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为了提高智能汽车的主动安全性,提出3种不同的自动紧急转向避撞跟踪控制方法。首先建立汽车避撞简化模型,对制动、转向及两者相结合的3种不同避撞方式进行对比分析。其次,为深入研究汽车避撞过程中的实际响应,建立包含转向、制动及悬架3个子系统耦合特性的底盘18自由度统一动力学模型,并进行相关试验验证。随后构建智能汽车自动紧急转向避撞控制框架,对五次多项式参考路径和七次多项式参考路径的横摆角速度和横摆角加速度进行对比分析。接着以线性2自由度转向动力学模型为参考对象,对最优控制四轮转向、最优控制前轮转向、前馈与反馈控制相结合的前轮转向3种不同的跟踪控制系统分别进行设计。最后,以汽车底盘18自由度统一动力学模型为研究对象,对上述3种避撞控制系统进行仿真试验对比分析。研究结果表明:与制动避撞相比而言,转向避撞所需的纵向距离有较大降低,随着车速的增加和路面附着系数的越低,效果越明显;七次多项式参考路径比五次多项式参考路径的避撞过渡过程更为平缓,当实际车速与控制器所用车速不一致时,前者避撞性能表现更优;最优四轮转向控制系统在高、低2种不同附着路面都具有较好的避撞效果,最优前轮转向控制系统次之,而前馈与反馈相结合的前轮转向控制系统在低附着路面上则表现出严重的失稳。 相似文献
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针对现有运动规划算法大多只考虑障碍车当前状态,本文中提出一种基于前车运动轨迹预测的高速车辆运动规划算法。首先,融合考虑驾驶意图与基于车辆运动模型的方法对前车轨迹进行预测;然后,采用贝塞尔曲线(Bezier)规划主车运动轨迹,结合避撞过程中与前车碰撞风险概率,高速避撞车辆速度变化特点以及车辆运动稳定性等因素建立目标函数,并考虑车辆动力学与运动学约束,使用序列二次规划(SQP)方法对Bezier曲线的控制点和主车运动目标点位置进行优化求解,得到最优避撞运动轨迹;最后,以前车直行和换道两种工况为例,对主车的避撞运动轨迹进行规划,分析不同工况下主车避撞过程中的运动状态变化以及与前车碰撞风险概率变化。结果表明,所提出的运动规划算法能够保证车辆的避撞安全性与运动稳定性。 相似文献
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Vignesh Rajaram 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》2016,54(7):871-901
An important aspect from the perspective of operational safety of heavy road vehicles is the detection and avoidance of collisions, particularly at high speeds. The development of a collision avoidance system is the overall focus of the research presented in this paper. The collision avoidance algorithm was developed using a sliding mode controller (SMC) and compared to one developed using linear full state feedback in terms of performance and controller effort. Important dynamic characteristics such as load transfer during braking, tyre-road interaction, dynamic brake force distribution and pneumatic brake system response were considered. The effect of aerodynamic drag on the controller performance was also studied. The developed control algorithms have been implemented on a Hardware-in-Loop experimental set-up equipped with the vehicle dynamic simulation software, IPG/TruckMaker®. The evaluation has been performed for realistic traffic scenarios with different loading and road conditions. The Hardware-in-Loop experimental results showed that the SMC and full state feedback controller were able to prevent the collision. However, when the discrepancies in the form of parametric variations were included, the SMC provided better results in terms of reduced stopping distance and lower controller effort compared to the full state feedback controller. 相似文献
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汽车防追尾碰撞数学模型研究 总被引:10,自引:2,他引:10
为了提高车辆在高速行驶状态下的主动安全性能,研究了处于追尾行驶状态的本车与前车的运动学特征;针对前车的不同运动状态分别推导出了跟车距离的计算模型并分析了模型中3个关键参数的随机性和动态性,对制动迟滞时间提出了基于模糊推理的确定方法,对本车制动减速度和前车的运动加速度提出了比较实用的动态测算公式;另外,研究了防追尾碰撞的控制与执行,建立了动态调整安全制动停车距离的神经网络模型,提出了基于危险裕度判别的安全控制方法。 相似文献
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Hongliang Yuan Xuewei Sun 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》2019,57(8):1188-1205
ABSTRACTCollision avoidance is a crucial function for all ground vehicles, and using integrated chassis systems to support the driver presents a growing opportunity in active safety. With actuators such as in-wheel electric motors, active front steer and individual wheel brake control, there is an opportunity to develop integrated chassis systems that fully support the driver in safety critical situations. Here we consider the scenario of an impending frontal collision with a stationary or slower moving vehicle in the same driving lane. Traditionally, researchers have approached the required collision avoidance manoeuver as a hierarchical scheme, which separates the decision-making, path planning and path tracking. In this context, a key decision is whether to perform straight-line braking, or steer to change lanes, or indeed perform combined braking and steering. This paper approaches the collision avoidance directly from the perspective of constrained dynamic optimisation, using a single optimisation procedure to cover these aspects within a single online optimisation scheme of model predictive control (MPC). While the new approach is demonstrated in the context of a fully autonomous safety system, it is expected that the same approach can incorporate driver inputs as additional constraints, yielding a flexible and coherent driver assistance system. 相似文献
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Yangyan Gao Timothy Gordon Mathias Lidberg 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》2019,57(8):1224-1240
ABSTRACTThis paper considers the problem of collision avoidance for road vehicles, operating at the limits of friction. A two-level modelling and control methodology is proposed, with the upper level using a friction-limited particle model for motion planning, and the lower level using a nonlinear 3DOF model for optimal control allocation. Motion planning adopts a two-phase approach: the first phase is to avoid the obstacle, the second is to recover lane keeping with minimal additional lateral deviation. This methodology differs from the more standard approach of path-planning/path-following, as there is no explicit path reference used; the control reference is a target acceleration vector which simultaneously induces changes in direction and speed. The lower level control distributes vehicle targets to the brake and steer actuators via a new and efficient method, the Modified Hamiltonian Algorithm (MHA). MHA balances CG acceleration targets with yaw moment tracking to preserve lateral stability. A nonlinear 7DOF two-track vehicle model confirms the overall validity of this novel methodology for collision avoidance. 相似文献
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为提升汽车的主动安全,对车辆自动紧急制动系统控制策略进行研究。利用分层控制的思想对控制策略进行建模,上层控制器为对车辆制动减速度进行决策的预碰撞时间模型,根据汽车追尾事故深度调查的驾驶员紧急制动数据分析制动系统的制动减速度,在考虑舒适性的条件下确定预碰撞时间阈值。下层控制器按照上层控制器输出的制动减速度,分析车辆轮胎模型和制动系统的关系,通过PID控制调节制动压力对车辆进行控制。在安全评价规程标准工况下验证控制策略的可靠性,通过追尾事故场景的重建来验证控制策略的有效性。仿真结果表明:设计的控制策略在相对车速65 km/h以内时能有效避撞,而高于65 km/h时能最大程度地降低碰撞车速,减小伤害。 相似文献
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为了实现不同行驶工况下车速的精确、稳定控制,提出一种基于非线性干扰观测器的无人驾驶机器人车辆模糊滑模车速控制方法。考虑模型不确定性和外部干扰对车速控制的影响,建立车辆纵向动力学模型。通过分析无人驾驶机器人油门机械腿、制动机械腿的结构、机械腿操纵自动挡车辆踏板的运动,建立油门机械腿和制动机械腿的运动学模型。在此基础上,分别设计油门/制动切换控制器、油门模糊滑模控制器以及制动模糊滑模控制器,并进行控制系统的稳定性分析。油门/制动切换控制器以目标车速的导数为输入来进行油门与制动之间的切换控制。油门模糊滑模控制器和制动模糊滑模控制器以当前车速以及车速误差为输入,分别以油门机械腿直线电机位移和制动机械腿直线电机位移为输出来实现对油门与制动的控制。模糊滑模控制器中,为了减少控制抖振,滑模控制的反馈增益系数由模糊逻辑进行在线调节。模糊滑模控制器中的非线性干扰观测器用于估计和补偿无人驾驶机器人车辆的模型不确定性与外部干扰。仿真及试验结果对比分析表明:本文方法能够精确地估计和补偿无人驾驶机器人车辆的模型不确定性和外部干扰,避免了油门控制与制动控制之间的频繁切换,并实现了精确稳定的车速控制。 相似文献
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为了减少道路行人与车辆碰撞,智能辅助驾驶系统采用行人检测与预警方式提醒驾驶人,从而降低人车碰撞风险.但在驾驶人意识模糊时,这种方式存在一定的不可靠性.以行人检测和碰撞风险预警为基础,基于车辆动力学模型提出一种智能车辆制动控制系统.在该系统中,通过视频传感器和图像的方向梯度直方图(HOG)特征,结合SVM识别算法,在大量图像样本量的前提下对行人进行目标识别与跟踪;运用碰撞风险识别与预警算法对最危险目标碰撞态势进行实时判断;采用车辆动力学模型开发的车速分级控制器实现车辆速度的自适应控制,实现不同风险状态下的车速智能控制.实车实验结果表明,基于该方法开发的系统能够快速并精准地检测行人,动态情况下行人识别准确率达到89%;基于风险预警判断进行车辆安全平稳的紧急制动,实现危险碰撞态势下的辅助操作,从而降低车辆与行人之间的碰撞概率. 相似文献
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鉴于传统电子液压制动系统连续制动易产生"热衰退"现象,结构缺陷导致的制动响应慢,制动系统与电控系统衔接差等缺点,提出了一种基于混杂自动机模型的电磁与摩擦集成制动方法。首先分析集成制动器制动时的工作特点以及不同情况下对应的工作模式(纯电磁制动、纯摩擦制动以及集成制动),并确定3种制动模式的切换条件,通过逻辑门限算法将其实现。根据制动时车辆既具有连续运动状态又有离散状态的混杂特性,使用MATLAB/Stateflow建立基于制动模式切换系统的推广自动机模型,并根据制动模式切换控制策略,对3种制动模式切换进行试验,验证制动模式切换控制策略的合理性。最后选取车辆制动初速度为28 m·s-1的直线制动工况,分别在高附着系数(0.85)以及低附着系数(0.3)的路面条件下,通过试验平台对控制算法和制动系统性能进行试验验证。研究结果表明:所提出的汽车混杂理论模型以及优化方法在在低附着系数(0.3)路面条件下,集成制动方法较传统液压制动系统缩短5.12%的制动距离,缩短制动时间0.3 s;在高附着系数(0.85)路面条件下,集成制动方法较传统液压制动系统缩短5.66%的制动距离,缩短制动时间0.2 s,能有效提高制动效能。 相似文献
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D. H. Lee S. K. Kim C. S. Kim K. S. Huh 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2014,15(2):341-346
An autonomous braking system is designed using the prediction of the stopping distance. The stopping distance needs to be determined by considering several factors such as the desired deceleration and the speed of the hydraulic brake actuator. In particular, the actuator speed is very critical because it affects the shape of the deceleration response and it determines the accuracy of the predicted stopping distance. The autonomous braking control algorithm is designed based on the predicted stopping distance. The proposed autonomous braking system has been validated in autonomous vehicle tests and demonstrates that the subject vehicle can avoid the collision effectively. 相似文献
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《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》2012,50(6):812-832
This paper describes a risk management algorithm for rear-side collision avoidance. The proposed risk management algorithm consists of a supervisor and a coordinator. The supervisor is designed to monitor collision risks between the subject vehicle and approaching vehicle in the adjacent lane. An appropriate criterion of intervention, which satisfies high acceptance to drivers through the consideration of a realistic traffic, has been determined based on the analysis of the kinematics of the vehicles in longitudinal and lateral directions. In order to assist the driver actively and increase driver's safety, a coordinator is designed to combine lateral control using a steering torque overlay by motor-driven power steering and differential braking by vehicle stability control. In order to prevent the collision while limiting actuator's control inputs and vehicle dynamics to safe values for the assurance of the driver's comfort, the Lyapunov theory and linear matrix inequalities based optimisation methods have been used. The proposed risk management algorithm has been evaluated via simulation using CarSim and MATLAB/Simulink. 相似文献
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为了弥补现有汽车避撞控制策略以及碰撞风险评价指标单一的不足,提出转向和制动协调的主动避撞控制系统。首先规划了五次多项式换道路径,在对其理论分析的基础上得到转向临界避撞距离和与目标车道车辆的安全距离约束。其次,考虑道路附着系数和系统延迟的影响,基于制动过程给出制动临界避撞距离,并以纵向行驶安全系数ξ和碰撞时间倒数T-1TC划分安全行驶区域,利用驾驶人实车跟车数据标定稳态跟随/定速巡航区域的阈值。随后,通过转向/制动临界避撞距离的对比给出2种避撞方式的安全收益范围。最后搭建Simulink/CarSim联合仿真模型,并对其进行不同初始条件下的避撞仿真试验。研究结果表明:转向操作在制动距离不足时仍是有效的;当主车高速近距离接近静止前车时,主车可以顺利采取转向换道动作,而常规ACC系统在2.5 s处的车间相对距离为-0.76 m,事实上已经发生了碰撞;当相邻车道前车与主车纵向间距不满足换道安全距离约束时,避撞控制系统进入紧急制动模式,最大制动减速度达到-0.8g(g为重力加速度),实际最小车间距为5.1 m;通过转向和制动的协调动作,充分发挥了车辆的避撞潜力;ξ和T-1TC指标的融合,可以更好地评估碰撞风险并实现不同控制模式的转换,在保证行车安全的同时可避免过分制动给乘客造成的紧张感。 相似文献