Evaluating safety effectiveness of roundabouts in Abu Dhabi

With more than 460 roundabouts located in Abu Dhabi, the capital city of the United Arab Emirates, it is imperative to evaluate the safety benefits provided by those roundabouts. In this study, two approaches were used to evaluate those safety benefits. The first approach is by measuring the 85th percentile operating speeds at a sample of 18 roundabouts in Abu Dhabi to determine whether the measured operating speeds conform to what is recommended by design guides. The second approach is by using a questionnaire to measure how drivers in Abu Dhabi perceive safety when driving at roundabouts and to measure their level of knowledge regarding the rules pertaining to driving at roundabouts. The study found that operating speeds at Abu Dhabi roundabouts typically exceed those recommended by design guides. The study also found that only 4.1% of the drivers interviewed demonstrated a comprehensive understanding of the rules pertaining to driving at roundabouts. Ordinal regression modeling was used to identify driver groups in need for more awareness of the rules to negotiate roundabouts in Abu Dhabi. The study found that the driver group in most need for more awareness is typically young and middle-age male drivers (below the age of 46?years) with less driving experience in countries where roundabouts are common. The questionnaire also revealed that despite the operational benefits provided by roundabouts (in terms of reduced delay), drivers do not prefer to drive at Abu Dhabi roundabouts, which might be explained by drivers' perception of Abu Dhabi roundabouts being not safe.     

城市环形交叉口通行能力及改善对策研究

环形交叉口经常成为城市道路交通的瓶颈。该文详细探讨了无信号控制环形交叉口通行能力的计算方法及其适用条件、优化方法、改善策略。根据环形交叉口的具体情况,分析了环形交叉口的交通组织设计,确定了信号灯的相位配置及主要交通参数。结果表明,其对环岛交叉口改善具有可实施性。     

Driver behavior at Kuwait roundabouts and its performance evaluation

This research aimed to evaluate the roundabout performance in Kuwait and to study drivers' behavior at roundabouts. A questionnaire was designed to obtain the needed information. Also, a field observation was done to link the survey data with the real situation on Kuwait roads. A sample of 804 participated in the survey with the collected data being analyzed by SPSS and Excel. The analysis showed that a large percent of drivers have a good knowledge regarding roundabout rules. Moreover, this research analyzed the roundabout capacity and performance. Two roundabouts were chosen for the study located in AL-Salmiya and Al-Jabriya of Hawali governorate. A few modifications for the selected sites were done to compare the roundabout overall performance before and after the change based on several measures of effectiveness. The collected data was analyzed using SIDRA Intersection software. The analysis showed that in Kuwait, for vital and active areas and for traffic volumes greater than 3000 veh/h, the level of service ranges between B and C, and the control delay ranges between 10 s to 30 s. The study help traffic planners and designers in the decision making process providing several intersection alternatives.     

公路环形交叉口延误模型研究

为了解公路环形交叉口的运行状况,需对其进行延误研究。运用间隙接受理论,通过概率分析方法,考虑公路环形交叉口多种混合车型条件下的延误,在此基础之上建立公路环形交叉口的延误模型。应用该模型,得出延误理论值,与实际调查所得延误值进行对比分析,证明该模型的可行性。     

环形交叉口的信号控制方法研究

基于信号2次控制模式的基本原理,对十字环形交叉口左转2次控制方法在交通设施布置和相位协调设计等方面进行改进,使其可用于多叉、中心环岛不规则等复杂环形交叉口的信号控制,并通过实例加以验证。其中,在环道相位之间通过绿灯间隔时间进行协调设计,可以使车辆连续通过相邻环道信号灯,减少车辆在环道上停车待行的次数,从而提高交叉口通行效率。     

Mining of the association rules between driver electrodermal activity and speed variation in different road intersections

It is commonly acknowledged that the human factor and the interaction between the human factor and the road environment are among the most common causes of road accidents. Physiological signals can provide a real-time assessment of the driver's state because they can be collected continuously without interfering with the driver's task performance or the drivers' perception of the road. This study presents a method for measuring and quantifying drivers' physiological responses when approaching T-junctions and roundabouts using electrodermal activity and speed variations. Speed and electrodermal activity were collected continuously during a driving study which took place on a test environment based at Cranfield University and surrounding roads. Twenty participants were involved in the study. The analysis focused on four crossing manoeuvres on two T-junctions and a roundabout. The association Rule with the Apriori algorithm was used in order to evaluate associations between the variables related to electrodermal activity, i.e. the number and amplitude of the SCR peaks (assessed by the Electrodermal Impact Index in aggregate form), and the variables related to speed, i.e. the speed variation and its sign (positive or negative), for each type of intersection. The main results of this study can be summarized as follows: 1) the rules obtained for the manoeuvres on the T-Junctions show that the T-junctions induce low variations in the electrodermal activity and are often associated with a significant speed increase (between 20% and 30%); 2) the rules obtained for the manoeuvres on the roundabout highlights that the roundabout induces high variations in the electrodermal activity and is associated with a significant speed reduction (between 20% and 40%).     

面向人机共驾车辆的驾驶人风险感知研究综述

面向人机共驾车辆的驾驶人风险感知是接管时正确应激反应和操作的前提,是交通安全领域的研究重点.分析了人机共驾车辆驾驶人风险感知概念及其特性;从驾驶人特性、自动驾驶系统、驾驶情景这3个方面分析了人机共驾车辆驾驶人风险感知的影响因素;从驾驶行为表现、接管绩效和主观评价这3个方面对人机共驾车辆驾驶人风险感知衡量方法进行归纳总结...     

十字环形交叉口绿灯间隔时间计算方法研究

以十字环形交叉口内部各股车流的潜在冲突点和车辆启动形成的启动波为依据,将环形交叉口左转二次控制的绿灯间隔时间转化为环道左转与本相直行之间的绿灯间隔时间、环道左转与下一相位绿灯启亮时差以及两直行相位绿灯间隔时间的组合,提出各个绿灯启亮的时间差以及绿灯间隔时间的计算方法,并将该方法应用于实例计算。论文的研究成果对提高十字环形交叉口左转二次控制效率和提高交叉口运行的安全性具有重要的意义和实用价值。     

关于一、三级公路安全性认知因素的试验建模研究

在实测86处一级公路典型路段和188处三级公路典型路段道路结构基础上,确定驾驶员对国道一、三级公路的安全性认知因素集,进而针对一级公路的38处样本路段和三级公路的77处样本路段,组织47名驾驶人员进行现场认知评价试验,并应用模糊集合原理和模糊统计方法对评价试验得到的2829组(一级路673组、三级路2156组)有效认知试验评语数据进行分析处理,得到一、三级公路安全性认知因素的模糊评价隶属函数,从而给出驾驶人员对一、三级公路道路条件和交通环境的安全性模糊评价模型。     

武汉鲁巷广场综合交通规划与设计研究

武汉鲁巷广场位于中国光谷的中心地带,是六条道路的交汇点,中央形成交通及景观环岛。该文从分析周边的路网特征、环岛交通现状和土地利用对交通的影响出发;在借鉴国内同类型环岛规划的基础上,综合城市的总体发展战略、土地利用规划、综合交通规划等各方面,探讨了环岛广场在规划设计过程中所涉及的交通衔接、土地利用、规划调整和工程设计等一系列问题及其解决方案。     

基于改进人工势场的无人驾驶动态规划算法研究

无人驾驶决策算法可以分为端到端的决策算法与分层式决策算法，分层式算法由于可解释性强、鲁棒性高而被大多数主机厂采用。规划模块是分层式决策算法中的核心模块，它承接感知与地图模块的信息并输出驾驶轨迹或动作，而人工势场法由于规划效率高、信息提取能力强，被越来越多地应用于无人驾驶决策规划领域。但现阶段的人工势场存在未考虑目的地因素或建立目的地单点引力场导致远距离引力过大、方向错误的问题，无法应对复杂交通环境。针对这些问题，提出一种无人驾驶“行车意图-风险复合场”(Driving Intention & Risk Field, IRF)，根据目的地、车辆、道路边界等要素各自的特点分别建模，并以势场的形式统一在IRF中。创建考虑全局规划的全局引力场，将全局规划路径离散成等距离的路径点，并动态选取感兴趣范围内的路径点进行全局引力场的构建。为了验证模型的性能，搭建IRF-SAC动态规划算法平台，并在CARLA仿真环境分别设置高速公路场景、十字路口场景和环岛场景。研究结果表明:相比于NF-SAC和FSM，IRF-SAC算法在安全性、舒适性、通行效率上均有显著提升；在高速公路场景下，IRF-SAC显示出较强的路径跟踪精度和鲁棒性，最大位移偏差相对于NF-SAC和FSM算法分别下降了44.8%、70.2%；在十字路口场景下，与NF-SAC及FSM算法相比，平均危险系数分别降低12.0%、20.6%，纵向加速度均方根分别降低13.2%、44.9%，行驶时长相较于FSM算法减少了39.2%；在环岛场景下，与NF-SAC及FSM算法相比，平均危险系数分别降低了31.7%、52.9%，纵向加速度均方根分别降低了27.0%、19.0%。     

Exclusive motorcycle lanes: A systematic review

Road accidents are the main leading cause of death, and more than half of people killed in road accidents are motorcyclists, pedestrians, and bicyclists. In developing countries, the share of motorcycles is very high in the traffic stream, which results in an increased number of accidents. Nonetheless, a high share of motorcycles and risky riding behavior of motorcyclists raise notable threats to other road users as well as themselves. Segregating motorcycles from the main traffic stream by providing an Exclusive MotorCycle Lane (EMCL) is reported as one of the strategies to improve motorcyclist's safety and overall road safety. Although EMCLs are successfully running in some Asian countries like Malaysia, Taiwan, and Indonesia, and have reported reducing motorcycle accidents, existing literature related to such lanes is limited and lacks combined contemplation of various design factors. Therefore, a systematic review of studies related to EMCL was carried out in the present paper using the PRISMA approach. The review was majorly divided into the following three categories viz., geometric design elements of EMCL, motorcyclist's flow characteristics on EMCL, and traffic control measures for EMCL to highlight the research lacunas in this field. The present study aims to cast light on the need for specific geometric design standards for EMCL and to assess the safety impact of segregating motorcyclists from other mixed traffic. The review highlights that the design standards for EMCL should be based on the motorcycle's characteristics, as it varies from other vehicle categories in terms of riding behavior and the physical properties of the motorcycle.     

环岛交通量获取方法研究

环岛交通量不易观测,尤其是多进口道大型环岛获取各流向交通量存在困难.为此引入双约束重力模型,考虑环岛掉头交通量,根据少量调查数据求解环岛各流向交通量,为获取环岛交通量提供一种简便的方法,结果验证合理可行,对于环岛交通量调查有一定参考价值.     

无控改为信控后环形交叉口调头车流控制方法研究

随着环形交叉口交通量的增长，交通问题日益突出。交通设计和信号控制是缓解交通问题和改善交通现状有效技术措施。通过分析环形交叉口交通流特性采取措施，可控制右转、直行、左转3种车流在环道内通行，而对调头车流的控制有一定的难度。为此，结合信号控制方法分别介绍在环内、环口和环外对调头车流控制的几种方法。     

The impact of road improvements on road safety and related characteristics

This paper presents the historical and cultural background relating to road improvement and road safety characteristics in Kenya, a developing country in East Africa. Some who come from low-developed areas of developing countries often take time to comprehend the modern transportation infrastructure, especially roads, and have difficulty assimilating and customizing the same to their culturally tailored modes.This paper discusses two case studies: one on the socio-economic impact following improvements to a 50-km, high-class, high-traffic-volume road and the other on the monitoring and evaluation of road safety aspects along the Northern Corridor in Kenya also following major road improvements.The road improvements to the Nairobi-Thika Highway (a trunk road) have attracted many investors along the highway corridor. The high-speed road has also brought with it the unfortunate consequence of speeding vehicles colliding with pedestrians crossing the road at undesignated locations.The Northern Corridor, the transportation corridor that links the Great Lakes Countries of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda from the port of Mombasa in Kenya, has had high accident rates for a considerable amount of time. The results of monitoring and evaluation exercises on the Northern Corridor have shown that drivers are the major contributors in causing accidents, with a component ratio of 49.4%; pedestrians are next at 21.7%. Data also shows that 24% of the accidents along the Northern Corridor are fatal, which is of major concern. The study additionally indicated that the majority of road users have not been exposed to education or training on road safety.This paper presents a number of recommendations arising from the road safety study regarding possible improvements in aspects of road safety along the corridor and potential applications of those changes to other roads in general. For example, there are recommendations related to the geometric design of the road, driver training and behavior, vehicle maintenance, and the need to enhance road safety through the utilization of road safety parks where road users can undergo training and drills on road safety aspects.In conclusion, we argue that the rehabilitation of the Northern Corridor from Mombasa on the Kenyan coast to the border with Uganda has led to significant road safety improvement.     

Effects of Model Complexity on the Performance of Automated Vehicle Steering Controllers: Controller Development and Evaluation

SUMMARY

Due to increased traffic congestion and travel times, research in Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS) has focused on automated lateral and headway control. Automated vehicles are seen as a way to increase freeway capacity and vehicle speeds while reducing accidents due to human error. Recent research in automated lateral control has focused on vehicle control during low-g maneuvers. To increase safety, automated lateral controllers will need to recognize and react to emergency situations.

This paper investigates the effects of vehicle and tire model order on the response of automated vehicles to an emergency step lane change using a controller based on linear vehicle and tire models. From these studies it is concluded that control strategies based solely on linear vehicle and tire models are inadequate for emergency vehicle maneuvers.

A strategy is then proposed to automatically control vehicles through emergency maneuvers. Here the response of a nonlinear vehicle model is used with a linear state model to optimize controller gains for nonlinear maneuvers. An emergency step lane change is used as a preliminary test of the method.     

典型车联网基本安全消息机制分析

车联网基本安全消息的生成和传播是影响车联网安全应用及智能网联汽车有效性、可靠性的关键因素.在分析车联网基本安全消息基本定义的基础上,对国内外当前LTE-V2X、车载环境下的无线接入(Wireless Access in the Vehicular Environment,WAVE)等多种典型的车联网通信协议体系结构框架...     

基于SEM模型的网约车乘客安全感知建模与分析

近年来,网约车快速发展,但其运行过程中隐藏的乘客安全问题愈发凸显.为探究乘客对于网约车乘坐过程的安全感知情况,利用鱼骨图将安全问题划分为交通安全、信息安全、人身财产安全3个维度,并以此为基础设计并进行问卷调查.为刻画不同潜变量之间的复杂关系,构建了基于结构方程模型(SEM)的逻辑框架,揭示了个人特征、事故经历、安全知识以及冒险倾向等因素对网约车乘客安全感知的影响路径及显著性.结果表明,乘客的安全知识、事故经历以及冒险倾向对网约车乘客的安全感知有显著的直接影响;性别、收入水平等个人特征亦显著影响网约车乘客的安全感知.研究结果可为网约车安全管理相关政策的制定提供理论依据.      

基于轨迹数据的危险驾驶行为识别方法

连续的跟驰行为和换道行为是驾驶行为的主要构成部分,对交通拥挤和交通事故有着重要影响。通过无人机视频拍摄和图像处理方式,提取了曹安公路沿线的2个交叉路口间正常交通流状态下共600条多车高精度轨迹数据。首先,考虑车辆类型对驾驶行为产生直接的影响,分析了大车和小车的车辆轨迹特征变量分布的差异性,包括速度、加速度、碰撞时间倒数、车头时距等,在标记危险驾驶行为的过程中考虑车辆类型的影响。其次,针对不同的车辆类型,利用修正碰撞裕度对跟驰行为和换道行为进行风险性评估,将其划分为安全型和风险型。根据风险型行为发生的顺序以及持续时间,评估驾驶人的整体驾驶状态是否危险,作为危险驾驶行为识别的样本标记。分别利用离散小波变换和统计方法提取车辆轨迹的关键特征参数,为了提高模型识别效率,将关键特征参数进行排序,从而确定最优判别指标;最后,利用轻量梯度提升机（LGBM）算法对危险驾驶行为进行识别,并与随机森林、多层感知器、支持向量机等算法在精度上进行比较。研究结果表明：在上述研究条件下,LGBM算法对危险驾驶行为的理论识别率最高可达93.62%,可以实现基于机器学习算法的危险驾驶行为的高精度自动识别,该结果对于智能驾驶辅助系统的设计、道路交通安全决策的制定具有显著的意义。     

基于非接触远程智能感知的桥梁形态监测试验

为进一步提高利用非接触式影像监测大型桥梁安全状态的精度与效率,实现结构健康监测系统兼有经济、可信且全息的技术理论优势,提出依据结构全息影像序列数据的非接触式机器视觉远程智能感知进行桥梁结构全息几何形态监测的方法。通过单机自动巡转桥梁立面动静影像全息监测系统试验装置获取试验桥在各损伤/作用工况下的原始动静影像数据,根据序列数据在时间、空间上具有强关联信息的特性,分别构建降噪及抗扰动单元、欧拉运动放大单元及运动信息提取单元进行全息几何形态测量,以历次试验监测数据为样本数据集,利用分层思想依次建立数据抽样和结构几何信息间映射的数学网络模型,经结构设计不断训练、调试与优化桥梁力学行为智能感知网络,最后获取试验桥在试验过程中的全息变形、全息变形包络谱、全息位移时程曲线。研究结果表明：该方法获得的数据与传统的常规接触式传感器实测值基本吻合,试验桥在各工况下的曲线变化趋势基本一致,全息变形测量值平均误差12.21%,全息变形包络谱测量值平均误差9.06%,全息位移时程曲线测量值平均误差8.55%,对环境规律噪声信号筛除效率为81.9%,基于非接触远程智能感知的桥梁形态监测真实、连续、敏感、较为准确地反映了结构在各损伤/作用工况下的真实形态变化,可为后续进一步研究结构状态演绎以及损伤智能化识别方法奠定基础。