Investigation on Spray Behavior and NOx Conversion Characteristic of a Secondary Injector for a Lean NOx Trap Catalyst

Lean NOx trap (LNT) catalyst has been used to reduce NOx emissions from diesel engines. The LNT absorbs NOx in lean condition and discharges N2 by reducing NOx in rich conditions. Thus, it is necessary to make exhaust gas lean or rich conditions for controlling LNT system. For making a rich condition, a secondary injector was adopted to inject a diesel fuel into the exhaust pipe. In the case of secondary injector, the behavior of spray is easily affected by high temperature (i.e., 250 ～ 350 °C) occurred in the exhaust manifold. Therefore, it is needed to investigate the spray behavior of diesel fuel injected into an exhaust manifold, as well as the conversion characteristics for a lean NOx trap of a diesel engine with LNT catalyst. The characteristics of exhaust emissions in NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) mode were analyzed and spray behaviors were visualized in various exhaust gas conditions. The results show that as the exhaust gas mass flow increases, the spray cone angle becomes broad and the fuel is directed to the flow field. Besides, the cone angle of spray is decreased by centrifugal force caused in exhaust gas flow field. In addition, the effects of nozzle installation degree, injection quantity, and exhaust gas flow on NOx conversion performance were clarified.     

汽车尾气路面净化材料研究进展与思考

汽车尾气的排放严重影响空气质量,危害人类身体健康。为了减少尾气排放,汽车领域做了很多努力,包括机内净化与机外净化。作为尾气排放后最近的接触源,从道路角度切入进行治理,也被认为是行之有效的途径,近年来一直是国际上研究的热点领域。为了深入了解汽车尾气路面净化材料的发展,系统地梳理并回顾了汽车尾气净化过程中使用的催化材料的研究进展、面临的问题以及应用前景。催化材料主要包括二氧化钛基催化剂、贵金属催化剂、ABO₃钙钛矿结构催化剂、介孔材料催化剂以及其他催化剂,分析了不同催化剂的作用机理以及优缺点。由于道路实际的开放条件、尾气净化材料与尾气接触不够充分、易于达到自身净化极限等问题,从梳理高效路面尾气净化材料的改善技术出发,提出了路面汽车尾气净化材料研究的发展方向,即降低贵金属用量、开发新型稀土复合氧化光催化材料,以及多元化、功能化发展等。这一领域的研究,显示出路面尾气净化技术的光明应用前景。     

Effect of UWS injection at low exhaust gas temperature on NO<Subscript>x</Subscript> removal efficiency of diesel engine

Urea-SCR systems have been widely used in diesel vehicles according to the strengthened NO_x (Nitrogen Oxides) emission standard. The NO_x removal efficiencies of the latest well optimized urea-SCR system are above 90 % at moderate exhaust gas temperature of 250 ~ 450 °C. However, a large amount of NO_x is emitted from diesel vehicles at cold start or urban driving conditions, when the exhaust gas temperature is not high enough for SCR catalyst activation. Although many researchs have been stuied to improve NO_x conversion efficiency at these low temperature conditions, it is still one of important technical issues. In this study, the effect of UWS injection at low exhaust gas temperature conditions is studied. This study uses a 3.4 L diesel engine equipped with a commertial urea SCR system. As a result, it is found that about 5 % of NO_x removal efficiency is improved in the NRTC test when UWS injection starts at the SCR inlet temperature of 150 °C compared to 200 °C. It is also found that urea deposits can be formed on the wall of exhaust pipe, when the local wall temperature is lower than temperature of urea decomposition.     

Influential factors for HLA pump up in a roller finger follower engine

In an HLA (hydraulic lash adjuster) piston engine, “pump up” can occur when a valve is opened by the HLA when it should be closed. HLA pump up is more frequently encountered with exhaust valves than with intake valves. When HLA pump up in occurs in the exhaust valve, exhaust gas from the exhaust manifold enters the cylinder on the intake stroke, and fresh air-fuel mixture exits through the exhaust manifold on the compression stroke and is burned in the catalyst, causing partial burning, misfire, catalyst melting and power drop. HLA pump up occurs when the force on the valve from the HLA is higher than the force on the HLA from the valve. HLA pump up is related to design parameters, such as oil pressure, rocker ratio, spring load, spring surge, and both intake and exhaust valve timing. In this study, valve lift and load on a roller finger follower were measured at varying engine firing conditions to evaluate HLA pump up. The results indicated that effective measures to reduce HLA pump up include a higher rocker ratio, a lower oil supply pressure to the HLA, a higher spring installation load and a lower spring surge.     

Heat exchanger/catalytic system for reducing the exhaust emissions from diesel engines

A system has been researched over the past 3 years for reducing the exhaust pollutants from diesel engines for light commercial vehicles. The system researched achieves Euro 6 standards for reduction of polluting gases (CO, HC, PM, NO). It consists of 4 main sections: 1. A heater and heat exchanger (HE); 2. A CO/HC oxidising catalyst (D°C); 3. Pt catalyst on a diesel particulate filter (DPF); 4. A NO reducing reaction (SCR) within the DPF. The system operates as follows. The exhaust gas contains oxidising gases, namely both O₂ and NO₂. The levels of CO and HC are oxidised by O₂ to CO₂ for temperatures above 200°C. Carbon (PM) is oxidised to CO₂ by NO₂ but requires a temperature above 250°C. The operating exhaust temperature of 300°C is ideal for the removal of NO by using the Pt catalyst and the CO generated within the DPF. The heater is required to be able to raise the exhaust temperature at any time to 300°C in order to optimise the performance of the system, since diesel engine exhaust temperatures vary between 160°C (slow speeds) to 350°C (high speeds). Considerable heat is required (??3 kW) to maintain the exhaust gas for a 2l engine at 300°C for engine idle conditions. Therefore a heat exchanger is required to re-circulate the input heat and thereby reduce the maximum power consumption to a maximum of 500W over the engine full operating test cycle. This energy is supplied by the engine battery and alternator. Experimental results have been obtained for the exhaust from a Kubota diesel engine and the reductions in exhaust emissions of 83% (CO/ HC), 58% (NOx) and 99% (PM) were obtained. The PM was continuously cleaned so that there was no build up of back pressure.     

Electromagnetic valve train for gasoline engine exhaust system

Electromagnetic valve train (EMVT) in camless engine offers large potential for both part load fuel economy and high load engine torque. However, it is more difficult to be applied on exhaust system than intake system. Because the gas pressure brings high demands for driving force, especially at high engine speed and full load. Based on the working characters of actuator, a method by increasing the transient currents in windings during valve’s opening motion is suggested to overcome the gas pressure. But this will cause more energy losses and heat. In order to make the EMVT used on exhaust system better, quantitative analysis is carried out against the additional power consumption caused by gas pressure under different conditions. Furthermore, an approach is introduced to define the optimal exhaust valve opening motion at full load conditions. It aims at making a better compromise between the engine power output and exhaust valves’ power consumption, thus both the efficiency of EMVT and engine performance are enhanced.     

汽车尾气净化三效催化剂的制备与性能研究

用共沉淀技术制备了不同Ce／Zr比例的铈锆固溶体。利用XRD衍射仪对其物相结构进行了表征。采用浆料球磨涂覆工艺制备了含铈锆固溶体的全钯三效催化剂，并在模拟汽车尾气条件下对其催化性能进行了评价。结果表明，所制备的铈锆固溶体保持了CeO2的立方相结构，含铈锆固溶体的三效催化剂不仅具有较高的活性，而且具有良好的抗高温性能。     

汽车尾气分析与发动机故障诊断

汽车排放与汽车发动机的技术状况有密切关系,根据汽车尾气中各种气体含量,可以帮助汽车维修人员判断汽车发动机故障。据此,结合实际工作经验,综合归纳了影响发动机尾气含量的各种因素及利用汽车尾气中各成分含量进行故障诊断的方法和注意事项。     

Development of quantitative measuring technique to find critical flow conditions for preventing soot deposit accumulated in the diesel exhaust system using main muffler composed of three chambers

If a vehicle that meets emission regulations operates sufficiently for a long time under low speed and low load conditions, soot contained in the exhaust gas is accumulated on the inner surface of the exhaust system. This soot deposition problem occurs frequently in all diesel cars. However, when a vehicle is placed under the conditions of sudden start and sudden acceleration after city mode driving for a long time, the deposited soot is abruptly blown up with the soot produced during fuel combustion. In the present study, the main cause of the abrupt outburst of deposited soot is investigated to overcome this adverse phenomenon. First, we developed a method to quantify the amount of the exhausted soot particles (or the accumulated soot particles) by measuring the opacity that represents the contamination level of the exhaust gas due to soot particles. Using this measuring scheme for deposited soot, we found the critical conditions for engine speeds and load conditions at which soot particles are emitted into the air without accumulation in the exhaust system using main muffler composed of three chambers. In order to meet these critical conditions and thus to drastically reduce soot accumulation, the exhaust system using the main muffler applied in this study must be designed to ensure that the flow velocity of the exhaust gas is higher than 62 m/s when the back pressure at the exit of the turbocharger is under 0.08 bars.     

柴油机汽车尾气净化装置的研制

内燃机的废气净化方法有机内净化和机外净化两种。介绍了柴油机汽车尾气净化装置的研制过程，论述了机外净化原理及ＰＬＣ铂小球催化剂的特点和关键技术。试验测试表明，所研制的汽车尾气净化装置具有良好的净化效果。     

Comparison of HC species from diesel combustion modes and characterization of a heat-up doc formulation

This study summarizes engine speed and load effects on HC species emissions from premixed charge compression ignition (PCI) and conventional diesel combustion, and it evaluates diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) formulations on a gas flow reactor for the purpose of diesel particulate filter regeneration or lean NO_x trap desulfation. HC emissions are sampled simultaneously by a Tedlar bag for light HC species and by a Tenax TA™ adsorption trap for semi-volatile HC species, and they are analyzed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. The bulk temperature and residence time during combustion are key parameters that are important for understanding the effects of speed and load on engine-out HC emissions. The degree of post-flame oxidation is higher in PCI than in conventional combustion, and it is increased for PCI with a higher speed and load, as indicated by a lower fuel alkanes/THC ratio, a higher alkenes/fuel alkanes ratio, and a higher methane/THC ratio. Ethene and n-undecane are two representative HC species, and they are used as a surrogate mixture in the gas flow reactor to simulate PCI and conventional combustion with in-cylinder post fuel injection. Among the three DOC formulations tested, the catalyst with constituent precious metals of platinum and palladium (PtPd) showed the best light-off performance, followed by PtPd with an addition of cerium dioxide (PtPd+CeO₂), and platinum (Pt), regardless of exhaust compositions. Conventional combustion exhaust composition shows a lower light-off temperature than that of PCI, regardless of catalyst formulation.     

汽车排气催化转化装置气流特性分析

运用计算流体动力学对汽车排气污染物控制装置———催化转换器进行了研究。通过对 4种不同引流区结构的速度场、压力场的计算 ,证明引流区的结构对催化转化装置的气流分布影响很大 ,应尽量避免采用直壁无引流过渡的结构 ,采用平滑过渡的引流区 ,不仅可减少涡流损失 ,而且压力损失大大小于其它结构。对实际汽车用催化转化器在不同排气流量下的速度场和压力损失进行了计算和对比。采用Ansys/FlotranCFD计算流体动力学软件 ,其计算结果与试验结果吻合较好 ,证明采用的方法是可靠的。     

Measurement of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions during the starting of automotive DI Diesel engines

Most of hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from automotive DI Diesel engines are produced during the engine warm-up period and are primarily caused by difficulties in obtaining stable and efficient combustion under these conditions. Furthermore, the contribution of engine starting to these emissions is not negligible; since this operating condition is highly unfavorable for the combustion progress. Additionally, the catalytic converter is ineffective due to the low engine temperature. In conjunction with adequate engine settings (fuel injection and fresh air control), either the glow plugs or the intake air heater are activated during a portion of the engine warm-up period, so that a nominal engine temperatures is reached faster, and the impact of these difficulties is minimized. Measurement of gaseous pollutants during engine warm-up is currently possible with detectors used in standard exhaust gas analyzers (EGA), which have response times well-suited for sampling at such transient conditions. However, these devices are not suitable for the measurement of exhaust emissions produced during extremely short time intervals, such as engine starting. Herein, we present a methodology for the measurement of the cumulative pollutant emissions during the starting phase of passenger car DI Diesel engines, with the goal of overcoming this limitation by taking advantage of standard detectors. In the proposed method, a warm canister is filled with an exhaust gas sample at constant volumetric flow, during a time period that depends on the engine starting time; the gas concentration in the canister is later evaluated with a standard EGA. When compared with direct pollutant measurements performed with a state-of-art EGA, the proposed procedure was found to be more sensitive to combustion changes and provided more reliable data.     

发动机三元催化器数值分析

为了分析某发动机三元催化器载体前端气流分布情况,文章对该催化器进行了CFD数值分析。计算模式采取稳态计算,计算时分别考虑每个气缸排气,当一个缸排气歧管设定为排气时,其他缸的排气歧管设定为关闭状态。通过计算得到了载体前端的速度均匀性系数,由于4个缸分别排气时,速度均匀性系数均大于0.85,满足评价指标,因此该催化器满足设计要求。     

Analysis of transient thermal and conversion characteristics of catalytic converters during warm-up

Transient thermal and conversion characteristics of catalytic converters during warm-up were numerically simulated. The following observations were obtained and verified experimentally. There is great maldistribution of concentrations inside a catalytic converter during warm-up. CO and THC have high concentrations in the exhaust gas passing through outer region cells because they are not converted due to low wall temperature. Reduction rates of CO and THC concentrations in each cell are higher than those of the total mean concentrations in the exhaust gas passing through the converters.     

NOx reduction characteristics of Pt-ZSM-5 catalyst with diesel engine exhaust

The platinum ion-exchanged ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst (Pt-5), which reduces nitrogen oxides (NO_x) in the presence of oxygen and hydrocarbons, was applied to actual diesel engine exhaust. Compared to the Cooper ion-exchanged ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst, the Pt-Z had higher NO_x reduction efficiency, η_NOx = 33%, and lower activation temperature, 250°C, in normal engine operation. It was found that water in the exhaust gas did not apparently affect the NO_x reduction, while the reduction efficiency was significantly affected by the aspect ratio of the catalyst reactor and by the shape of the catalyst, i.e. pellet or honeycomb.     

分子筛型SCR对车用柴油机排放改善的试验研究

商用车柴油机多采用DOC+SCR的后处理系统来满足国Ⅳ、国Ⅴ排放标准的要求,而不同类型SCR的催化特性对最终污染物排放影响也不同。试验获取了一支铜基分子筛型SCR,基于1台2.8L柴油机和一支钒基SCR,运行了车用柴油机稳态循环(ESC)和瞬态排放循环(ETC),研究并分析了其对柴油机污染物的减排特性。结果表明,相较于钒基SCR,运行ETC循环时分子筛型SCR对发动机NOx和PM排放的减排效率分别提升19%和33%;分子筛型SCR对NOx的低温转化效率更高,且由于对排气流量不敏感,在高空速工况下其转化效率显著高于钒基SCR;分子筛型SCR对颗粒物个数的减排效率弱于钒基SCR,达7%以上,容易将大质量颗粒物分解为小质量颗粒物;两种SCR均对CO和HC具有一定的减排效果,减排率可达20%左右。     

点燃式发动机汽车双怠速法排气污染物检测作业指导书

双怠速法是检验点燃式发动机汽车排气污染物常用方法之一。本指导书详细阐述了尾气分析仪日常检查方法、双怠速法检验步骤以及尾气分析仪校准方法,并对使用维护方法做出规定,具有指导意义。     

Pressure drop and heat transfer of catalyzed diesel particulate filters due to changes in soot loading and flow rate

When soot particles are loaded in a diesel particulate filter, it causes increase in back pressure of the exhaust system. To minimize this pressure drop due to DPF, the filter needs to be regenerated after a certain amount of soot has been accumulated. It is crucial to estimate the correct amount of soot that has been accumulated by measuring the differential pressure. It is also important to understand changes in pressure drop due to flow rate variations of the exhaust gas, since the pressure drop would be influenced by the exhaust flow rate as well as the amount of soot. Furthermore, the heat transfer characteristics of the catalyzed diesel particulate filter (CDPF) are another major issue, as the filter is occasionally exposed to high temperature gas. This study presents the characteristics of pressure drop according to the variation of soot loading and the mass flow rate in CDPF. In addition, heat transfer characteristics in the filter was investigated when a high temperature gas flows into the CDPF. Tests were performed in several CDPF samples having varying amounts of catalyst coating. Experimental results indicate that rig-based experiments are useful in understanding the characteristics of pressure drop in the CDPF. In the cake filtration region, a pressure drop has a proportional relationship according to soot loading and mass flow rate. It was found that an increased catalyst coating may lead to enhanced convective heat transfer.     

汽油车使用因素对其排放性能的影响

汽车排放的污染物主要取决气缸内燃烧状况，燃烧条件恶化、不完全燃烧及燃烧过程不稳定等都会明显增加尾气中的有害成分。从驾驶和维护角度出发，提出了减少汽油车排气污染的技术措施。