波浪中航行船舶水动力和运动分析的Rankine源高阶面元法研究

基于三维频域势流理论,采用计及定常绕流影响的物面和自由面条件,建立了求解波浪中航行船舶水动力和运动响应的Rankine源高阶面元法。采用九节点等参单元离散船体表面,引入Rayleigh人工阻尼项消除自由面截断处波浪的反射,并基于积分方法计算物面条件中的mj项。为了反映波浪自船头向船尾传播的特性,提高数值计算稳定性和精确性,采用二阶迎风差分格式处理自由面条件中速度势的二阶空间导数。选择不同的自由面范围和网格密度对船舶在典型工况下的水动力系数进行计算和分析,以确定达到收敛要求的离散参数取值。在此基础上,针对不同船型在不同遭遇频率下的水动力和运动响应进行数值预报,并将它们与试验及其它数值方法的结果进行对比,表明用该方法计算的结果与试验数据吻合良好。该方法与基于线性均流和常值单元离散的Rankine源法相比精度更高,对于船体外飘的船舶水动力计算要比移动脉动源法更为稳定。     

一种船体及周围自由面的网格自动生成方法

船体湿表面及船体周围的自由面网格自动生成技术是采用Rankine源方法进行水动力分析的基础.文中使用累加弧长三次参数样条函数生成船体湿表面网格,使用无限插值的方法生成自由面网格,运用拉伸变换确定自由面网格外边界上的结点分布以控制自由面面元的疏密.使用该方法生成的网格进行了水动力分析,计算结果表明该方法准确灵活,可以满足使用Rankine源方法对船舶进行水动力分析的需要.     

浅窄航道非线性兴波阻力数值计算

应用Rankine面元法计算船舶在浅窄航道中作匀速直航运动时的非线性兴波阻力．基于势流理论，在船体表面、自由面以及岸壁分布Rankine源来表达流场速度势，利用迭代方法满足非线性自由面边界条件，采用映像法满足水底边界条件，采用网格错位法满足辐射条件．以Wigley数学船型为例进行计算，通过改变航速和航道宽度参数，得到相应的兴波阻力．通过分析不同航速下航道宽度变化对兴波阻力的影响，得到了一些有意义的结论．     

波浪中受侧壁影响的船舶航行水动力性能研究

在海洋平台附近,工作船的水动力性能会受结构物侧壁的影响而下降。基于Rankine源常值面元法,建立考虑岸壁和波浪作用的船舶水动力数值模型并在时域上求解。选取经典Wigley III船模计算各波长下的水动力和运动响应幅值,并将模拟结果与其他方法的计算结果对比,验证了数值研究方法的合理性和可靠性。通过参数的敏感性分析,揭示航速、波浪特征和侧壁对船模运动响应的影响,为船舶在复杂海域中的水动力响应实时预报服务。     

采用一种高阶面元法数值求解浅水船舶兴波问题

开发了一种基于B样条的高阶面元法用来求解浅水船舶兴波问题.船体表面和自由面上分别布置Rankine源,同时利用镜像原理来计及水底的影响.物体儿何用B样条曲面精确表示.在求得边界面卜的源强密度分布后,物面上的速度势用B样条来表示.数值计算中采用配置方法,并且用高斯-勒让德公式来计算方程中的积分.为了验证文中方法的有效性,用本方法计算了Wigley船在深水和浅水中的兴波水动力和波形,所得数值结果与试验结果和其它数值结果进行了比较,吻合程度令人满意,表明本方法被用来求解浅水船舶兴波问题是有效的.     

船体结构强度评估的非线性设计波法研究

介绍了一套基于非线性设计波法的船体结构强度评估方案,并以某深水多功能水下工程船为例:基于谱分析方法确定设计波参数;采用DNV船级社推出的Wasim这一基于Rankine源方法的时域线性/非线性船体运动与载荷预报程序,计算并获得船体在非线性设计波下的运动、载荷时历响应;采用Fortran编写接口程序,将Wasim计算得到的水动力网格上的水动压力信息,通过空间映射及插值,传递到Patran有限元网格上;采用MSC.Patran/Nasrtan这一船舶与海洋工程专业常用的有限元软件,计算获得非线性设计波下船体结构应力时历响应,可与线性设计波方法下的计算结果进行了比较。该研究验证了在船舶结构设计中考虑波浪载荷非线性影响的重要性,可为船体结构基于非线性设计波法的强度评估提供参考。     

不对称流动对航道中航行船舶的影响

本文利用能够处理不对称自由面流动的改进的Dawson's方法来研究当船偏离航道航行时航道岸壁及水深对船舶所受的水动力的影响.计算结果与模型试验进行了比较,结果表明当航道水深不是很浅时,本文提出的方法和计算程序可以给出比较满意的结果,同时还可以发现当船舶偏离中心航道航行时,船两侧湿表面压力以及水面变化也是不对称的,水深以及岸边距离都能影响船体所受水动力及船波.     

基于有限元分析技术的船体下水实验结构分析

在船舶设计与制造过程中,船体下水实验是必不可少的一道工序,是指船舶基本建造完成后,由制造区域转移到既定水域中。根据不同的船舶类型和吨位,船舶下水的方式可以分为漂浮式下水、重力下水和牵引式下水。船体下水过程受到水的冲击作用力,是考验船体结构强度的重要指标。本文针对船体纵向下水实验过程,利用有限元分析技术和分析软件Ansys,对部分船体结构进行了有限元建模,并建立了相关水域的动力学模型和离散化模型,最后对船体结构的下水过程进行了有限元分析。     

船间水动力相互作用建模与仿真预报

为模拟考虑自由表面影响的船舶联合运动条件下的粘性流体流动,通过控制体积法求解非定常RANS方程以及六自由度（6DOF）运动方程,同时采用VOF模型、SST k-ω湍流模型以及滑移网格建立了一种预测船间水动力相互作用行为的方法,利用该方法开展孤立Wigley船体、孤立KCS船体、相互作用Wigley船体以及相互作用KCS船体的水动力特性研究,讨论了不同速度比对船间水动力的影响规律。结果表明：本文建立的船间水动力相互作用模型与文献结果符合较好,说明本文方法可有效解决船间水动力预测问题;对于静止目标船,追越过程中目标船受到的横向力主要受船间纵向距离对其产生的影响;对于航行船舶,追越过程中相对航行速度将会对目标船受到的横向力产生影响。     

船体梁极限强度的近似计算

船体梁的总纵强度是反映船舶结构安全可靠的最基本的强度指标。船体结构极限强度评估对于船舶结构初步设计、使用、维护和维修都非常重要，因此船体梁极限强度研究成为近几十年来船舶工程界的热点研究课题之一。到目前为止有两种典型的加筋板和船体梁的极限强度分析方法，它们是直接计算法和逐步破坏分析法。本文基于加筋板单元的平均应力应变曲线和逐步破坏分拆方法，提出了加筋板和船体梁极限强度的简化分析方法，考虑了初始挠度和残余应力对加筋板单元极限强度的影响。数值结果表明，采用本文简化方法得到的结果与有限元计算结果或其它逐步破坏分析结果比较符合。     

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) prediction of bank effects including verification and validation

Restricted waters impose significant effects on ship navigation. In particular, with the presence of a side bank in the vicinity of the hull, the flow is greatly complicated. Additional hydrodynamic forces and moments act on the hull, thus changing the ship's maneuverability. In this paper, computational fluid dynamics methods are utilized for investigating the bank effects on a tanker hull. The tanker moves straight ahead at a low speed in two canals, characterized by surface piercing and sloping banks. For varying water depth and ship-to-bank distance, the sinkage and trim, as well as the viscous hydrodynamic forces on the hull, are predicted by a steady state Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes solver with the double model approximation to simulate the flat free surface. A potential flow method is also applied to evaluate the effect of waves and viscosity on the solutions. The focus is placed on verification and validation based on a grid convergence study and comparisons with experimental data. There is also an exploration of the modeling errors in the numerical method.     

Free and forced vibration analyses of ship structures using the finite element method

With increases in ship size and speed, shipboard vibration becomes a significant concern in the design and construction of vessels. Excessive ship vibration is to be avoided for passenger comfort and crew habitability. In addition to the undesired effects on humans, excessive ship vibration may result in the fatigue failure of local structural members or malfunctioning of machinery and equipment. The propeller induces fluctuating pressure on the surface of the hull, which induces vibration in the hull structure. These pressure pulses acting on the ship hull surface above the propeller are the predominant factor for vibrations of ship structures are taken as excitation forces for forced vibration analysis. Ship structures are complex and may be analyzed after idealization of the structure. Several simplifying assumptions are made in the finite element idealization of the hull structure. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element model representing the entire ship hull, including the deckhouse and machinery propulsion system, has been developed using solid modeling software for local and global vibration analyses. Vibration analyses have been conducted under two conditions: free–free (dry) and in-water (wet). The wet analysis has been implemented using acoustic elements. The total damping associated with overall ship hull structure vibration has been considered as a combination of the several damping components. As a result of the global ship free vibration analysis, global natural frequencies and mode shapes have been determined. Moreover, the responses of local ship structures have been determined as a result of the propeller-induced forced vibration analysis.     

URANS simulations of static and dynamic maneuvering for surface combatant: part 2. Analysis and validation for local flow characteristics

Part 2 of this two-part paper presents the analysis and validation results of local flow characteristics for a surface combatant Model 5415 bare hull under static and dynamic planar motion mechanism simulations. Unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) computations are carried out by a general-purpose URANS/detached eddy simulation research code CFDShip-Iowa Ver. 4. The objective of this research is to investigate the capability of the code in relation to the computational fluid dynamics-based maneuvering prediction method. In the current study, the ship is subjected to static drift, steady turn, pure sway and pure yaw motions at Froude number 0.28. The free surface, three dimensional vortical structure and, the validation of two dimensional local flow quantities together with the available experimental data are of the interest in the current study. Part 1 provides the verification and validation results of forces and moment coefficients, hydrodynamic derivatives, and reconstructions of forces and moment coefficients from resultant hydrodynamic derivatives.     

An approach to estimating the hull girder response of a ship due to springing

This article describes an estimation method for the hull girder response of a ship due to springing. The linear and nonlinear springing effects on the hull girder are evaluated. Previous studies on the springing response focused mainly on the symmetric response, or vertical response. In this article, however, the springing analysis is extended to asymmetric responses, or horizontal and torsional responses. The Timoshenko beam model was used to calculate the hull girder response and the quadratic strip method was employed to calculate hydrodynamic forces and moments on the hull. To remove irregular frequencies, a rigid lid was adopted on the hull free surface level and hydrodynamic coefficients were interpolated for asymptotic values. Applications to two ships for the symmetric and asymmetric responses were carried out and the effect of springing responses is also discussed.     

Numerical study on the hydrodynamic forces on a ship berthing to quay by taking free-surface effect into account

In the present study, numerical simulation of the berthing maneuver of a ship in the prescribed translational motion is performed. The transient viscous flow and hydrodynamic forces on the hull are calculated by solving the unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes equations in overset grid system, and the free surface is captured using volume-of-fluid (VOF) approach. The present numerical results have been compared with previous computational results by Toda and available experimental data respectively. Since the effects of the quaywall and free surface are taken into consideration in the present study, it is found that the agreement is significantly better than that resulting from Toda’s 3D CFD based approach. Then the effects of various standoff distances between the ship and quaywall on the lateral forces are investigated. Meanwhile, the detailed transient flow features around the berthing ship are obtained, which are helpful to understand the interactional effects between the ship and quaywall. The present results may provide helpful guidance for vessels’ safe maneuvering in berthing motion and the design of fender system in the quay.     

Dynamics of ships running aground

A comprehensive dynamic model is presented for analysis of the transient loads and responses of the hull girder of ships running aground on relatively plane sand, gravel, or rock sea bottoms. Depending on the seabed soil characteristics and the geometry of the ship bow, the bow will plow into the seabed to some extent. The soil forces are determined by a mathematical model based on a theory for frictional soils in rupture and dynamic equilibrium of the fluid phase in the saturated soil. The hydrodynamic pressure forces acting on the decelerated ship hull are determined by taking into account the effect of shallow water. Hydrodynamic memory effects on the transient hull motions are modeled by application of an impulse response technique. The ship hull is modeled as an elastic beam to determine the structural response in the form of flexural and longitudinal stress waves caused by the transient ground reaction and hydrodynamic forces. A number of numerical analysis results are presented for a VLCC running aground. The results include bow trajectory in the seabed, time variation of the grounding force, and the maximum values of the sectional shear forces and bending moments in the hull girder.     

船体在波浪中的非线性水动压力

本文提出了一个预报船体在波浪中大幅运动时非线性水动压力场的二维时域理论。船体扰动势用时域自由面格林函数和在入射波下的瞬时湿表面上的分布源求解;与非线性水动压力场相匹配的船体运动用差分法求得。为提高计算效率和避免数值过程发散,采用了改进的数值模型和方案。通过线性理论计算与模型试验结果的比较,指出了线性切片理论在预报水动压力场时的不足,水动压力与波高的非线性关系及正负水动压力沿船体表面的分布在Wigley船的计算比较中得到了说明。初步计算表明,该理论的实用化发展前景是令有鼓舞的。相应的计算机程序可在PC机上运行。     

基于NURBS的船体与桥墩间水动干扰力及力矩的非定常计算

本文在一些假设下完成了船体与桥墩之间水动干扰力及力矩的数值计算工作，所采用的方法是基于非均匀有理B样条(NURBS)的三维Rankine源边界元法，即将船体、桥墩的几何形状以及流场中待求的物理量分布完全表达成NURBS的形式。给出了船体通过圆柱形桥墩时的水动干扰力及力矩的数值计算结果，并进行了一些分析。     

船舶多自由度斜航运动水动力数值研究

计及多自由度运动的船舶斜航水动力预报对船舶航行安全具有重要意义。文章通过耦合求解船舶运动方程和雷诺平均N-S方程,并采用VOF方法和高精度自由面捕捉技术对作多自由度斜航运动船舶的粘性绕流场进行数值模拟。船舶动态平衡位置根据计算出的力和力矩来决定,得到包括升沉、纵倾和横倾在内的船舶浮态。文中采用的算例与爱荷华大学进行的模型试验相同,通过比较数值计算结果和试验值验证了该方法的有效性。对船模在受约束和自由运动两种状态下的船舶运动和流场进行模拟,通过比较分析船舶升沉、纵倾和横倾的影响。文中计算获得的详细流场细节特征,包括前体和舭部的涡以及船体表面上的压力,有助于理解船舶斜航运动浮态变化的机理。     

基于B样条的三维船体水动力数值计算

本文采用基于B样条的一种新的数值方法计算三维船体水动力，用B样条函数表达三维船体表面的几何形状以及流场中未知物理量的分布，为了验证该数值方法的可行性和精确度首先对处于无限流体域中的圆球体绕流问题进行了计算；其次计算了由ITTC所推荐的Wigley船型的兴波阻力以及以一攻角斜航时的操纵水动力；最后在一些假设下对两船作平行航行时的干扰水动力作了相应计算工作。数值计算结果与其它试验或理论结果在定量或定性上吻合良好。