欧美国家推进物流大通道建设的经验和借鉴

欧美国家近年来积极规划布局国家物流大通道,并出台各种政策措施保证物流大通道的通畅便捷和集约高效,为我国的物流大通道建设提供了经验借鉴。本研究界定了物流大通道的特征和内涵,介绍了欧盟和美国物流通道的规划与布局,梳理了打通物流大通道的主要政策与措施,总结了对我国推进物流大通道建设的借鉴与启示。     

欧盟《航空运输国家援助指南》发展变化及启示

欧盟在1994年颁布了第一套《航空运输国家援助指南》,旨在建立约束各国对航空运输的援助行为准则。之后随着航空运输市场发展变化,在2005年和2014年又重新颁布了两套新的指南。其中2005年新增了对机场提供资金以及对从支线机场起飞的航空公司提供启动援助时需要遵守的准则,2014年进行了提供援助过渡期、使援助更加具有针对性、简化启动援助规则以及制定对机场和航空公司之间协议的援助规则等四大改革。欧盟的《航空运输国家援助指南》是对各成员国补贴标准的统一,立法体系完备,可操作性强,并且根据市场变化和新的补贴现象进行制定及调整,对我国建立航空运输补贴政策有借鉴意义,但另一方面,比WTO反补贴规定更为严格的约束可能会使成员国在和欧盟以外的其他国家竞争时处于不利地位。我国应吸取欧盟的经验教训,在考虑到国际竞争的情况下,结合现实情况制定一个可操作性强的透明的航空运输补贴政策。     

Actors and Their Representations in Shipping Policy: Developing the European Maritime Safety Agency

This paper discusses the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA). Through a chronological reconstruction, the study looks at the events that lead to the official birth of the Agency in 2003 and how it developed to its current state. The conceptual framework draws from cognitive policy analysis, a French political science perspective related to new institutionalisms. This approach emphasizes the role of the actors' own representations of their sector and the ways they fit within the socioeconomic system as a whole. This highlights the evolution of the stakeholders' positions and influence throughout the development process. Findings suggest that although considerable discrepancies between European representatives and those of the shipping industry were present in the context leading to EMSA's creation, the Agency has now established a working consensus confirming a greater implication of European authorities in the regulation of international shipping. The work also suggests that a greater attention to plays of power among stakeholders and how they translate in their representations could be pertinent to strengthen research in shipping policy.     

不确定条件下新建机场业务量风险预测分析

民航业务量预测是机场建设可行性研究的重要数据,通常对于业务量预测中存在的不确定性与风险问题,多采用确定的结果表示,其实这是对不确定性的一种简化。本文针对新建机场业务量预测中存在的历史数据缺失以及对未来发展判断存在的不确定性,以菏泽机场为例,利用动态聚类分析方法筛选出与其相似的机场,通过模拟回归建立货邮吞吐量的预测模型;在此基础上,针对模型中的随机因素,通过蒙特卡洛模拟对机场货邮吞吐量进行风险分析。本文提出的方法可为机场规划建设提供定量分析的理论依据,研究结果可为相关决策者提供数据支撑。     

天津航空物流发展形势和对策研究

本文分析了天津航空物流产业发展现状、构建航空物流综合平台以及引入卡车航班、电子商务等新型业务来促进其航空物流产业的转型升级等举措,发现天津航空物流产业总体呈现缓中趋稳、增减并存的发展态势。总结了天津航空物流产业现阶段还存在受到货运航线网络覆盖范围小、基地航空公司实力弱、本地航空货源外流现象严重、信息协调能力差等制约因素;提出了从建平台、引企业、育市场和上特色等四方面提升天津航空物流发展的对策建议。     

供给侧结构性改革与中国民航发展——关于民航发展新常态与发展新理念的思考

民航业是快速增长的生活性服务业,也是重要的生产性服务业。推动民航业供给侧结构性改革,实现民航业的提质增效,是国家供给侧结构性改革的重要内容。"十三五"民航供给侧结构性改革的重要任务是着力加快民航基础设施布局与建设、全面提升航空运输服务能力、切实转变民航行业增长方式以及全面深化民航体制机制改革。     

浅析欧洲隧道修建技术

中国是目前世界上隧道最多的国家,但在修建技术方面,与世界先进水平相比,仍有较大的差距,特别是在设计理念、机械化配套、信息化管理和工程质量控制方面,更值得我们学习和借鉴.笔者通过对欧洲隧道工程的参观、学习和交流体会,对隧道修建技术进行了浅显的剖析,期望能对我国隧道修建技术水平的提高起到借鉴作用.     

Transportation modeling: Lessons from the past and tasks for the future

In spite of the recent progress made in household activity analysis and travel budget studies, urban transportation modeling still remains a “not-too-well developed” research field. There are conflicting theories, analysis units are not uniform, terms are not precisely defined, basic studies of sub-systems involved are not yet completed, and many models lack behavioral background as well as basic attributes such as simplicity, sensitivity, compatibility, transferability and forecasting ability. Gaps in methodology may be partially responsible for this situation. There is an urgent need for simple, yet not primitive, easily applicable urban transportation models which can respond to the technical needs of planners and engineers. Lessons from the past, as well as experiences from other disciplines, suggest that future research should concentrate on: (1) new, “unconventional” approaches based on systematic, basic studies of all sub-systems involved; (2) proper definition and stratification of an analysis unit; (3) revision and unification of definitions, classifications, etc., in order to improve the behavioral background of the models; (4) dynamic rather than static approaches, able to describe feedbacks between transportation and land-use as well as between transportation demand and supply; (5) interrelations between subsequent sub-models, particularly between car availability, trip generation and modal split; (6) developing models which are not only sensitive to transportation policies but also to other local policies (e.g. land use, city development, social, etc.).     

公务航空市场监管体系的问题与建议

近年来,我国公务航空市场发展较快,但民航行业政府在市场监管体系建设方面存在明显不足。本文在梳理我国公务航空市场监管现状的基础上,结合国外公务航空市场监管的法规标准和经验,从完善市场准入标准、制定市场运营规则和减少政府对市场直接干预等方面提出了相关措施建议。     

民航规章体系管理对我国铁路的启示

在阐述民航机构设置和主要技规章构成等民航规章体系概况的基础上,针对目前铁路机构设置现状和主要规章体系概况,从管理机制、信息化、结合部管理、技术规章国际化等方面分析二者区别,提出民航规章体系管理对铁路技术规章管理的启示,对当前我国铁路技术规章体系构建具有参考意义。     

Optimal transport strategies for European cities

A new procedure for generating optimal transport strategies has been applied in nine European cities. A public sector objective function which reflects concerns over efficiency, environmental impact, finance and sustainability is specified and a set of policy measures with acceptable ranges on each, identified. Optimal strategies based on combinations of these policy measures which generate the optimal value of the objective function, are identified, and compared between cities. Resulting policy recommendations are presented. The results demonstrate the importance of an integrated approach to transport strategy formulation. They emphasise the role of changes in public transport service levels and of fares, and of charges for car use. By contrast, new infrastructure projects are less frequently justified. In the majority of cities the revenues from car use charges are sufficient to finance other elements in the strategy. However, private sector involvement either in initial financing or in operation may be desirable. Revised objective functions to reflect private sector involvement are specified, and optimal strategies with private sector operation of public transport are also identified. The requirement to meet private sector rates of return for public transport operation typically results in lower frequencies and higher fares; charges for car use then need to be raised to satisfy public policy objectives, but system performance is reduced. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Airline productivity redefined: An analysis of U.S. and European carriers

Productivity, in terms of net value added per man-year of labor and capital input, provides a more useful yardstick of airline efficiency than the widely used indices representing average unit costs or labor productivity. Large variations in productivity between airlines, in particular between U.S. and European airlines, can be explained almost entirely by differences in level of service, demand patterns and route characteristics. A regression model calibrated on 1975 data for fourteen U.S. and fourteen European scheduled airlines indicates that productivity could be increased by changes in network shape though a more liberal exchange of traffic rights, greater specialization (in particular the limited involvement of scheduled airlines in the very low yield charter market) and consumer choice — by offering higher frequency, multi-city services.     

民航体育实验室功能划分及管理系统研究

民航院校体育实验室建设已成为使体育专业学生具备实践能力的关键,体育实验室能够有效提高民航院校的教学实验水平,对培养从事体育教学及相关研究的应用型人才培养具有重要意义。本文从民航体育实验室的建设需求出发,阐述了目前体育实验室建设中的存在的问题和发展方向,将实验室划分为基础实验室和功能实验室两大分区,并细化各组成部分的功能及应用,最后提出了民航院校中体育实验室的管理制度和相关办法。     

通用航空经济的演进路径及对区域的影响研究

本文运用产业生命周期理论研究了通用航空经济从萌芽期、发展期到成熟期的演进路径,分析了各时期通用航空经济对区域的影响范围及程度。研究成果可为我国通用航空经济的发展实践提供一定的理论参考。     

美国政府《联邦自动驾驶汽车政策》解读与探讨

自动驾驶汽车是当前最热门的技术领域,制定相应的发展政策必然受到政府、企业、消费者等相关各方的关注。本文介绍了美国政府发布的全球首个无人驾驶汽车政策文件——《联邦自动驾驶汽车政策》,其内容包括政策目的、自动驾驶等级定义,政策组成包括了自动驾驶汽车性能指南、统一的州政策、现行国家公路交通安全管理局监管法规工具、将来可采用的新监管工具,以及下一步工作。总结了政策成果,包括将安全监管作为核心,鼓励创新、建立规范的决策程序,以及政策困难。认为美国的自动驾驶汽车政策相关内容值得中国跟踪分析。     

城市群航空和铁路连通性分析与协同发展策略

本文选取长三角城市群、珠三角城市群、京津冀城市群、长江中游城市群、中原城市群、成渝城市群等城市群为研究对象,使用2016年3月份航班及列车时刻表的数据,建立各主要城市间连通度模型,分析各主要城市群之间的航空和铁路连通度,并提出各城市群之间航空与铁路的协同发展策略。     

Climate change projections for variables affecting road networks in Europe

Global climate change will affect road networks during this century. The effects will be different in various parts of the world due to differences in local climate change and in the structure and properties of roads. In this paper, climate change projections are presented for climate variables that are most likely to affect the long-term performance of road networks in Europe. We apply four regional climate simulations up to the year 2100 using two plausible future emission scenarios. The results show that the changing climate will require significant adaptation measures in the near future in order to maintain the operability of the European road network.     

构建“一带一路”区域民航合作新模式

"一带一路"战略将构建我国全方位对外开放新格局,民航的产业属性和独特优势决定了民航业对"一带一路"国家战略实施具有重要作用。在"一带一路"战略实施中,民航业已走在前端。从长远看,机遇远大于挑战。建议从航空运输政策、安全技术、基础设施建设和外部政策环境等四个合作机制建设入手,构建国际区域民航合作新模式。