On Impact mechanics in ship collisions

The purpose of this paper is to present analytical, closed-form expressions for the energy released for crushing and the impact impulse during ship collisions. Ship–ship collisions, ship collisions with rigid walls and ship collisions with flexible offshore structures are considered. The derived mathematical models include friction at the contact point so that situation where the collision results in a sliding motion is included. Results obtained by application of the present procedure are compared with results obtained by time simulations and good agreement has been achieved. In addition, a number of illustrative examples are presented. The procedure presented in the paper is well suited for inclusion in a probabilistic calculation model for damage of ship structures due to collisions.     

Full six degrees of freedom coupled dynamic simulation of ship collision and grounding accidents

By taking advantage of the user-defined load subroutine (loadud) and the user common subroutine (usercomm) in LS-DYNA, the authors proposed a new coupled approach for simultaneously calculating structural damage and the planar 3DOF ship motions in ship collisions. The coupled procedure aimed at predicting the detailed structural damage together with reasonable global ship motions. This paper extends the method to consider the full 6DOF ship motions; thus, ship collision as well as grounding accidents can be properly handled. This method is particularly useful for design purposes because the detailed ship hull profile is not needed.A traditional ship maneuvering model is used for the in-plane surge, sway and yaw degrees of freedom with a series of nondimensional coefficients determined from experiments. It is assumed that the out-of-plane degrees of freedom are not coupled with the in-plane ship motions, and there is no coupling among roll, pitch and heave motions. The implementation is verified through free decay tests, and the obtained natural periods show good agreement with theoretical results.Several collision and grounding cases are simulated in which a supply vessel crashes into rigid plates with different orientations. The effects of the roll motion, the heave and pitch motions and the full 6DOF motions are studied. The results are compared with those from a 6DOF decoupled method. Ship motions through the proposed method compare reasonably well with SIMO results. It is found that several consecutive impacts may occur in the simulation of one collision case due to the periodic motions. This is not taken into account in the decoupled method, which makes this method unconservative.     

升船机提升系统中船厢、水体和钢缆相互耦合作用分析

本文在作者[1]先前采用水弹性理论建立的对整个提升系统的动力特性进行数值研究的理论模型的基础上,首先对船厢变形状态下的缆力表达式作了更为详细的推导,然后以中国船舶科学研究中心的1∶30的缩比模型为对象,从整体角度,对其流固耦合问题,主要是提升过程中船厢内水体的晃荡、提升缆的受力和船厢动态响应,作了数值研究.在提升系统受到船厢内一非对称水波扰动的假定下,分别对船厢简化为刚性和考虑实际弹性的两种情况进行了计算、分析和对比,得出了一些有益的结论.计算结果表明,对升船机这样一个复杂系统,文献[1]中所建立的理论模型及本文的数值计算方法是可行的.     

A new formulation of the impact mechanics of ship collisions and its application to a ship–iceberg collision

A new formulation is proposed for the analysis of the impact mechanics of ship collisions that can be applied to both 2D and 3D cases. It is assumed that the impact force is large, and all other forces except the impact forces are neglected. The equations of motion are solved in a local coordinate system, and a transformation matrix between the global and the local coordinate system is proposed. The mass and inertia properties are formulated in the local coordinate system. The orientation of the local coordinate system is determined by the hull shape of the struck ship at the contact point. A closed form solution of the external mechanics of ship collisions is derived. Excellent agreement with an alternative 2D formulation for ship–ship collisions is achieved. The features of the proposed 3D method are demonstrated by numerical examples. An application of the method to estimate the required energy dissipation in ship–iceberg collisions is included. Results and discussions are presented and finally, conclusions are made.     

舰船摇荡运动数据采集及混沌特性分析

针对波浪中的舰船摇荡运动难以用微分方程进行描述的矛盾,提出了通过实船试验获取摇荡时历进而分析其机理的方法.详细介绍了舰船摇荡运动数据采集的设备、方法和步骤.对实测数据进行的定性分析和定量计算表明,所采集的实船摇荡时历是混沌时间序列,表明实际非规则波中的舰船摇荡运动具有混沌特性.     

On the global ship hull bending energy in ship collisions

During ship collisions part of the kinetic energy of the involved vessels immediately prior to contact is absorbed as energy dissipated by crushing of the hull structures, by friction and by elastic energy. The purpose of this report is to present an estimate of the elastic energy that can be stored in elastic hull vibrations during a ship collision.When a ship side is strengthened in order to improve the crashworthiness it has been argued in the scientific literature that a non-trivial part of the energy released for structural deformation during the collision can be absorbed as elastic energy in global ship hull vibrations, such that with strong ship sides less energy has to be spent in crushing of the striking ship bow and/or the struck ship side.In normal ship–ship collision analyses both the striking and struck ship are usually considered as rigid bodies where structural crushing is confined to the impact location and where local and global bending vibration modes are neglected. That is, the structural deformation problem is considered quasi-static. In this paper a simple uniform free–free beam model is presented for estimating the energy transported into the global bending vibrations of the struck ship hull during ship–ship collisions. The striking ship is still considered as a rigid body. The local interaction between the two ships is modeled by a linear load–deflection relation.The analysis results for a simplified model of a struck coaster and of a large tanker show that the elastic energy absorbed by the struck ship normally is small and varies from 1 to 6% of the energy released for crushing. The energy stored as elastic global hull girder vibrations depends on the ship mass, the local stiffness of the side structure, and of the position of contact. The results also show that in case of highly strengthened ship sides the maximum global bending strains during collisions can lead to hull failure.     

基于流固耦合法的巡逻船首部结构耐撞性能研究

目前船舶碰撞研究普遍采用忽略水对船体影响的附连水质量法,本文将水介质对船舶的影响考虑进去,建立船—水—船相互作用的流固耦合算法。并以600吨级巡逻船为研究对象,建立撞击船与被撞船整船模型以及适当大小的水域,解决了撞击船—流场—被撞船之间的耦合问题。在数值仿真计算过程中,将内部动力学及外部动力学同步分析,获得了不同工况下被撞船的运动状态以及损伤变形、碰撞速度和碰撞力等动态结构响应。所获结果可为巡逻船在不可避免地发生碰撞时提供操船建议,对于提高巡逻船的战斗力具有重要的意义。     

舰艇横摇进水过程姿态参数数值求解与实验研究

目前在进行破损舰艇进水过程姿态计算的理论和实验研究时,主要还是针对静水情况进行分析,而未考虑舰艇横摇运动下进水过程的姿态计算。基于此,首先以横摇运动的进水过程为研究对象,建立横摇运动微分方程组;然后,在对时间域进行离散化的基础上,使用“四阶龙格-库塔”公式建立数值求解算法;最后,对模型及求解算法进行船模实验验证。设计的实验包括3个不同的进水模式,船模实验结果表明了模型和算法的准确性。所建立的模型和算法可直接用于舰艇横摇运动的仿真,并能为横摇过程中的舰艇稳性计算提供支撑。     

斜壁结构的水动力收敛方法研究

在分析波浪中的船舶运动或者计算大型结构的水动力系数时,往往采用时域格林函数方法。时域格林函数的一个重要局限性在于它在计算具有倾斜壁面的水动力系数时,结果很容易发散。时域格林函数本身的奇异性以及高频振动特性显然是水动力发散的一个重要原因。但即使该奇异性通过增加粘性以及表面张力的方式使之消失,计算具有斜壁结构的水动力时,发散现象依然存在。因此,该文提出一种滤波方法,除去时域格林函数的高频部分,留下其低频部分,并定义滤波系数,从而使作用于斜壁结构上的水动力值收敛。通过文中结果与频域兴波格林函数法的比较来确定最优滤波系数。结果表明：最优滤波系数几乎与运动幅值无关,但会受到运动频率以及物面形状的影响。     

船舶操纵水动力导数的数值求解及敏感度分析

[目的]为了兼顾船舶操纵运动预报的成本与精度,基于数值计算方法,结合水动力导数敏感度分析,提出一种船舶操纵运动预报方法.[方法]首先,求解RANS方程,应用流体体积(VOF)法捕捉自由液面,采用动态网格方法对DTMB 5415船型进行约束运动的数值计算,并将回归得到的线性水动力导数与试验值进行对比,验证数值方案的有效性...     

Ship resistance when operating in floating ice floes: A combined CFD&DEM approach

Whilst climate change is transforming the Arctic into a navigable ocean where small ice floes are floating on the sea surface, the effect of such ice conditions on ship performance has yet to be understood. The present work combines a set of numerical methods to simulate the ship-wave-ice interaction in such ice conditions. Particularly, Computational Fluid Dynamics is applied to provide fluid solutions for the floes and it is incorporated with the Discrete Element Method to govern ice motions and account for ship-ice/ice-ice collisions, by which, the proposed approach innovatively includes ship-generated waves in the interaction. In addition, this work provides two algorithms that can implement computational models with natural ice-floe fields, which takes floe size distribution and randomness into consideration thus achieving high-fidelity modelling of the problem. Following validation against experiments, the model is shown accurate in predicting the ice-floe resistance of a ship, and then a series of simulations are performed to investigate how the resistance is influenced by ship speed, ice concentration, ice thickness and floe diameter. This paper presents a useful approach that can provide power estimates for Arctic shipping and has the potential to facilitate other polar engineering purposes.     

冰载荷下船舶螺旋桨强度的有限元分析

论文研究了冰载荷下船舶螺旋桨的强度问题。基于冰载荷经验公式和五种典型计算工况,利用有限元法进行了冰载荷下螺旋桨的强度分析。建立了一种冰/桨叶碰撞计算模型,对碰撞过程中接触力的变化及螺旋桨的动态响应进行了研究。计算结果可供螺旋桨结构设计时参考。     

Efficient calculation of slamming pressures on ships in irregular seas

An efficient method for calculation of the slamming pressures on ship hulls in irregular waves is presented and validated for a 290-m cruise ship. Nonlinear strip theory was used to calculate the ship–wave relative motions. The relative vertical and roll velocities for a slamming event were input to the slamming calculation program, which used a two-dimensional boundary element method (BEM) based on the generalized 2D Wagner formulation presented by Zhao et al. To improve the calculation efficiency, the method was divided into two separate steps. In the first step, the velocity potentials were calculated for unit relative velocities between the section and the water. In the next step, these precalculated velocity potentials were used together with the real relative velocities experienced in a seaway to calculate the slamming pressure and total slamming force on the section. This saved considerable computer time for slamming calculations in irregular waves, without significant loss of accuracy. The calculated slamming pressures on the bow flare of the cruise ship agreed quite well with the measured values, at least for time windows in which the calculated and experimental ship motions agreed well. A simplified method for calculation of the instantaneous peak pressure on each ship section in irregular waves is also presented. The method was used to identify slamming events to be analyzed with the more refined 2D BEM method, but comparisons with measured values indicate that the method may also be used for a quick quantitative assessment of the maximum slamming pressures.     

基于重叠网格的船舶运动计算方法研究

文章应用重叠网格技术和单相Level-set捕捉自由面方法,结合数值造波技术和六自由度运动方程,形成了基于RANS方程的船舶运动响应数值计算方法,并在中国船舶科学研究中心自主研发的船舶专用粘流计算软件OShip上实现。应用该方法计算了DTMB5512船模在迎浪规则波中的运动响应,并通过对计算得到的船模运动时历曲线进行傅里叶变换,提取其运动的幅值和相位,得到了不同航速下船模垂荡和纵摇运动的频响曲线,所得结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

船艏横向加强框架对船艏耐撞性能的影响

在撞击过程中船艏结构的典型损伤是外壳板和内加筋的褶皱，撕裂和弯曲。在以前的船舶结构的碰撞分析的简化方法或数值模拟中往往略去横向肋骨框架对船艏碰撞性能的影响。本文利用有限元数值仿真方法研究了横向肋骨框架在碰撞损坏过程中的作用，发现其对船艏结构的损伤形态、碰撞力及能量耗散有重要影响。因而是碰撞计算中不可忽略的因素。     

船舶操纵运动仿真中船舶碰岸检测研究

建立船舶操纵运动数学模型,计算确定相邻的岸线线段和船舶轮廓线线段之间的凹凸关系,提出船舶操纵运动仿真中船舶碰岸检测算法,并对检测到的碰岸情况进行时间步长调整。编制了计算程序,对于船舶轮廓线端点位于岸线内侧和岸线端点位于船舶内部两种船舶碰岸情况进行了碰岸检测仿真试验,试验结果良好,很好地避免了在船舶操纵运动仿真中出现船舶冲上码头或者岸滩的现象。     

Verification of a simplified analytical method for predictions of ship groundings over large contact surfaces by numerical simulations

In this paper, a verification is presented of a simplified analytical method for the predictions from numerical simulations of structural performance during ship groundings over seabed obstacles with large contact surfaces and trapezoidal cross-section. This simplified analytical method was developed by Lin Hong and Jørgen Amdahl and calculates grounding characteristics, such as resistance and distortion energy, for double-bottomed ships in shoal grounding accidents. Two finite-element models are presented. One was built for a hold, and the other was built for a hold and a ship hull girder and also considers sectional properties, ship mass, added mass and the hydrodynamic restoring force. The verification was completed by comparing horizontal and vertical resistances and the distortion energy between seven numerical-simulation cases and a set of corresponding cases computed by a simplified analytical method. The results show that the resistances obtained by the simplified analytical method are close to the mean values of the resistance curves obtained by numerical simulations. The comparisons prove that the energy dissipation-prediction capability of the simplified analytical method is valuable. Thus, the simplified analytical method is feasible for assessing ship groundings over seabed obstacles with large contact surfaces and trapezoidal cross-section. Furthermore, studies of the influence of ship motion during groundings ascertained that ship motion affects structural performance characteristics. Resistances are lessened at the end of the grounding due to the reduction of indentations caused by heave and pitch motions of the ship hull girder. Finally, a new method for predicting the structural performance of the time-consuming complete-ship model by applying a combination of normal numerical simulations and ship-motion calculations is proposed and proven.     

船舶横摇阻尼的CFD数值模拟研究

船舶横摇阻尼是影响参数横摇和瘫船稳性等大幅横摇运动的关键参数.文中基于非定常RANS方程在静水中对模型2792进行了自由横摇衰减的数值模拟,该模型是船舶第二代完整稳性衡准制定中瘫船稳性研究的国际标准船模,数值模拟中采用了两种网格类型,一种是滑移网格,另一种重叠网格.计算结果表明,数值模拟的自由横摇衰减曲线和模型试验结果吻合良好,另外CFD计算的横摇阻尼与试验值的误差小于Ikeda's经验公式计算的误差,证明非定常RANS方程可用于预报横摇阻尼.     

Time domain simulations of the wave-induced motions of ships in maneuvering condition

The wave-induced motions of ships in maneuvering condition are numerically studied based on potential theory. The total disturbance potential is decomposed into a basic part and a perturbation part. The basic flow is evaluated based on the double-body model with a trailing vortex sheet. The perturbation flow is solved by using a time domain Rankine panel method to determine the hydrodynamic forces, and the wave-induced ship motions are then evaluated by an Adam–Moulton scheme. The solving process of the wave-induced motion is integrated with the maneuvering prediction by using a two–time scale model. Numerical tests are firstly carried out for a Series 60 ship, and the numerical results are compared with the experimental data to validate the numerical method for the basic flow. Then the wave-induced motions of the S-175 container ship in straight course and in turning condition are simulated; the numerical results are compared with the ITTC data and the experimental data, which show fairly good agreements.     

应用人工神经网络理论的船舶运动包络预报方法

本文首先介绍了人工神经网络理论的基本内容以及前馈网络反向传播的训练方法，然后应用单隐含层网络作出船舶运动包络的实时预报。文中就一船舶的海上实测运动数据进行了实例计算，结果表明，本文方法的预报结果明显好于其它模型的自适应预报结果。