machine-interfaces (HMI) such as a navigation, information or entertainment system is discussed. Such use addresses the need to study and evaluate the characteristics of a candidate HMI early in the R&D and design stage to ensure that it is likely to meet various objectives and requirements, and to revise the HMI as may be necessary. Those HMI requirements include such things as usability, driver comfort, and an acceptable level of attentional demand in dual task conditions (driving while using an HMI). Typically, such an HMI involves an information display to the driver, and a means for driver input to the HMI. Corresponding simulator requirements are discussed, along with typical simulator features and components. The latter include a cab, control feel systems, visual image generator, real time scenario control (task definitions), a motion system (if provided), and data acquisition. Both fixed and moving base systems are described, together with associated benefits and tradeoffs. Considerations in the design of the evaluation experiment are discussed, including definition of primary and secondary tasks, and number of driver subjects (experimental participants). Possible response and performance measures for the primary and secondary tasks are noted, together with subjective measures such as task difficulty and ease of using the HMI. The advantages of using a driving simulator to support R&D are summarized. Some typical and example simulator uses are noted.