Import and export of complete vehicle, 1998

┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓┃ ┃ Ouant~ty,unit ┃ Amount,USS ┃┃ Product ┃ ┃ ┃┃ ┣━━━━━━┳━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┫┃ ┃ Import ┃ Export ┃ Import ┃ Export ┃┣━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━╋━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━┫┃ ┃ ┃ seat≥30 ┃ 757 ┃ 30C ┃ 29。021.923 …     

Development of estimation algorithms for vehicle’s mass and road grade

In controlling the longitudinal motion of electrified vehicles such as hybrid vehicles and PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles), the variation of the driving resistance loads (or driving loads) such as road grade and actual vehicle mass, is the most influential factor which limits the control performance. Measuring the driving load is not impossible, but it is costly since additional sensors have to be mounted on the vehicle. In this study, methods for estimating vehicle mass and road grade are designed to compensate for the driving loads. The proposed methods are verified using simulation tools and then evaluated experimentally.     

4WD电动汽车转速闭环控制

研究了4WD电动汽车的转速闭环控制：提出了摸型跟踪2自由度转速闭环控制策略和基于观测器的车速估算方法。介绍了该控制方法的基本原理及实现技术通过轮毂电机加载试验台的硬件在回路仿真、9自由度整车模型弯道制动及分离系数路面仿真，验证了该控制方法的有效性。     

A linear complementarity method for the solution of vertical vehicle–track interaction

A new method is proposed for the solution of the vertical vehicle–track interaction including a separation between wheel and rail. The vehicle is modelled as a multi-body system using rigid bodies, and the track is treated as a three-layer beam model in which the rail is considered as an Euler-Bernoulli beam and both the sleepers and the ballast are represented by lumped masses. A linear complementarity formulation is directly established using a combination of the wheel–rail normal contact condition and the generalised-α method. This linear complementarity problem is solved using the Lemke algorithm, and the wheel–rail contact force can be obtained. Then the dynamic responses of the vehicle and the track are solved without iteration based on the generalised-α method. The same equations of motion for the vehicle and track are adopted at the different wheel–rail contact situations. This method can remove some restrictions, that is, time-dependent mass, damping and stiffness matrices of the coupled system, multiple equations of motion for the different contact situations and the effect of the contact stiffness. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed method is effective for simulating the vehicle–track interaction including a separation between wheel and rail.     

Magneto-rheological suspensions for improving ground vehicle’s ride comfort,stability, and handling

ABSTRACT

A state-of-the-art discussion on the applications of magneto-rheological (MR) suspensions for improving ride comfort, handling, and stability in ground vehicles is discussed for both road and rail applications. A historical perspective on the discovery and engineering development of MR fluids is presented, followed by some of the common methods for modelling their non-Newtonian behaviour. The common modes of the MR fluids are discussed, along with the application of the fluid in valve mode for ground vehicles’ dampers (or shock absorbers). The applications span across nearly all road vehicles, including automobiles, trains, semi-trucks, motorcycles, and even bicycles. For each type of vehicle, the results of some of the past studies is presented briefly, with reference to the originating study. It is discussed that Past experimental and modelling studies have indicated that MR suspensions provide clear advantages for ground vehicles that far surpasses the performance of passive suspension. For rail vehicles, the primary advantage is in terms of increasing the speed at which the onset of hunting occurs, whereas for road vehicles – mainly automobiles – the performance improvements are in terms of a better balance between vehicle ride, handling, and stability. To further elaborate on this point, a single-suspension model is used to develop an index-based approach for studying the compromise that is offered by vehicle suspensions, using the H₂ optimisation approach. Evaluating three indices based on the sprung-mass acceleration, suspension rattlespace, and tyre deflection, it is clearly demonstrated that MR suspensions significantly improve road vehicle’s ride comfort, stability, and handling in comparison with passive suspensions. For rail vehicles, the simulation results indicate that using MR suspensions with an on-off switching control can increase the speed at which the on-set of hunting occurs by as much as 50% to more than 300%.     

最独特长城哈弗4WD

相比瑞虎,哈弗的出现更令人振奋,在它的身上我们看不到任何其他车辆的影子,机械设计也绝不雷同,哈弗的独特是由表及里的,策马扬鞭时的表现也让我们刮目相看。     

Fundamentals of vehicle–track coupled dynamics

This paper presents a framework to investigate the dynamics of overall vehicle–track systems with emphasis on theoretical modelling, numerical simulation and experimental validation. A three-dimensional vehicle–track coupled dynamics model is developed in which a typical railway passenger vehicle is modelled as a 35-degree-of-freedom multi-body system. A traditional ballasted track is modelled as two parallel continuous beams supported by a discrete-elastic foundation of three layers with sleepers and ballasts included. The non-ballasted slab track is modelled as two parallel continuous beams supported by a series of elastic rectangle plates on a viscoelastic foundation. The vehicle subsystem and the track subsystem are coupled through a wheel–rail spatial coupling model that considers rail vibrations in vertical, lateral and torsional directions. Random track irregularities expressed by track spectra are considered as system excitations by means of a time–frequency transformation technique. A fast explicit integration method is applied to solve the large nonlinear equations of motion of the system in the time domain. A computer program named TTISIM is developed to predict the vertical and lateral dynamic responses of the vehicle–track coupled system. The theoretical model is validated by full-scale field experiments, including the speed-up test on the Beijing–Qinhuangdao line and the high-speed running test on the Qinhuangdao–Shenyang line. Differences in the dynamic responses analysed by the vehicle–track coupled dynamics and by the classical vehicle dynamics are ascertained in the case of vehicles passing through curved tracks.     

纵情山水华泰圣达菲柴油2.0L VGT 2WD/4WD

在旷日持久的等待之后,华泰圣达菲终于来到我们面前,这款曾经是现代最畅销的SUV车型,在如今这个高油价时代的中国能否创佳绩？一切还是未知数。[编者按]     

AWD是4WD中的一种

各位编辑： 你们好，有几个问题要请教! 1．请问全时四驱（AWD）与四驱（4WD）有什么区别？ 2．无级变速与自动、手自一体、手动的区别和联系？是不是无级变速最费油？     

4WD汽车应用粘性联轴器分析

粘性联轴器这一新装置以其独有的特性在四轮驱动汽车上得到广泛应用，粘性联轴器一经确定结构，即可通过转速差自动调节传递转矩的特性，分析了四轮驱动汽车采用粘性联轴器的可能性，介绍了采用粘性联轴器连接的四轮驱动形式和工作原理，阐述了汽车速度，轮胎滑移率对粘性联轴器转速差的影响。     

新式4WD车用三叶片联轴节

三叶片联轴节性能优于ＶＣ联轴节，它是用多片离合器来传递力矩的，而离合器又受高粘度硅油的压力控制。随着前后轮之间转速差和旋转方向的不同，叶片产生随之变化的硅油压力。依靠修正叶片的形状，新联轴节在“驱动状态”和“被驱动状态”之间传递不同的力矩。因而它很容易同ＡＢＳ相配合，在不增加新零件的情况下改善了汽车的机动性能。新联轴节采用铝材后减轻了质量，降低了振动和噪声，并节省燃料。     

电控ABS,SRS与4WS的合理使用

经济发展的制约因素之一是机动化程度。为保障机动化程度的提高，新技术及新产品不断在汽车上使用。本文主要介绍几项汽车新技术及产品，如ＡＢＳ、ＳＲＳ等的使用注意的事项。     

High-frequency random vibration analysis of a high-speed vehicle–track system with the frequency-dependent dynamic properties of rail pads using a hybrid SEM–SM method

A hybrid Spectral Element Method (SEM)–Symplectic Method(SM) method for high-efficiency computation of the high-frequency random vibrations of a high-speed vehicle–track system with the frequency-dependent dynamic properties of rail pads is presented. First, the Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) formula and Fractional Derivative Zener (FDZ) model were, respectively, applied for prediction and representation of the frequency-dependent dynamic properties of Vossloh 300 rail pads frequently used in China's high-speed railway. Then, the proposed hybrid SEM–SM method was used to investigate the influence of the frequency-dependent dynamic performance of Vossloh 300 rail pads on the high-frequency random vibrations of high-speed vehicle–track systems at various train speeds or different levels of rail surface roughness. The experimental results indicate that the storage stiffness and loss factors of Vossloh 300 rail pad increase with the decrease in dynamic loads or the increase in preloads within 0.1–10,000?Hz at 20°C, and basically linearly increase with frequency in a logarithmic coordinate system. The results computed by the hybrid SEM–SM method demonstrate that the frequency-dependent viscous damping of Vossloh 300 rail pads, compared with its constant viscous damping and frequency-dependent stiffness, has a much more conspicuous influence on the medium-frequency (i.e. 20–63?Hz) random vibrations of car bodies and rail fasteners, and on the mid- (i.e. 20–63?Hz) and high-frequency (i.e. 630–1250?Hz) random vibrations of bogies, wheels and rails, especially with the increase in train speeds or the deterioration of rail surface roughness. The two sensitive frequency bands can also be validated by frequency response function (FRF) analysis of the proposed infinite rail–fastener model. The mid and high frequencies influenced by the frequency-dependent viscous damping of rail pads are exactly the dominant frequencies of ground vibration acceleration and wheel rolling noise caused by high-speed railways, respectively. Even though the existing time-domain (or frequency-domain) finite track models associated with the time-domain (or frequency-domain) fractional derivative viscoelastic (FDV) models of rail pads can also be used to reach the same conclusions, the hybrid SEM–SM method in which only one element is required to compute the high-order vibration modes of infinite rail is more appropriate for high-efficiency analysis of the high-frequency random vibrations of high-speed vehicle–track systems.     

你好,我叫甲壳虫Beetle,a vehicle

正甲壳虫,它到底是一款怎样的车?它的出现为什么会改变人们对于家用车的认知呢?还有它为什么被称为甲壳虫呢?甲壳虫的最终成型,离不开一个人,他正是二十世纪最著名的法西斯独裁者——阿道夫·希特勒。当他发现汽车对于一个国家和民众的重要意义,就这样他提出了让每个德国家庭都能拥有一辆汽车的"国民车"计划,要求其实很简单:车里可以乘坐两个成人和三个儿童、一箱油能够行驶约64km、能够在严寒的冬季正常使用,最     

A new model for temporal–spatial stochastic analysis of vehicle–track coupled systems

The vehicle–track coupled system has a random nature in the time–space domain. This paper proposes a computational model to analyse the temporal–spatial stochastic vibrations of vehicle–track systems, where the vehicle–track system is divided into a vehicle subsystem, track subsystem, and interfacial subsystem between the wheel and rail. In this model, the time-varying randomicity of dynamical parameters of the vehicle system, correlation, and randomness of the track structural parameters in the time–space joint dimensions, and randomness of the track random irregularities are considered. A probability dimension-reduction method was used to randomly combine different random variables. Furthermore, the probability density evolution method was applied to solve the delivery problem of probabilities between excitation inputs and response outputs. The temporal–spatial stochastic vibrations of the vehicle–track system with different coefficients of variation were studied, in which we assumed that the dynamic parameters obeyed the normal distribution, and the stochastic simulation method of the track random irregularities is probed into. The calculated results from this model are consistent with the actual measured results and physical conceptions. Thus, the temporal–spatial stochastic evolutionary mechanism can be explored, and the limits of dynamic indices can be formulated by using this developed model.     

A model for vehicle–track random interactions on effects of crosswinds and track irregularities

A stochastic mathematical model is developed to evaluate the dynamic behaviours and statistical responses of vehicle–track systems when random system excitations including crosswinds and track irregularities are imposed. In this model, the railway vehicle is regarded as a multi-rigid-body system, the track system is modelled by finite element theory. These two systems are spatially coupled by the nonlinear wheel–rail contact forces and unsteady aerodynamic forces. The high efficiency and accuracy of this stochastic model are validated by comparing to the robust Monte-Carlo method. Numerical studies show that crosswinds have a great influence on the dynamic performance of vehicle–track systems, especially on transverse vibrations. When the railway vehicle initially runs into the wind field, it will experience a severe vibration stage, and then stepping into a relatively steady state where the fluctuating winds and track irregularities will play deterministic roles in the deviations of system responses. Moreover, it is found that track irregularities should be properly considered in the safety assessment of the vehicle even in strong crosswinds.     

Development of yonden electric vehicle “PIVOT”

A project was carried out to develop an appealing new electric vehicle that features those dynamic capabilities, including such universal drive as point rotation and lateral drive, which cannot be achieved by conventional engine-powered vehicles. The new electric vehicle, called “PIVOT”, was realized through the development of special steering and suspension systems that can steer each wheel at an angle wider than 90 degrees either way, the development of a control unit that can separately control the traction force and steer angles for each wheel, and the use of drive unit with motor-in-the-wheel systems.