Development of an auxiliary mode powertrain for hybrid electric scooter

This paper proposes a design and implementation of an auxiliary mode, hybrid electric scooter (HES) by means of more cost-effective way for improving scooter’s performance and efficiency. The HES is built in a parallel hybrid configuration with a 24V 370W auxiliary power electric motor, a 24V 20AH battery, and an electronically controlled fuel injection internal combustion engine (ICE) scooter. In contrast to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), the issues concerning cost, volume, and reliability are even more rigorous when developing hybrid electric scooters (HESs). Therefore, the drive topology and control strategy used in HEV cannot be applied to HES directly. In order to hasten the developing phase and achieve the parametric tune-up of the HES component, a dynamic simulation model for the HES is developed here. Because the powertrain system is complex and nonlinear in nature, the simulation model utilizes mathematical models in tandem with accumulated experimental data. The method about the mathematical model construction, analysis and simulation of the hybrid powertrain used in a scooter are fully described. The efficacy of the model was verified experimentally on a scooter chassis dynamometer and the performance of the proposed hybrid powertrain is studied using the developed model under a representative urban driving cycle. Finally, Simulation and experimental results confirm the feasibility and prosperity of the proposed hybrid HES and indicate that the designed hybrid system can improve the fuel consumption rate up to 15% compared with the original scooter.     

大阳摩托车三相电气系统的设计

随着摩托车电控、照明及信号等系统性能要求的提高,对整车电气系统的功率要求也相应提高。本文介绍的自行研制的大阳系列大排量骑式车、踏板车、电喷车电源供电系统均由大功率三相磁电机、三相全波调压整流器、免维护大容量蓄电池等组成,能确保整车用电系统电力更充足,电起动、照明和信号等系统工作更可靠。     

踏板车间歇振动分析控制

针对某款踏板车在特定车速下间歇性振动过大的问题进行分析,判断并验证了该摩托车存在的拍振现象是导致此间歇振动的主要原因,结合拍振的产生原理,提出拍振控制的主要方法,综合考虑整车性能等因素提出具体的控制方案,该方案的应用取得了较好的减振效果。     

New energy recovery H∞ robust controller for electric bicycles

The electric controller is one of the most crucial components in an electric bicycle. The overall performance of the whole system heavily depends on the properties of the controller. The authors use the robust control theory to design a new H_∞ robust controller for the closed speed-current dual-loop driving and braking system. The designed controller also incorporates the driving and energy recovery braking circuit. Therefore, it has energy recovery ability, which coverts the kinetic energy wasted in braking into electric energy to recharge the battery. This prolongs the driving distance per battery charge. The simulations and experiments show that the new H_∞ robust controller out-performs the traditional PID controller in many respects including stability, error, responding speed and driving distance per battery charge.     

Development of the performance simulator for electric scooters with an in-wheel motor

Due to the increasing use of fossil fuel, carbon dioxide emission also increased and environmental problems have emerged as social issues. Accordingly, the research about electric vehicles as personal transportation has been actively performed. An electric scooter is not as complex as an automobile, but it takes a lot of time and costs to design and develop a new vehicle due to trial and error in selecting the specifications of core components according to consumer’s requirements. In this paper, a performance simulator for an electric scooter with an in-wheel motor at the rear wheel was developed and the simulation results were verified through experiments. For a longer travelling distance with the same energy source, the regenerative braking algorithm that converts kinetic energy into electric energy during braking was applied. The usefulness of the regenerative braking control algorithm was verified through various simulation results.     

The influence of frame compliance and rider mobility on the scooter stability

This article investigates the effect of frame compliance and rider mobility on the scooter stability. Particular attention is given to the wobble mode, because it may easily become unstable in the vehicle speed range. This article includes a synthetic discussion of previous works, presents a new mathematical model, and discusses the results of both numerical and experimental analyses of the vehicle stability by varying the vehicle characteristics and motion conditions.

The mathematical model describes the out-of-plane dynamics of the scooter and consists of a twelve-degree-freedom linear model. It describes the main scooter features and, in particular, includes the frame compliance, rider mobility, and an advanced tire model. The torsion and bending compliance of both the front fork and swingarm are modelled using lumped rotational springs; similarly, the rider mobility is described by means of two soft springs which connect the rider body to the chassis. The tire model describes in detail the carcass geometry and its compliance. The full scooter model is available on the website www.dinamoto.it and has been derived using ‘MBSymba’, which is a package for the symbolic modelling of multibody systems.

The scooter stability has been investigated at both low and high speeds; in particular, the effect of vehicle compliance and rider mobility on the weave and wobble modes have been examined. Numerical simulations show that the bending flexibility of the front fork stabilizes wobble mode at high speed and has a contrary effect at low speed, whereas the torsion flexibility of the fork does not appear to have a remarkable influence; the bending flexibility of the swingarm slightly stabilizes the weave mode at very high speeds whereas the torsion flexibility of the swingarm has a contrary effect. The effect of rider mobility is to stabilize the weave mode at high speed and the wobble mode at low speed. Several experimental tests have been carried out in the same speed range and a good correlation between simulations and tests has been found. The variation of some important vehicle parameters has been investigated; in particular, tests were repeated for different values of the rear-frame inertia, the rear-chassis stiffness, the front-tire characteristics, the normal trail, and the steer inertia.     

电动汽车电源管理的基础框架和实施

电池组电源管理系统(BMS)是纯电动和混合动力的电动汽车结构的关键要素。其电源管理的设计要点是确保锂电池效能的最佳化和最高的可靠性和安全性。智能型的方案不仅延长电池组的寿命,也增加了车辆的行驶距离。提供驱动电机电源的锂电池组有数百伏的高电压,对汽车电子系统的电磁兼容性、安全性带来一系列的影响,其可靠的实现方案也是电源管理系统的核心要求之一。     

Dynamic Properties of Motorcycle and Scooter Tires: Measurement and Comparison

Summary Results of an experimental research program dealing with motorcycle and scooter tires are presented. Experimental tests were carried out by means of a rotating disk test machine, which is particularly suited to test tires in the presence of large camber angles. First, the capabilities of the rotating disk machine are discussed and results are compared with the ones obtained by means of other test machines. Then the properties of several motorcycle and scooter tires are presented and compared. The advantage of presenting results in terms of camber and sideslip stiffness is highlighted. The effect of tire working conditions (inflation pressure, load and temperature) is analyzed. Finally the measurement of tire torques is discussed and some results dealing with self-aligning, twisting and rolling resistance torques are presented.     

锂离子电池组散热设计及送风策略

通过实验研究了锂离子电池1C倍率放电,20℃自然对流情况下的温升特性。测得了20℃环境温度下电池的充放电内阻特性,并根据某品牌18650型锂离子电池的物性参数以及实验测得的内阻数据建立了电池单体仿真模型,仿真计算了与实验同工况下的温度分布情况,最大误差4.9%。设计了一种包含480节电池的并行通风空气冷却散热结构,并通过正交试验进行了优化,得到了进出风孔距电池的最小距离1mm,上挡板距离电池的最小距离1mm,下挡板距离电池的最小距离1mm的最优结构,使电池组的最大温升下降了5.71℃,最大温差降低了5.06℃。并基于最优结构给出了120s后每60s改变送风方向的往复送风策略,使电池组即使在40℃、2C放电的恶劣工况下也能够工作在25℃-40℃,电池单体温差5℃以下的工作环境中。     

12V低压锂离子蓄电池在电动汽车中的应用研究

电动汽车轻量化是现阶段研究的一个重要课题,针对电动汽车低压蓄电池的轻量化课题,探讨锂离子电池应用的可行性。以北汽新能源某一型号纯电动轿车作为研究对象,同时将12 V/30 Ah锂离子蓄电池和12 V/60 Ah铅酸蓄电池的性能进行对比分析,试验结果表明锂离子蓄电池样品可以满足电动汽车的低压用电需求,并且其充放电性能,特别是低温充放电性能要优于铅酸电池。此外,锂离子蓄电池样品的质量较铅酸电池有大幅降低,这对于电动汽车的轻量化设计具有一定的参考价值和指导意义。     

Dynamic Properties of Motorcycle and Scooter Tires: Measurement and Comparison

Summary Results of an experimental research program dealing with motorcycle and scooter tires are presented. Experimental tests were carried out by means of a rotating disk test machine, which is particularly suited to test tires in the presence of large camber angles. First, the capabilities of the rotating disk machine are discussed and results are compared with the ones obtained by means of other test machines. Then the properties of several motorcycle and scooter tires are presented and compared. The advantage of presenting results in terms of camber and sideslip stiffness is highlighted. The effect of tire working conditions (inflation pressure, load and temperature) is analyzed. Finally the measurement of tire torques is discussed and some results dealing with self-aligning, twisting and rolling resistance torques are presented.     

废旧电池粉末改性沥青的微观特性及其性能

为研究废旧电池粉末改性沥青的可行性，分别将不同掺量的废旧电池粉末加入70^#沥青中，以制备废旧电池粉末改性沥青，并对比基质沥青与SBS改性沥青进行性能评价。借助X射线衍射仪（XRD）、红外光谱仪（FTIR）、扫描电镜（SEM）、原子力显微镜（AFM）等研究废旧电池粉末改性沥青的化学组成与微观结构，分析废旧电池粉末改性机理；采用三大指标、布氏黏度试验对废旧电池粉末改性沥青的常规性能指标进行测试；通过动态剪切流变仪（DSR）、多重应力蠕变（MSCR）试验评价废旧电池粉末改性沥青的流变特性；利用车辙试验（70℃）与短期老化前后的浸水马歇尔试验分析废旧电池粉末改性沥青混合料的高温稳定性及老化前后的水稳定性。研究结果表明：废旧电池粉末以C为主要成分，并含有极少量金属氧化物，其颗粒表面有较多的褶皱与凹槽；废旧电池粉末改性沥青表面存在"蜂巢"结构，且随着掺量增加，其粗糙度呈上升趋势，沥青针入度逐渐降低，软化点提升，延度略微降低，黏度逐渐增加；相同温度下，随着掺量增加，废旧电池粉末改性沥青的动态剪切模量G^*明显提高且始终高于70^#沥青，但略低于SBS改性沥青；废旧电池粉末改性沥青混合料动稳定度与残留稳定度逐渐增大；废旧电池粉末改性沥青的方式属于物理共混，该成分可使沥青的高温性能得到改善，改善程度未及SBS改性沥青，但相差幅度不大；废旧电池粉末改性沥青表面粗糙程度较大，意味着其拥有较大的比表面积，能增强沥青与集料间的黏附能力，从而提高了沥青混合料的高温稳定性与水稳定性。     

基于电化学热耦合模型的电动汽车电池模组热特性研究

为研究电池组的排列与布置方式对电池热特性的影响,本文中以18650锂离子电池为研究对象,建立了单体电池的电化学热力学耦合模型。利用模型仿真和实验测量获得了不同放电倍率时的电池表面温度随放电容量的变化关系,实验数据与仿真数据基本吻合,模型准确。基于单体耦合模型,分析了6×5动力电池模组的不同排列与布置方式下的热特性。结果表明:间距太小或太大均会使平均温度增加,本案例电池间距24 mm时平均温度最低;间距越大,温差越小,温度分布均匀性越好;间距一定,交叉排列散热效果优于对齐排列,且空间利用率更高。电池的排列和间距对电池散热有重要影响,锂离子动力电池组设计过程中应充分考虑。     

纯电动汽车动力电池性能测试方法研究

针对电动汽车核心部分动力电池组,建立相关的动力电池性能测试方法,通过此测试方法可获得汽车在实际运行工况下动力电池的真实性能状态,提高对动力电池性能参数的检测精度,为以后建立完整的电动汽车性能测试提供一定的参考依据。     

摩托车自动加浓阀控制方式分析(1)

由于自动加浓阀的控制方式各不相同,最终体现出来的加浓控制效果也各不相同.从目前市场上使用情况看,CDI控制加浓阀效果最好,但由于价格高且降低了CDI的可靠性,所以用量不大,仅限在个别价格较高的踏板车上使用,主流的加浓控制方式依然是磁电机输出的交流电控制;调压整流器控制加浓阀方式仅限于部分国产150mL踏板车上使用.     

Development of an Anti-Lock Brake System for Motorcycle

SUMMARY

An Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS) system is developed for motorcycles using different control laws to improve the safety during emergent braking conditions. The mechanical design problem is first investigated so as to modify a scooter to be equipped with the proposed ABS brake system and to set up experimental test stand. For ABS control, the slip control, P1R3, and P2R4 methods are used to implement the controller using an Intel 80196KC single chip microcomputer. The hard-ware-in-the-loop (HITL) simulation is also performed in PC to check the performance in various road conditions including dry and wet roads. It is found experimentally that both P1R3 and P2R4 can both achieve ABS function, but P2R4 performs more desirably than P1R3 method.     

汽车动力电池系统防爆阀的选型与理论计算

电动汽车频繁发生的起火爆炸现象一般是由锂电池系统内部的热失控现象导致的,其危害较为严重,应当引起汽车电池制造商的高度重视.安装防爆阀是一项行之有效的抑制热失控和热扩散现象的被动防御措施.防爆阀的核心作用是在电池系统内部发生热失控后能快速地将电池包内部的有毒可燃气体排到外部环境中,降低电池包内部的压力,从而防止电池包爆破...     

纯电动汽车动力电池系统的低温性能研究

以搭载三元锂电池的纯电动汽车为研究对象,对某纯电动汽车动力电池系统的低温性能进行试验研究,结果表明:续驶里程在-10℃时相比25℃时下降46%,电池荷电量为30%,-10℃时的峰值放电功率比25℃时衰减了51%,电池容量衰减11.6%。为低温环境下纯电动汽车的性能研究提供一定的依据。     

锂离子动力电池智能制造系统及应用

锂离子电池的制造工艺流程是高度复杂的系统,涉及电极材料、制造工艺和电解液的相互匹配和关联性,而这种匹配和关联性直接影响锂离子电池最终产品的性能.因此,有必要发展锂离子电池智能制造系统,加快科研成果的产业化速率.为此,提出了数据采集技术在锂离子电池生产过程的应用方法,采集生产层多通讯协议的数据,通过物联网标识技术,将最终...     

Identification of the characteristics of motorcycle and scooter tyres in the presence of large variations in inflation pressure

Stability and safety of road vehicles are largely affected by tyre properties. Single-track vehicles are characterised by weakly damped modes of vibration (weave and wobble) and therefore this phenomenon is even more important. This article focuses on the study of both steady-state and transient properties of motorcycle and scooter tyres in the presence of very low and very high inflation pressures. The steady-state properties are defined as lateral forces (side-slip and camber forces) and yaw torques (self-aligning and twisting). The transient properties are described in terms of relaxation length, which represents the distance needed to reach a certain percentage of the steady-state value of the tyre force. Experimental tests are carried out on a specific rotating disk machine. Three sets of tyres are analysed. Steady-state properties are measured by increasing step by step the values of camber and side-slip angles. Transient properties are studied carrying out tests with harmonic side-slip excitation and measuring the phase lag between the excitation (input) and the tyre force (output). Experimental results show important variations in tyre properties with inflation pressure with general trends of all the tested tyres and particular features related to the tyre's geometry. After the analysis and discussion of experimental results, the measured data are fitted by means of a specific version of the Magic Formula. The dependence of the Magic Formula's coefficients on inflation pressure is analysed and interpolation curves are given.