波浪与系缆方式对系泊船舶响应的影响研究

系泊船舶响应的影响因素很多,且十分复杂。针对影响系泊船舶响应的主要因素（波浪和系缆方式）开展研究,通过船舶系泊物理模型试验,研究波浪条件及系缆方式对系泊船舶响应的影响规律,其中波浪条件包括不同的波向及波浪周期,系缆方式包括不同缆绳配置（有无缆尾索）和不同系缆布置方案。研究结果表明,45°斜向浪作用下系泊船舶的运动量和系缆力均明显小于横浪作用下的结果;试验波浪周期范围（T=3.5~6.0 s）内,系泊船舶的运动量和系缆力均随着波浪周期的增大而变大;从船舶系泊安全角度看,设置缆尾索是有利的;码头前后沿共同系缆布置可明显提高船舶系泊（非装卸作业时）的抗风浪流能力。     

Experimental uncertainty of a physical model of a tanker moored to a terminal in a port

This paper presents the uncertainty modelling of experimental results for a physical model of a tanker moored to a terminal inside a port. The physical model was built for an oil terminal at the port of Leixões in Portugal. The model incorporates the new modified port layout, as well as a future 300 m extension of the port outer north breakwater to enhance operational conditions. The physical model tests were performed on a scale of 1:80 in the Portuguese Civil Engineering Laboratory (LNEC). A generic mooring system of four mooring lines and two fenders is simulated using a nonlinear spring system. Decay tests are carried out to evaluate the natural periods of the moored model. Then, tests are carried out for the moored model in waves. The major aim of the experimental study is to obtain novel results for the wave elevation and direction at various locations inside the port, the ship motions at six degrees of freedom, and loads on mooring lines and fenders including the modified port layout. As the physical model measurements are subjected to different types of uncertainties, a systematic uncertainty analysis is carried out here, following ITTC guidelines and recommendations, to quantify all possible sources of uncertainties. The results are discussed, and several conclusions are reached. Based on the experimental results, the presented physical model study may replicate the results for waves and motions with uncertainties less than 9% of the significant amplitudes. The assessment of the applied nonlinear spring model reveals load predictions on the moorings, with uncertainties less than 4% of the maximum mooring loads.     

长周期波浪影响下连片式码头系泊布置优化

为改善长周期波浪影响下连片式码头的泊稳条件,结合工程实例,利用数值分析软件分析长周期波浪作用下连片式码头系泊船舶的缆绳张力、船舶运动量特点,提出改善长周期波浪影响下泊位系泊稳定性的关键因素。结果表明,随着波周期的增大,系泊船舶的缆绳张力、船舶运动量均会显著增大;系泊优化的关键在于增加系泊体系的弹性以便吸收船舶的动能量。系泊优化措施包括增加缆绳长度、采用非刚性缆绳系泊或增加缆绳的尼龙尾缆长度。采取系泊优化措施后,可大幅降低长周期波浪作用下缆绳张力,达到系泊布置优化目的。     

从水力学和航运角度研讨港口外形设计

简述港口外形设计时涉及的水力学和航运的问题,例如港口淤积、入港波浪、水域深度和宽度的限制、港口口门形状、船舶操纵及系泊等问题,提出评价、优化港口设计的方法。     

系泊船舶动力学特性的计算机仿真研究

以三阶操纵运动方程为基础，引入定常的风力、潮流作用力和二阶波浪力，建立了系泊系统三自由度的运动微分方程。在此数学模型的基础上．建立了系泊系统的多自由度的计算机仿真模型。在潮流作用、潮流和风作用以及风浪流联合作用等三种情形下，对系泊船舶的动力学响应分别进行了仿真研究。研究表明，系泊系统的动力学行为具有强烈的非线性特征。对于单点系泊船舶而言，在定常的风浪流作用下．顶风顶浪顶流状态并不一定是最为危险的工况。     

巨型船舶大风浪中系泊模型试验研究

通过对一艘17．5万吨散货船的大风浪系泊模型试验，得出了在吹岸风和吹开风状态下，护舷和缆绳的受力随风浪流及风向角变化的一般规律以及不同吃水对船舶受力、系泊缆绳和护舷受力的影响，对巨型船舶的大风浪系泊有重要的参考价值。     

船行波对双船系靠LNG泊位系泊稳定性的影响

双船系靠LNG泊位对系泊稳定性要求高,而目前尚无船行波对双船系靠泊稳定性影响的定量分析方法。结合工程实例,以Flory-Remery单船系泊船行波荷载计算方法为基础,结合双船系靠泊位的特点予以修正,利用数值分析软件定量分析船行波过程对双船系靠泊位系泊稳定性的动态影响。结果表明,典型系泊条件下,双船系靠泊位系泊倒缆受力及纵移运动量受船行波影响最大,当船行波与系泊船间距50 m时系泊稳定性不满足要求;当船行波与系泊船间距100 m时系泊稳定性满足要求;当船行波与系泊船间距150 m时系泊稳定性基本不受船行波影响。     

系泊系统的时域仿真及其非线性动力学特性分析

应用时域仿真的方法研究了系泊系统的非线性动力学特性。以三阶操纵运动方程为基础,引入定常的风力、潮流作用力和二阶波浪力,建立了系泊系统三自由度的运动微分方程。在此数学模型的基础上,建立了系泊系统的多自由度的计算机仿真模型。在风浪流联合作用的情形下,对一艘单点系泊油轮的动力学行为进行了仿真研究。以潮流速度和系缆程度为分岔控制参数,在参数平面上给出了局部分岔集。研究表明,系泊系统的动力学行为具有强烈的非线性特征。在仿真过程中观察到了吸引子的共存和Hopf分岔。局部分岔集将参数平面分为3个系统动力学行为本质不同的区域。极值系泊力水平与系泊系统的动力学行为有着密切的关系。对于单点系泊船舶而言,顶风顶浪顶流的状态并不一定是最为危险的工况。局部分岔集的确定为系泊系统参数的选择提供了决策依据。     

船行波对系泊船的影响

国外对于临近进港航道建设的泊位,在进行系缆系统设计时,非常重视航道中航行船舶的船行波对系泊船的作用力及力矩,但我国的设计规范中尚缺少相关内容的规定。介绍一种计算船行波对系泊船的作用力及力矩的算法,并讨论作用力、力矩的基本特点以及该算法的适用性。     

Factoring a real value of cargo in port investment and funding decisions

Ports are marine gateways to economic activities. Ports’ ability to perform services depends on their facilities, harbor conditions, and other factors. Generally, ports have control over their facilities but must compete for funding to improve them. As for waterways, in the U.S., a Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund was established to fund dredging, which levies a 0.125% cargo value tax on most shippers using U.S. coastal and Great Lakes harbors. Yet, commonly, a gross tonnage metric is used to allocate the fund’s resources, resulting in under-maintenance of some harbors. This, reportedly, deters additional port funding and hinders valuable commerce. Supplemental economic metrics, such as value of commerce or cargo, can improve port financing decisions, but such data is not readily available. Container ports collect cargo value data in nominal terms, but bulk ports do not. When making economic decisions, however, real values must be used. Further, when allocating resources, decision-makers must be able to assess ports over time and relative to each other. Conforming to these criteria, this paper develops three port financing indicators based on a real value of cargo and illustrates their calculations using the U.S. Port of Duluth-Superior as a case study.     

满足巴西PDM港口系泊要求的大型矿砂船系泊设计

巴西拥有丰富的矿产资源和天然深水良港TUBARAO、PDM等。PDM地处热带地区,12月到6月份正是巴西的雨季,一天之中会轮番出现晴、云、阴、雨、雾等复杂的天气现象,几乎天天都下雨。另外,由于特殊的地形地貌造成港内海况     

3-D computational method of wave loads on turret moored FPSO tankers

A three-dimensional method of calculating wave loads of turret moored FPSO (Floating Production Storage and Offloading) tankers is presented. The linearized restoring forces acting on the ship hull by the mooring system are calculated according to the catenary theory, which are expressed as the function of linear stiffness coefficients and the displacements of the upper ends of mooring chains. The hydrodynamic coefficients of the ship are calculated by the three-dimensional potential flow theory of the linear hydrodynamic problem for ships with a low forward speed. The equations of ship motions are established with the effect of the restoring forces from the mooring system included as linear stiffness coefficients. The equations of motions are solved in frequency domain, and the responses of wave-induced motions and loads on the ship can be obtained. A computer program based on this method has been developed, and some calculation examples are illustrated. Analysis results show that the method can give satisfying prediction of wave loads.     

Research on probability distribution of port cargo throughput

In order to more accurately examine developing trends in gross cargo throughput, we have modeled the probability distribution of cargo throughput. Gross cargo throughput is determined by the time spent by cargo ships in the port and the operating efficiency of handling equipment. Gross cargo throughput is the sum of all compound variables determining each aspect of cargo throughput for every cargo ship arriving at the port. Probability distribution was determined using the Wald equation. The results show that the variability of gross cargo throughput primarily depends on the different times required by different cargo ships arriving at the port. This model overcomes the shortcoming of previous models： inability to accurately determine the probability of a specific value of future gross cargo throughput. Our proposed model of cargo throughput depends on the relationship between time required by a cargo ship arriving at the port and the operational capacity of handling equipment at the port. At the same time, key factors affecting gross cargo throughput are analyzed. In order to test the efficiency of the model, the cargo volume of a port in Shandong Province was used as an example. In the case study the actual results matched our theoretical analysis.     

波流联合作用下的船舶系泊

通过波流联合作用下开敞式深水码头系泊试验研究成果的分析,阐述了流对系泊船舶的作用性质,波流联合作用下系泊船舶动态特征,缆绳选择及系缆方式,并对试验方法的选取提出了建议。     

超大型船舶栈桥码头安全系泊技术试验研究

系泊安全问题,随着超大型船舶运输和开敞式深水泊位的出现日益显得重要。这类事故不但造成船舶的重大损失,还直接威胁港口的安全。本文以模型试验为基础,对影响系泊安全的各相关因素进行了定量测试,获得了大量数据,再根据实地潮流资料,对中国远洋运输公司“普安海”轮系泊北仑港和宝钢主原料码头时所受的流压力的数值范围进行了估算。最后本文列出系泊安全的技术措施,为船舶安全生产和码头泊位设计提供了参考依据。     

基于条件期望的港口货物吞吐量预测模型的建立与分析

为了有效预测港口货物总吞吐量的大小,利用条件数学期望提出了港口货物总吞吐量的预测模型.由于货物总吞吐量的变化与到达港口的货运船数目以及装卸设备的工作效率有密切关系,构造一个关于到达港口的货运船数目以及装卸设备的工作能力组合而成的复合变量,货物总吞吐量是这些复合变量所表示的货物装卸量的和.应用全概理论,得到货物总吞吐量的概率分布.在此基础上,将未来货物总吞吐量看作已完成吞吐量的条件期望.利用增长函数得出港口货物吞吐量的预测模型.以山东地区某港口的货物吞吐量变化规律进行了案例分析.理论分析和案例分析均表明该模型是预测港口货物总吞吐量的有效方法.     

计及叶片载荷的双机对转式海流发电机系泊系统动力分析

本文设计了一种新型的双机对转式海流发电机并对其系泊系统与叶片载荷和直径关系进行模拟分析。首先将单机式海流发电机与已有研究进行对比验证其可靠性，然后在不改变系泊方式的前提下，设计出双机式结构，并通过分析机身位移和旋转比较两种系统的稳定性。为考虑叶片载荷对系泊系统影响，在Orcaflex中对不同精细程度的叶片进行建模，分别对比单一翼型/三翼型/九翼型的数值模拟结果。接着使用M-BEMT软件优化后的翼型参数，对比使用原始升阻力系数的三翼型发电机的模拟结果，同时将使用不同直径叶片的发电机系统进行对比，说明双机式发电机的稳定性更优，对海流发电机及其系泊系统的设计提供重要参考价值。     

沿海集装箱港区港内锚地面积确定方法

设置港内锚地,是沿海集装箱港区缓解航道拥堵,提高港口服务水平的有效途径之一。为完善港内锚地面积确定方法的理论研究,基于计算机仿真技术,建立设置港内锚地的沿海集装箱港区船舶航行作业系统仿真模型,研究计算期内可能同时占用港内锚地的船舶数量及船型组合;计算不同锚泊方式下所需的港内锚地最大面积。仿真结果与分析结论为沿海集装箱港区港内锚地的规划建设及改造扩建提供参考。     

群性波列作用下系泊船舶的水动力响应数值模拟

该文根据随机波群的模拟方法,模拟得到具有同一有效波高,有效周期但不同群性的随机波列,研究了不同群高参数GFH和群长参数GLF的波列作用下系泊船的运动响应及缆绳张力。数值计算结果表明,系泊船横移运动量和缆绳张力呈现随波浪群高的增大而增大的趋势,升沉运动量也略有增加,而波浪群长的变化对系泊船的运动响应及缆绳张力基本没有影响。     

船行波对系泊船的影响因素

针对船行波对系泊船的影响因素问题,阐述船行波形成机理及重要性,基于工程实例,采用OPTIMOOR系泊分析软件对系泊船舶受到的船行波波浪力和缆绳张力进行计算,得出影响船行波对系泊船舶作用的4个因素,主要表现为:系泊船的缆绳张力随着航行船舶航速、排水量的增大而增大,随着船舶横向间距、航行水深的增大而减小。码头运营时应通过合理引航调度船舶并有效约束上述因素以保障作业安全。