液化气体船液舱结构的疲劳可靠性分析

本文根据结构可靠性理论的基本原理,并按照 IGC 规则的有关要求,研究了液化气体船液舱结构的疲劳可靠性问题,给出了用一阶二次矩方法计算液舱疲劳寿命可靠度的迭代流程。本文还根据“破坏前渗漏”准则,研究了裂纹穿透液舱壁出现渗漏后液舱可靠度的计算问题。此外,文中对若干影响液舱结构疲劳可靠性的重要不确定因素作了分析和讨论。     

失效途径疲劳失效概率计算的一阶方法的改进

失效途径的疲劳可靠性分析是复杂结构系统疲劳可靠性分析的基础和关键,目前常用的方法是一阶可靠性方法（FORM）,由于没有考虑失效单元极限状态超曲面之间的相关性,易引起较大的计算误差。本文从分析失效单元极限状态超曲面的相互关系入手,提出了失效途径中各失效单元极限状态函数检验点新的选择准则,对一阶可靠性方法进行了改进。算例表明,本文提出的改进方法有效地提高了失效途径疲劳失效概率的计算精度。     

结构系统疲劳可靠性分析的一阶和二创混合方法

本文提出了复杂结构系统疲劳可靠性分析的一阶和二阶混合方法。引用Ｈｏｈｅｎｂｉｃｈｌｅｒ等提出的并联系统可靠性分析的二阶渐近式计算失效途径的疲劳失效概;利用并联系统效线性安全余量的概念,形成由失效途径的等效失效单元组成的串联系统;并最终计算整个系统的疲劳失效概率。计算结果表明,这一方法能有效地提高结构系统疲劳失效概率的计算精度。     

结构系统疲劳可靠性分析的一阶和二阶混合方法

本文提出了复杂结构系统疲劳可靠性分析的一阶和二阶混合方法。引进Ｈｏｈｅｎｂｉｃｈｌｅｒ等提出的并联系统可靠性分析的二阶渐近式计算失效途径的疲劳失效概率;利用并联系统等效线性安全余量的概念,形成由失效途径的等效失效单元组成的串联系统;并最终计算整个系统的疲劳失效概率。计算结果表明,这一方法能有效地提高结构系统疲劳失效概率的计算精度。     

服役中后期海洋平台的安全寿命评估与维修决策

平台在服役过程中受到海浪等载荷的交变作用而引起结构的疲劳损伤,因而海洋平台结构的完整性、安全可靠性评估对于后期及超龄服役的海洋平台来说是十分重要的.科学合理地制定海洋平台的操作及检维修策略是平台安全经济运行的保证.相关研究和观测表明海洋平台结构的疲劳热点部位是在构件相互连接的连接焊缝焊趾处.其疲劳进程是焊趾处萌生裂纹或已存在裂纹类缺陷在疲劳载荷作用下形成长裂纹及其之后的扩展直至临界裂纹尺寸而失效.这一失效模式的结构可以采用基于断裂力学的安全评估和寿命预测方法进行评估,而且该失效过程的各个阶段都可以采用无损检测的方法对裂纹进行检测,检测结果可作为前次评定的验证又作为当前评估及寿命预测的输入,为后期或超期服役平台的安全性评估并由此制定该平台的操作及检维修策略提供方法和手段.     

用裂纹扩展随机模型估算潜艇耐压壳体的疲劳寿命

用Paris公式预测以时间为函数的疲劳裂纹扩展，要考虑很多不确定因素，问题十分复杂。本文引用了考虑裂纹尺寸变异性的裂纹扩展随机模型，估算了潜艇的耐压壳体在不同循环次数下疲劳热点的疲劳寿命，并将结果与使用建立极限状态方程的一阶二次矩法估算的疲劳寿命进行了比较和分析。     

海洋平台结构系统疲劳可靠性分析方法

本文研究了海洋平台结构系统疲劳可靠性评估方法。文中对平台结构简生管节点疲劳可靠性分析模型进行了简单的评述，在该模型的基础上，建立了用S－N曲线模型与断裂力学模型分别计算平台完好管节点及有初始裂纹管节点疲劳寿命的平告结构系统疲劳可靠性分析模型。作为一个算例，文中运用作者开发的程序系统，对一固定式导管架平台进行了疲劳可靠性计算。     

腐蚀疲劳作用下的船舶极限强度可靠性分析

由于腐蚀和疲劳的综合作用,船舶舯横剖面模数随时间减少,造成船体结构承载能力降低。本文通过对腐蚀和疲劳作用的定量分析,提出一种船体结构可靠性的计算方法。建立随时间变化的腐蚀、疲劳及剖面模数的模型,并通过一阶二次矩法计算船体瞬时可靠性,得出了船舶全寿命期内舯横剖面的剖面模数、可靠性指标随时间的变化曲线。     

基于断裂力学的老龄化自升式平台可靠性分析

对服役的老龄平台进行可靠性评估是非常必要的．为了更好地判定平台结构的疲劳可靠性,依据断裂力学理论,采用一阶二次矩法计算了自升式平台结构的疲劳可靠性指标,提出了年剩余疲劳可靠性指标概念,并通过对某自升式平台结构的计算分析,指出了要延长该平台的结构使用寿命至30年,需在第15年和第26年对其进行2次维修和保护．这种分析方法为服役的老龄平台的维护服务提供了参考．     

半潜平台结构疲劳寿命评估方法比较

为了研究各种疲劳评估方法对海洋结构物疲劳寿命评估结果的影响,利用S-N曲线方法和断裂力学方法分别计算了半潜式海洋平台的疲劳寿命,分析比较了二者计算结果的差别.同时比较了疲劳载荷预报中谱分析方法和设计波法的计算结果,分析研究半潜式海洋平台结构关键节点疲劳应力计算中设计波和载荷参数的确定方法,为半潜式海洋平台的疲劳寿命评估提供依据.经过比较分析,认为S-N曲线方法和断裂力学方法应用于评估海洋结构物疲劳寿命均是可行的,使用设计波法来计算半潜式海洋平台横撑与立柱交点处结构疲劳寿命时应该以60°浪向的横向扭矩为特征设计波浪载荷来决定设计波参数比较合理.     

Numerical study on fatigue crack growth at a web-stiffener of ship structural details by an objected-oriented approach in conjunction with ABAQUS

It is necessary to manage the fatigue crack growth (FCG) once those cracks are detected during in-service inspections. This is particular critical as high strength steels are being used increasingly in ship and offshore structures. In this paper, a simulation program (FCG-System) is developed utilizing the commercial software ABAQUS with its object-oriented programming interface to simulate the fatigue crack path and to compute the corresponding fatigue life. In order to apply FCG-System in large-scale marine structures, the substructure modeling technique is integrated in the system under the consideration of structural details and load shedding during crack growth. Based on the nodal forces and nodal displacements obtained from finite element analysis, a formula for shell elements to compute stress intensity factors is proposed in the view of virtual crack closure technique. Neither special singular elements nor the collapsed element technique is used at the crack tip. The established FCG-System cannot only treat problems with a single crack, but also handle problems with multiple cracks in case of simultaneous but uneven growth. The accuracy and the robustness of FCG-System are demonstrated by two illustrative examples. No stability and convergence difficulties have been encountered in these cases and meanwhile, insensitivity to the mesh size is confirmed. Therefore, the FCG-System developed by authors could be an efficient tool to perform fatigue crack growth analysis on marine structures.     

Multi-scale modeling of fatigue crack propagation applied to random sequence of clustered loading

Fatigue crack propagation in marine structures is obviously governed by mechanics of the considerably different four levels of multi-scale problems. Problems of structural response to environmental loads have length scale of several hundred meters, whereas possible detectable size of cracks from initial defects in a weld is of the order of millimeters. Once a fatigue crack initiates, crack tip plasticity is of the order of several grain sizes, while the resulting fatigue crack growth in each load cycle is of the order of nanometers. In our previous work, the first author and their associates have developed the so-called CP-System, which can treat the first two multi-level problems as an integrated system. Furthermore, we have incorporated the third level of mechanics by using the stress intensity range corresponding to the repeated tensile plastic deformation ahead of the crack tip. In the present paper, we shall discuss a more rational integral equation-based formulation in order to integrate the third and fourth levels of micro-mechanics to the first two levels of continuum mechanics.The method is then applied to fatigue crack propagation under the effects of random sequence of clustered loading. As an example of the random sequence of clustered load, we shall use the so-called “storm model”. In the crack propagation simulation, we have to take into account of the plastic wake on the crack surfaces, whose thicknesses are influenced by the material parameters involved in the crack growth model. These parameters are first identified by the fatigue tests under combined constant and random loading using a CT specimen. Then, fatigue crack growth is investigated by numerical simulation and fatigue tests for various random sequences of clustered loading. The experimental and numerical results agree quite well with each other, and fatigue crack propagation is found to be considerably retarded under random sequence loading, so that the conventional equivalent stress approach may provide rather conservative results to the real seaway loading.     

波激振动和砰击颤振对大型油船疲劳强度影响研究

文章给出线性波激振动和砰击颤振引起的大型油船结构疲劳贡献度的计算方法。基于三维线性水弹性理论可计算得到包括刚体和2节点的振动模态下的垂向弯矩的传递函数,采用谱分析法对某30万吨油船进行结构疲劳强度计算,分析波激振动对船体结构疲劳损伤影响;基于二维非线性波浪载荷程序（含砰击颤振的波浪载荷）,采用时域方法对该油船进行船体梁弯矩计算,分析砰击颤振对船体梁弯矩及疲劳载荷的影响;结果表明对于该类大型油船波激振动和砰击颤振对船体的结构疲劳损伤的影响不可忽略。     

Approximate method to determine the model parameters in a new crack growth rate model

Marine structures are subjected to complex loading histories and one of the most significant failure modes is fatigue. Accurate prediction of the fatigue life of marine structures is very important for both safe and economic design and operation. Now many researchers and engineers have realized that fatigue crack propagation theory can provide more rational basis to predict the fatigue life of metal structures. At the same time, more and more fatigue crack growth models are proposed along with a good understanding of metal fatigue mechanisms. However, it is difficult to determine a large number of model parameters, which restricts their use in practical engineering problems. Therefore, it is significant to study the approximate methods for estimating the model parameters in good fatigue crack growth models.In our previous work, an extended McEvily model for fatigue crack growth analysis of metal structures was proposed. This model shows promising capability to explain various fatigue phenomena. In order for the convenient use in estimating fatigue life of marine structures, the concepts and approximations of the model parameters are comprehensively studied in this paper. Based on that, more reasonable assumptions and empirical formulas to determine the parameters are recommended. The approximate method is validated by experimental results of several types of materials, which could be successfully used in simple and effective engineering analysis for marine structures.     

Full-scale fatigue tests of ship structures to validate the S–N approaches for fatigue strength assessment

Ships belong to those welded structures which are prone to fatigue due to high cyclic loads. Different approaches exist for the fatigue strength assessment which are varying between the industrial sectors. Therefore, deeper fatigue strength investigations were performed in Germany within an industry-wide joint research project aiming at the harmonization of the approaches. Regarding ship structures, two types were selected for full-scale tests. The first concerned web frame corners being typical for roll-on/roll-off ships (ro/ro) ships, from which three models were tested under constant amplitude loading. The second type was the intersection between longitudinals and transverse web frames, which recently showed fatigue failures in containerships. Five models were tested, three under constant and two under variable amplitude loading. All tests showed a relatively long crack propagation phase after first cracks had appeared, calling for a reasonable failure criterion. For the numerical analysis, the structural hot-spot stress as well as the effective notch stress approach have been applied. The latter allows the consideration of the weld shape which could partly explain differences in the observed and calculated failure behaviour. Another factor is the distribution of welding-induced residual stresses, which obviously affected the failure behaviour in the web frame corner as well. Insofar the investigations give a good insight into the strength behaviour of complex welded structures and into current problems and opportunities offered by numerical analyses.