Application of random vibrations in evaluating the reliability of mechatronic products

• 1.(1) We have bee successful in establishing a conversion formula that can establish the random vibration test conditions based on the measured values of the peak accumulated.
• 2.(2)We learned that, not only the main components of engine vibrations, but other components are also important in the phenomena of contact wear, from the fact that the evaluation tests based on random vibrations could reproduce contact wear far better that the sime wave sweep test.

     

Comparison of fuel injection systems and a new combustion method for a direct injection two-stroke-cycle automobile engine

A study of a direct fuel injection 2-stroke engine as a new generation power unit was performed and concluded as follows.

• 1.(1) A comparison of fuel injection system candidates was made and the one-fluid high-pressure type was chosen.
• 2.(2) Adopting the high-pressure fuel system to a single-cylinder engine, stratified charge combustion was realized using the late injection.
• 3.(3) It was found that homogeneous charge combustion using the early injection would enable high power output.
• 4.(4) The “2-zone combustion” was also achieved by injecting the fuel twice within one cycle.

     

Development of new decompression brake for heavy duty diesel engine

We have developed a new decompression brake, which incorporates an original operation mechanism, in answer to user demands for more powerful brake performance. This decompression brake improves braking power by more than 50% compared with a conventional exhaust brake, when operated in tandem with an exhaust brake. The decompression brake contributes to safe driving, to alleviate driver fatigue, and to prolong brake lining life.This paper reports on the following subjects:

• 1.(1)The principle and development of the original operation system.
• 2.(2) Test results of performance and load analysis.

     

A study of recycling technology for paint-coated plastic automotive bumper

Our objective was to eliminate the harmful effect of paint films in recycled material. Our study focused on the molecular bonding in paint resin, and reached the following conclusions:

• 1.(1) The use of a modifier allows the ether linkage in the paint film to be cleaved and its molecular structure changed. This resulted in improved compatibility between the paint and the material, rendering the paint film chips harmless.
• 2.(2) Bumpers molded using modified recycled material meet requirements for mechanical properties, moldability, paintability and surface quality.
• 3.(3) A continuous process where modification and pelletization are done simulataneously in a twin-screw extruder was achieved. This reduces the number of process steps and processing time, while providing improved productivity and economies.

     

车用柴油机机械损失功率分配

采用倒拖法对SOFIM8140高速车用柴油机的机械损失功率及其分配进行了试验研究。研究结果表明，摩擦损失功率约占整机机械损失功率的60.0%，其中活塞连杆组的摩擦损失功率占整个摩擦损失功率的50.0%。对该型柴油机的机械损失功率进行了预测，为柴油机的进一步强化提供了依据。     

System power loss optimization of electric vehicle driven by front and rear induction motors

Power loss optimization aiming at the high-efficiency drive of front-and-rear-induction-motor-drive electric vehicle (FRIMDEV) as an effective way to improve energy efficiency and extend driving range is of high importance. Different from the traditional look-up table method of motor efficiency, power loss optimization of the dual- motor system based on the loss mechanism of induction motor (IM) is proposed. First of all, based on the power loss characteristic of FRIMDEV from battery to wheels, the torque distribution optimization model aiming at the minimum system power loss is put forward. Secondly, referring to d-q axis equivalent model of IM, the power loss functions of the dual-IM system are modeled. Then, the optimal torque distribution coefficient (β _o) between the two IMs is derived, and the theoretical switching condition (T _sw) between the single- and dual-motor-drive mode (SMDM and DMDM) is confirmed. Finally, a dual-motor test platform is developed. The derived torque distribution strategy is verified. The influence of motor temperature on β _o and T _sw are tested, and the correction models based on temperature difference are proposed. Based on the system power loss analysis, it can be confirmed that, under low load conditions, the SMDM takes priority over the DMDM, and the controller of the idling motor should be shut down to avoid the additional excitation loss. While under middle to high load conditions, even torque distribution (β _o = 0.5) is preferred if the temperature difference between the two IMs is small; otherwise, β _o should be corrected based on dual-motor temperatures. The theoretical T _sw derived without dealing with temperature difference is a function only of motor speed, while temperature difference correction of it should be conducted in actual operations based on motor resistance changing with temperature.     

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Verification of the German Roller Rig for Rail Vehicles*

SUMMARY

A numerical simulation model of the roller test stand located at Munich and loaded by a bogie is discussed including its technical structure, the governing physical equations of motion and the structure of the simulation program.

Both, the set up of the mathematical and numerical models time and the computation time of simulation runs have been considerably reduced (by a factor of 20) using formula manipulation programs.

Simulation results concerning the

• starting behaviour of a bogie,

• stationary limit cycle behaviour of bogies with ideal and wear profile and

• influence of gauge changes and spring/damper modifications on limit cycle behaviour of a bogie are presented, some of which are compared with experimental results gained from test facility measurements. The simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results and provide an experimental verification of the roller rig simulation model presented.

     

Automotive window seal design considering external aerodynamic load and surrogate constraint modeling

Installed between metallic DIW (Door in White) panel and nonmetallic door glass, automotive window seals has great influence on customers’ perception of NVH (Noise-Vibration-Harshness) performance. Recently, aerodynamic effect on ride comfort attracts increasing research interest. The external load causes unsteady pressure on glass, which is finally transferred to window seals and leads to complicated vibration and increases interior noise level. However, non-linearities of hyper-elastic material, rubber-glass contact and large deformation behavior make the construction of window seals constraint model much more difficult, thus impeding further analysis and optimization. A new window seal design method is proposed featuring in considering aerodynamics-induced load and nonlinear constraint. Firstly, by SST ? k ? ε (Shear Stress Transport) turbulence model, external flow field of full-scale automotive is established by solving three-dimensional, steady and uncompressible Navier-Stokes equation. With re-exploited mapping algorithm, the overall aerodynamic pressure is extracted and matched to local window as external loads for seals, thus taking into account high speed fluid-structure interaction. Secondly, based on functional equivalence and mathematical fitting, new surrogate constraint model is presented. The unitedseal CLD (Compression Load Deflection) curve is synthesized after translations and transformations from two semi-seal CLD experimental measurements of inner and outer lips. It is then fit to complex exponential function, making seal constraint equivalent to a surrogate elastic constraint with variable stiffness. Experiment is performed to verify the constraint surrogation effectiveness. Finally, case study of window seal design under high speed is investigated. After seal optimization based on the new method, windows seals’ maximal displacements have decreased. The improved seal-glass fitting status shows better NVH quality of window seal in high-speed condition.     

评估关键零件摩擦损失对发动机油耗影响的方法研究

为研究关键运动副对发动机性能的影响,以发动机摩擦功分解试验和发动机燃烧理论为基础,建立关键运动副摩擦损失和发动机油耗之间的关系式,结合实例对该计算方法进行验证。计算结果表明:在相同转速下,负荷越低运动副摩擦损失的变化对油耗的影响越敏感;在相同负荷下,除气阀机构外,其它摩擦副均是转速越高运动副摩擦功变化对油耗的影响越敏感;气阀结构恰恰相反。在各关键运动副均减小5%的摩擦损失情况下,活塞组件最高可节油1.07%;主轴承次之,最高可节油0.43%;机油泵、水泵摩擦功变化对油耗贡献最低,基本在0.1%以内。     

Load Transfer Analysis of a Bus Bay Section Under Standard Rollover Test Using <Emphasis Type="Italic">U</Emphasis>*<Subscript>M</Subscript> Index

Bus rollover accidents are receiving increasing attention due to the associated high fatality rate. In order to improve the bus structural performance during the rollover collision, it is necessary to investigate how the impact force is transferred within the bus superstructure. This paper introduced a method for studying the load transfer behavior of the bus superstructure during the standard rollover test by using the U * _M index. A bus bay section was used as the sample structure to demonstrate the proposed method. The result of the paper reveals that the load transfer analysis based on the U * _M index can provide engineers with the insight of the structural issues and the direction to improve the structural performance, which cannot be accomplished through the conventional finite element analysis.     

Assessment of a semi-Hertzian method for determination of wheel–rail contact patch

Wheel–rail contact calculations are essential for simulating railway vehicle dynamic behavior. Currently, these simulations usually use the Hertz contact theory to calculate normal forces and Kalker's ‘FASTSIM’ program to evaluate tangential stresses. Since 1996, new methods called semi-Hertzian have appeared: 5 Kik, W. and Piotrowski, J. A fast approximate method to calculate normal load at contact between wheel and rail and creep forces during rolling. Paper presented at the 2nd Mini-conference on Contact Mechanics and Wear of Rail/Wheel Systems. July29–31, Budapest.  [Google Scholar] 7 Ayasse, J. B., Chollet, H. and Maupu, J. L. 2000. Paramètres caractéristiques du contact roue-rail. Rapport de Recherche INRETS n225, ISSN 0768–9756 (in French) [Google Scholar] (STRIPES). These methods attempt to estimate the non-elliptical contact patches with a discrete extension of the Hertz theory. As a continuation of 2 Ayasse, J. B and Chollet, H. 2005. Determination of the wheel–rail contact patch in semi-Hertzian conditions. Vehicle System Dynamics, 43(3) [Google Scholar], a validation of the STRIPES method for normal problem computing on three test cases is proposed in this article. The test cases do not fulfill the hypothesis required for the Hertz theory. Then, the Kalker's FASTSIM algorithm is adapted to STRIPES patch calculus to perform tangential forces computation. This adaptation is assessed using Kalker's CONTACT algorithm.     

Effect of Charge Density on Spray Characteristics,Combustion Process,and Emissions of Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines

In-cylinder charge density at top dead center is an important parameter of diesel engines and is influenced by intake pressure, intake temperature, and compression ratio. The effects of charge density on fuel spray, combustion process, and emissions were investigated by using a constant volume bomb and a heavy-duty diesel engine. Spray development resistance increased with the increase of the charge density in the constant volume bomb. It was found that short spray penetration was accompanied by a large spray cone angle in the former stage with high charge density. However, the equivalence ratio was lowered and the degree of homogeneity of the mixture was increased in the later stage owing to the rapid interaction of fuel and gas at a high mixing rate. Combining the first law of thermodynamics and the second law of thermodynamics for analysis, as the charge density increased, the gross indicated thermal efficiency (ITEg) was improved. However, pumping loss had to be considered with higher charge density. Under this condition, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) trend was increased initially and decreased subsequently. Under high-load operation (1200 r/min BMEP, 2.0 MPa), the minimum charge density value of 44.8 kg/m³ was found to be reasonable. This charge density was suitable for combustion and brought about minimum exhaust energy and trade-off emissions. Moreover, by analyzing two operation conditions in terms of the maximum BTE with the Miller and the conventional cycles, compression temperature and combustion temperature were reduced in the Miller cycle with the charge density 44.8 kg/m³. A high C_p/C_v could improve the cylinder exergy/power conversion process by its positive effect of increasing the specific heat ratio. Owing to the interaction between a high C_p/C_v and exergy loss to heat transfer, the condition with the minimal charge density could produce more piston work.     

三效催化转化器压力损失对发动机性能的影响

采用计算流体动力学软件对三效催化转化器(TWC)流场和压力损失进行了数值模拟，并对原机与安装TWC后发动机的特性曲线进行了对比试验。结果表明：发动机的转速越高，即TWC的入口流速越大、流速分布越不均匀，压力损失越大；压力损失使发动机的排气背压升高，引起充气效率下降；高速时充气效果明显下降，发动机的动力性和燃油经济性降低。     

Influence of the accelerating operation mechanism on the combustion noise in DI-diesel engines

This paper focuses on the mechanisms of combustion noise during the accelerating operation of multi-cylinder diesel engines using testing technology for the transient conditions of IC engines. Based on impact factors, such as the gas dynamic load and cylinder pressure oscillations, tests and analysis of the combustion noise during transient and steady-state conditions for different loads are made on four-cylinder naturally aspirated engines, turbocharged engines, EGR-introduced engines, and high pressure common rail engines. The laws of combustion noise difference for the same engine speed and load are researched during transient and steady-state conditions. It is found that during transient conditions, the maximum pressure rise rate and the high frequency oscillation amplitude of the cylinder pressure are all higher than those observed during steadystate conditions for the same engine speed and load. With their joint action, the combustion noise during transient conditions is greater than that during steady-state conditions. Turbocharging is useful in reducing the combustion noise during transient conditions. Turbocharging has a better effect on the control over the combustion noise during transient conditions with a constant engine speed and an increasing torque than in conditions with a constant torque and an increasing engine speed. One of the main reasons for different control effects on the combustion noise is that turbocharging causes different wall temperatures inside combustion chambers. The introduction of the appropriate EGR is helpful in the reduction of the combustion noise during transient conditions. The key to the control of combustion noise with EGR during transient conditions is whether a real-time adjustment to the EGR rate can be made to achieve the optimization of the EGR rates for different transient conditions. By means of analyzing the differences in the combustion noise between the transient and steady-state conditions for different pilot injection controls, we obtain a strategy for controlling the combustion noise during transient conditions with a pilot injection. Compared with the steady-state conditions, a larger pilot injection quantity and a longer interval between the main injection and pilot injection should be selected for transient conditions, and this is verified through tests.     

纳米陶瓷添加剂在可生物降解基础油中的抗磨性能研究

以生物降解能力强且综合性能好的菜籽油作为基础油,以极压和抗磨性能较好的纳米材料作为添加剂,采用MS-800型四球磨损试验机对试验油极压特性、抗磨性能和摩擦因数进行了研究,分析不同纳米陶瓷添加量对其性能的影响;通过现有润滑油性能的对比,采用均匀设计安排试验,应用SPSS软件对纳米材料与其他添加剂的配伍性进行了回归分析。结果表明：纳米陶瓷添加剂的加入使菜籽油的摩擦性能显著提高,且加入比例得当能满足润滑油的要求;当纳米陶瓷的添加量（质量分数）为1.5%时,相应的最大无卡咬负荷PB值最高达646.8N,磨斑直径最小达0.59mm,摩擦因数最大可降低27%;纳米陶瓷与其他添加剂的复配以及相互作用可提高菜籽油的极压和抗磨性能。     

汽车离合器压盘热变形和热应力的有限元分析

采用有限元法，对φ２４０膜片弹簧离合器（与五十铃４ＢＣ１发动机，ＮＪ１０６１的Ｄ４３３Ａ发动机配套）压盘在热载荷下的变形和应力进行了分析计算，分析表明，压盘变形后摩擦面呈锥形，从而使用摩擦面积减小，作用半径减小，不利于转矩的传递，因此在设计时应充分考虑。     

某大功率柴油机机械损失试验研究

为了获得某大功率柴油机的机械损失随机油温度和转速的变化规律以及各系统的机械损失组成比例,采用倒拖法进行了机械损失试验研究。试验表明,同一转速下,机油温度每升高10℃,平均机械损失压力减小约0.01 MPa;将倒拖法测得的机械损失通过Chen-Flynn模型进行修正,和油耗线法测得的平均机械损失压力相比,倒拖法更为准确;获得了各系统的机械损失分配比例,其中活塞连杆组的机械损失所占比例最大,活塞平均速度为11.7m/s时所占机械损失比例达65.5%。     

Aerodynamic coastdown analysis of a passenger car for various configurations

Experimental coastdown analysis were performed on a full scale passenger car model FIAT Linea to obtain the drag coefficients for three different test configurations as engine-cooling airflow closed with smooth underbody, enginecooling airflow closed with detailed underbody, and engine-cooling airflow open with detailed underbody. The comparison of the drag coefficients for all three coastdown configurations were in good agreement with the CFD results and FIAT wind tunnel results. The coastdown tests predicted the model drag coefficients 5.3 % to 7.8 % less than FIAT wind tunnel drag coefficients for three test configurations. The contribution of the engine-cooling airflow and the detailed underbody configuration on the total drag coefficient were measured as 9.6 % ~ 10.4 % and 14.6 % ~ 16.7 %, respectively in the coastdown, FIAT wind tunnel tests and CFD analysis. In the CFD analysis,steady RANS equations were solved by STAR-CCM+ code. The turbulence model was selected as realizable k-ε two layer model. Model surface pressure contours were compared for all three test.     

Development of active front wheel steering control system keeping stable region in driving phase diagram

This paper presents a new active steering control system based on driving phase diagram (β _fr ?δ _f diagram). In order to make state variables to follow those of nominal vehicle model that was developed under no consideration of disturbance, Quadratic Programming Problem (QPP) is formulated, where time varying objective function minimizes the differences between nominal and actual parameters. The steering characteristic in active steering control system changes when the vehicle faces disturbance such as crosswind and flat tire, and driver tries to counteract it after recognizing the change. The proposed method defines a stability region on β _fr ?δ _f diagram. In order to make β _fr and δ _f remain in the stability region, a new model predictive controller is proposed. While conventional controllers are restrictive to satisfy the β _fr ?δ _f diagram based stability condition, the proposed controller ensures solution space and also plays a direct role to minimize the evaluation function in the constrained optimal control problem.