潜艇闭式循环柴油机装置发展综述

<正>2闭式循环柴油机装置的现代发展20世纪70年代,世界一些国家又对闭式循环柴油机装置产生了兴趣,相关工作重新启动。联邦德国里卡尔多公司对"克雷斯多弗"闭式循环柴油机装置进行了改进和修复。CO2通过净气器溶解于海水,净气器在舷外水压力下工作,过余的O2重新参与循环。完成25.8和43.1kW两种功率的闭式循环柴油机实验,并制造了水下航行器。1976年,意大利希尔瓦伊西斯公司进行了闭式循环柴油机实验,总实验时间长达6500h,并在此     

液货舱液位测量装置研究

针对IGC规则和IBC规则中关于液货舱测量装置的要求,对规则中要求闭式测量装置的工作原理、优点和应用实例等方面进行了研究,并对液位遥测系统进行了介绍。     

使用Mg+CO2无气体产生燃料和氧化剂组合的闭式循环汽轮机装置

外热源式AIP装置使用无气体产生燃料,可从根本上解决AIP装置燃烧产物气体排放问题,大幅度提高AIP潜艇隐蔽性。提出了使用Mg和CO2无气体产生燃料和氧化剂组合的闭式循环汽轮机装置,装置主要由Mg粉和CO2储存与供应系统、闭式循环汽轮机系统等2个子系统组成,对系统运行和构成,以及存在的主要技术难点进行了研究。     

船用超高压空气干燥过滤技术研究

文章论述了船用超高压空气干燥过滤技术研究的必要性,针对传统干燥过滤装置存在的装卸困难和吸附剂容易粉化等不足,通过对干燥过滤装置关键技术进行方案论证,提出了一种新型的快拆式、多层填充和多道过滤的干燥塔结构,并进一步提出适合我国船舶高压空气系统使用的超高压无热再生式干燥过滤装置的技术方案.     

俄罗斯非核动力潜艇推进系统的选择与发展趋势

给出了俄罗斯(前苏联)非核动力潜艇推进系统的选择及推进系统的组成和参数,介绍了俄罗斯(前苏联)非核动力潜艇柴油机功率、主推进电机功率、最大水面和水下航速的发展变化,给出了潜艇推进系统的主要形式和舱室布置,并对俄罗斯(前苏联)非核动力潜艇AIP装置,包括闭式循环柴油机装置、闭式循环蒸汽动力装置、电化学发电机装置的研究和设计进行了重点介绍。同时,结合各种潜艇推进系统,对俄罗斯非核动力潜艇推进系统的发展趋势作出了分析。     

1998年《机电设备》总目录

船舶设备与技术舰船用新型汽轮给水泵的设计舰船造水装置用水位调节器的使用和改进船用液压系统早期故障与清洗质量船用蓄能器的应用’97日本造船配套工业新技术研讨会综述舵锚机近况及发展前景新型66—10G3高压空气压缩机汽轮凝水增压泵的汽轮机设计改进舵减摇系统船用自吸离心泵的结构未来水面舰艇的机舱通风一闭式机舱通风系统关于MEPC.60(33)决议的几点探讨船用自吸离心泵正常运行条件的探讨风冷热泵冷热水机组压缩机故障分析侧推装置的设计研究及其在水下工作船上的应用离心泵的汽蚀和诱导轮设计机械研究与设计储汽筒椭圆形封头及人…     

真空干燥技术在VIP芯材预处理工艺中的应用

就真空状态下对真空绝热板芯材——玻璃纤维空隙中水分迁移和汽化的机理进行研究,并采用真空干燥的方式增强气体分子真空状态下的运动,尤其是加速水分汽化,避免空隙粘连,克服吸附阻力.文章还设计了真空干燥装置,为理论研究提供了实验的可能性.     

船用主机单层橡胶隔振装置隔振性能研究

文章首先简单介绍了舰船的振动环境、振动理论及隔振系统等内容.在了解单层隔振装置的基础上,文章就船用主机单层橡胶隔振装置隔振性能测试研究的目的、方案和内容进行了详细的阐述.同时对该机组隔振装置的振动烈度和振动加速度等测试内容进行了详细的说明,通过对测试所得到的数据进行处理,系统地分析了该机组的振动现状及其隔振装置的隔振性能.为其维修保障打下了基础,也为进一步相关内容的研究提供了依据.     

海水源热泵技术在天津港工程中的应用

以天津港30万吨级原油码头工程海水源热泵空调系统冬季运行工况作为研究对象,通过实验探讨海水作为热泵系统热源时系统运行的可靠性.实践证明,对于港口工程来说,只要解决好海水取水管网、设备防腐及低温换热问题,海水源热泵是比较理想的供热制冷方式,可进一步推广使用.     

闭式循环柴油机性能仿真研究

基于GT-Power软件建立了以某型柴油机为动力单元的闭式循环柴油机仿真模型,通过比较仿真结果与实验数据,验证了模型的准确性.改变进气成分、进气温度和系统压力,分析运行结果,给出了进气成分、比热比、进气温度及系统压力对闭式循环柴油机性能的影响规律.     

带蓄冷装置的热回收船舶空调系统的设计研究

文章从节能的角度着手，进行了带蓄冷装置的热回收船舶空调系统的设计研究，并从理论上对其性能进行了分析讨论，为船上同类空调机组和热回收系统的开发研究和更合理利用能源提供有益的参考。     

无热再生高压空气干燥过滤装置研究

论述了我国舰艇高压空气系统使用气源净化技术的必要性,并对我国自行开发的首台舰用无热再生高压空气干燥过滤装置的工艺流程、技术指标、装置方案及技术关键进行了探讨和研究。     

Effects of sediment resuspension on organic matter processing in coastal environments: A simulation model

A model, constructed using STELLA™, was used to simulate changes in standing stocks and flows of organic matter resulting from sediment resuspension in shallow coastal environments. Previous studies suggested that resuspension may determine the sites and rates of organic matter mineralization in shallow environments (Hopkinson, 1985, 1987). Those studies predicted that resuspended organic material could exert an enhanced demand on dissolved oxygen. Our model results support this hypothesis. Total system metabolism receives increasing contributions from the water column as settling rate decreases. Water column respiration also increases relative to benthic respiration as the frequency and intensity of resuspension events increases. This is driven by higher specific degradation rates in the water column than in the benthic environment. Furthermore, overall respiration (benthic + pelagic) increases in response to resuspension.     

Characteristics and potential impacts of under-ice river plumes in the seasonally ice-covered Bothnian Bay (Baltic Sea)

The northernmost basin of the Baltic Sea, the Bothnian Bay, is ice-covered for about half the year. During this time, distinct under-ice river plumes develop, even seaward of the smallest rivers, that are substantially thicker and larger in extent than during the summer months. Wind mixing is negligible, and during late spring in April or May, the highest annual discharge occur while the sea is ice covered, thus providing conditions for the formation of extensive under-ice plumes. These plumes are characterised by high levels of trace elements (e.g., Al, Fe and Zn), organic matter (TOC and dissolved organic carbon [DOC]), nutrients and also optically active substances (colored dissolved organic matter, CDOM). The under-ice plumes provide an important pathway for undiluted transport of land-derived substances to the pelagic waters of the basin, affecting the salinity, chemistry and optical properties of coastal waters. Freshwater ice growth on the underside of an existing sea ice sheet also restricts the buildup of sea ice and under-ice algal communities, potentially in large areas along the coasts. Plume water influences the optical characteristics of coastal waters for a period of time after ice break-up, potentially affecting primary production in these areas. Furthermore, the formation of under-ice plumes potentially has a positive feedback on the ice season length due to freshening of the coastal waters (earlier freeze-up) and restricted oceanic heat flux (slower melting).     

One-dimensional modelling of the plankton ecosystem of the north-western Corsican coastal area in relation to meteorological constraints

In order to study the influence of wind mixing on the spring variability of the plankton production of the north western Corsican coastal area, a one-dimensional (1D), vertical, coupled hydrodynamic/biological model (ECOHYDROMV) is used. A hydrodynamic 1D model of the water column with a k–l turbulent closure is applied. The biological model comprises six state variables, representing the plankton ecosystem in the spring period: phytoplankton, copepods, nitrate, ammonium, particulate organic matter of phytoplanktonic origin and particulate organic matter of zooplanktonic origin. The system is influenced by turbulence (expressed by the vertical eddy diffusivity), temperature and irradiance. The model takes into account momentum and heat surface fluxes computed from meteorological data in order to simulate a typical spring atmospheric forcing for the considered area. Results show that primary production vertical structure is characterised by a subsurface maximum which deepens with time and is regulated by the opposite gradients of nitrate concentration and irradiance. Surface plankton productivity is mainly controlled by turbulent vertical transport of nutrients into the mixed layer. The short time scale variability of turbulent mixing generated by the wind appears to be responsible for the plurimodal shape of plankton blooms, observed in the considered area. Furthermore, the model is applied to the study of the spring evolution of the plankton communities off the bay of Calvi (Corsica) for the years 1986 and 1988. In order to initiate and validate the model, time series of hydrological, chemical and biological data have been used. The model reproduces accurately the spring evolution of the phytoplankton biomass measured in situ and illustrates that its strong variability in those years was in close relation to the variability of the wind intensity.     

基于有机郎肯循环系统的管壳式与板式换热器比较

阐述了管壳式与板式换热器的基本形式以及各自的特点,并针对有机郎肯循环(ORC)系统的特点,比较了管壳式换热器和板式换热器的结构性能,为ORC系统中换热器选型提供参考。     

Exchange of carbon by an upwelling filament off Cape Ghir (NW Africa)

We have studied the physicochemical and biological structure of a permanent filament off Cape Ghir (31°N) and estimated the transport of organic matter associated with it. The seaward filament exported coastal upwelled water, with low temperature and salinity and high organic matter, to the open ocean even in the absence of upwelling-favorable conditions. The estimated flux of excess organic carbon (the nonrefractory pool) expressed in annual basis yielded a value of 3.1×10⁹ kg C, from which 90% was transported as dissolved organic carbon. This flux represents about 63% of the average annual primary production for the region of study. We conclude that the net-offshore transport may contribute to the enrichment of offshore oligotrophic waters throughout the year, partly explaining the metabolic imbalance found in open ocean waters of the subtropical Northeast Atlantic.     

船舶余热梯级利用的淡水-空调复合供能系统

探讨船舶柴油机余热利用的发展潜力和当前研究现状,在此基础上根据能量梯级回收利用原则,设计一种以水/水蒸汽为单一热媒的新型淡水-空调复合供能系统,该系统包括冷却水余热回收和废气余热回收2个模块,兼具供热/制冷、制取淡水、生活用水等诸多作用。最后,对该系统进行热平衡分析,结果表明该系统可实现68.4%的余热回收量,低碳环保,节能效益显著。     

Pollution history of a tropical estuary revealed by combined hydrodynamic modelling and sediment geochemistry

Hydrodynamic modelling of water movement in Hunts Bay, a protected part of Kingston Harbour, Jamaica, shows that depth averaged tidal flows are very low. In the northeast corner of Hunts Bay, water is essentially stagnant. Even under high flow conditions, much of the Bay bottom water is ‘bypassed' by buoyant, lower salinity surface flows. The muddy sediments of Hunts Bay reflect these sluggish to stagnant conditions; sediment cores from the northeast corner of the Bay contain progressively higher amounts of organic matter in their upper parts (last 15–20 years sedimentation). Combined C/N ratios and stable carbon isotope compositions of this organic matter imply a sewage origin. Both lead and chromium metal concentrations and enrichment factors relative to average crustal shales show geographically related patterns that reflect hydrodynamic circulation predicted by modelling. In particular, metal concentrations and enrichment factors are highest at the northern end of the bay, especially in the northeast corner. Modelling confirms that stagnant conditions would occur in the northeast part of the bay even without the presence of a major causeway. The causeway may contribute to low flow conditions, but is not the principal cause of organic contamination, which is simply an excessive input of sewage.     

Biogeochemistry of sulfur in a sediment core from the west-central Baltic Sea: Evidence from stable isotopes and pyrite textures

The biogeochemistry of the sulfur cycle in a ca. 5-m-long sediment core from the eastern slope (221 m water depth) of the Landsort Deep in the west-central Baltic Sea was investigated by analyzing the solid phase records of sulfur isotopes and pyrite textures, besides selected main and minor elements. The sediments were deposited during post-glacial history of the Baltic Sea when the basin experienced alteration of brackish (Yoldia Sea, Littorina Sea) and freshwater (Baltic Ice Lake, Ancylus Lake) conditions. The stable isotopic composition of total sulfur was analyzed as a function of depth. In selected samples pyrite (FeS₂), greigite (Fe₃S₄), and barite (BaSO₄) fractions were separated for isotope analyses. Pyrite textures were analyzed by SEM and optical microscopy.Microbial reactions associated with the oxidation of organic matter resulted in assemblages of authigenic sulfide minerals which for the post-Ancylus Lake brackish water environment are dominated by pyrite and for freshwater environments by Fe-monosulfides. The sulfur isotopic composition of the brackish water Littorina Sea sediments (δ³⁴S between −40 and −27‰ vs. V-CDT) is believed to be determined by cellular sulfate reduction rates and reactions involving intermediate sulfur species. The availability of reactive iron and decomposable organic matter as well as sedimentation rate and the chemocline position are important variables upon the δ³⁴S values of sulfides in brackish water environment. The syn-depositional abundance of sulfur and organic matter, and transport of dissolved sulfur species vs. rates of microbial reactions determine δ³⁴S in the freshwater sediments. The upper part of the Ancylus Lake sediments is sulfidized by downward diffusing H₂S and/or sulfate from overlying brackish water sediments. Minor concretionary barite formation in the freshwater sediments is most likely due to the reaction of pore water sulfate diffusing downward from brackish water sediments with barium desorbed from freshwater sediments. The size distribution of pyrite framboids in the brackish sediments indicates that the formation mainly occurred from anoxic pore waters, although some pyrite formation in an anoxic water column cannot be excluded.