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1.
A new automated quality control system for oceanic temperature and temperature–salinity profiles is presented. Substantial development was needed for some of the quality control algorithms although the checks were based on documented procedures used elsewhere where appropriate. A new automated ship track check was developed: the results of an undetected position error can be very damaging to ocean analyses. Also important is a check against a gridded background, this can be a climatology but near the surface it is advantageous to use an estimate that is evolving over time. Bayesian probability theory is used in the background check and the associated check against nearby observations (buddy check). The system was used to process archive data for 1956–2004. As a by-product monthly model-free objective analyses for this period were produced. Versions of the system are used for near-real time ocean analysis and for initialising both short-range ocean forecasts and seasonal atmosphere–ocean forecasts. The main features of the oceanic observing systems are presented along with quality control statistics, examples of errors that can occur and some additional problematic cases. 相似文献
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This article introduces a theme issue of the Coastal Management Journal comprising a set of articles on the potential economic benefits from new investments in coastal ocean observing systems. We describe a methodology to estimate these benefits, and apply this methodology to generate preliminary estimates of such benefits. The approach focuses on coastal ocean observing information within ten geographic regions encompassing all coastal waters of the United States, and within a wide range of industrial and recreational activities including recreational fishing and boating, beach recreation, maritime transportation, search and rescue operations, spill response, marine hazards prediction, offshore energy, power generation, and commercial fishing. Our findings suggest that annual benefits to users are likely to run in the multiple $100s of millions of dollars. The project results should be considered first-order estimates that are subject to considerable refinement as the parameters of regional observing systems are better defined, and as our understanding of user sectors improves. 相似文献
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Yoichi Ishikawa Toshiyuki Awaji Takahiro Toyoda Teiji In Kei Nishina Tomoharu Nakayama Shigeki Shima Shuhei Masuda 《Journal of Marine Systems》2009,78(2):237
A data assimilation system is applied to the integrated monitoring of oceanic states in the northwestern North Pacific by combining a high resolution ocean general circulation model with an adjoint method. A comparison of assimilation results with observations shows that the system is better able to represent synoptic features of ocean circulation than do models or data alone. Furthermore, meso-scale features associated with frontal structures and eddies, which are often seen in the Kuroshio and Oyashio extension regions and the Sea of Japan, are better defined in the assimilation results. These features suggest that our 4D-VAR high-resolution data assimilation system is capable of providing time series data which satisfy the model physics and fit the observations, and hence the ocean state derived from our system has greater information content than that obtained from earlier methods. 相似文献
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A real time assimilation and forecasting system for coastal currents is presented. The purpose of the system is to deliver current analyses and forecasts on based on assimilation of high-frequency radar surface current measurements. The local Vessel Traffic Service monitoring the ship traffic to two oil terminals on the coast of Norway received the analyses and forecasts in real time.A new assimilation method based on optimal interpolation is presented where spatial covariances derived from an ocean model are used instead of simplified mathematical formulations. An array of high frequency radar antennae provides the current measurements. A suite of nested ocean models comprises the model system. The observing system is found to yield good analyses and short range forecasts that are significantly improved compared to a model twin without assimilation. The system is fast, analysis and 6-h forecasts are ready at the Vessel Traffic Service 45 min after acquisition of radar measurements. 相似文献
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Young-Kyung Yoon 《WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs》2011,10(1):25-43
Ocean data determining the state of the ocean are required for various purposes. The data are needed to understand the ocean
and its interrelation, for instance, with the climate as well as to provide information and benefits for numerous sectors,
such as for the coastal protection or pollution control. In order to meet the multiple needs for ocean information, a global
and sustained system for ocean observation activities is necessary. Steps towards such a global system have been taken within
the last decades, especially by setting up the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). However, the existing international structures
and systems have been lacking governmental support and are held to be insufficient. In this context, the questions are raised
whether states are already required by international law to observe and monitor the ocean and to cooperate in doing so and
whether states are even obliged to contribute to international ocean observing programmes. Although to some extent, states’
obligations can be found in international conventions, such as in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), they cannot
meet all the various needs for ocean data. Specific and substantive obligations in international law meeting the multiple
needs for ocean data are, however, required. If such obligations were included in the UNCLOS, issues relating to Marine Scientific
Research would have to be kept in mind. Another option of creating specific commitments could be seen in a new agreement relating
to the GOOS. 相似文献
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Jun Han Akira Asada Tamaki Ura Yukinaga Yamauchi Yasunobu Yagita Toshihiko Maki 《Journal of Marine Science and Technology》2007,12(3):183-189
A new and effective seafloor geodetic observing robot network system, which consists of several submarine stations situated
in regions susceptible to interplate earthquakes, has been proposed and is under construction in Japan. Each station, equipped
with an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) dock, is connected to a land facility by cables providing power and communication.
Near the AUV dock, three or four seafloor reference stations will be set up for geodetic observations. In this system, a noncontact
power supply is required for a battery-driven AUV to conduct observations for extended durations. A small, intelligent, efficient,
high-power noncontact feed system of 400 W capacity with an inverting efficiency of 77% in salt water has been developed.
It has been shown to be effective in a water tank experiment in which the noncontact power supply automatically fed power
to an AUV for 3 days. 相似文献
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Assessment of sea surface temperature observational networks in the Baltic Sea and North Sea 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The satellite and in situ Sea Surface Temperature (SST) observational networks in the Baltic Sea and North Sea are evaluated based on the quality of the gridded SST products generated from the networks. A multi-indicator approach is applied in the assessment. It includes evaluation of data quality, effective data coverage, field reconstruction error and model nowcast error. The results show that the best available full-coverage SST product is generated by assimilating the SST observations to obtain a yearly mean model bias of 0.07 °C and RMSE of 0.64 °C. The effective data coverage rate is 31% by using AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) data from NOAA (National Ocean and Atmosphere Administration) satellites 12, 14 and 16. The data redundancy increases rapidly with the number of infrared sensors. Using either NOAA satellite 12 or all 3 satellites makes a small difference with regard to derived effective coverage and the ocean model nowcast error. The influence of using the in situ SST observations in the SST field reconstruction is negligibly small. Instead, the major role of in situ SST observations is in calibrating the satellite observations. To study the relative importance of data quality and data coverage, an assessment is done for two satellite products: one product is based entirely on NOAA 12 data and has larger coverage but lower quality. The other product is a subset of the SAF products (derived from NOAA 14 and 16) and has lower coverage but higher quality. Based on current monitoring, modelling and assimilation technology, the results suggest that the data quality is an important factor in further improving the quality of the gridded SST products. Recommendations are made for possible further improvements of the existing SST observational networks. 相似文献
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Gunnar K. Sletmo 《Maritime Policy and Management》2013,40(3):189-205
This United States stands alone amongst the nations of the world in its attempt to unilaterally regulate transnational ocean linear services. The major reason for current US regularity policies with regard to scheduled ocean transportation lies in its fundamental distruct of any form of co-operation amongst competitors as demonstrated by its history of antitrust legislation. The linear industry, because of its unique technical and economic charectersitics has given rise to the establishment of ocean conferences—co ordinating sgreements between the operators of linear vessels. Whilst ocean conferences are permitted—even encouraged—by the their most diluted form, the so-called ‘open conferences. This Paper offers a critical review of Successive US regulatory practices in maritime transport. It is argued that these practices result in excess costs in US trades to the order of $1 billion annually, and that the linear industry‘s efficient functioning is seriously impaired by these rules-rules imposed by a government administration which fails to recognize that the linear industry‘s technical efficiency is of far greater importance than its market performance. 相似文献
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M. Dahmani 《Maritime Policy and Management》2013,40(4):265-273
Petroleum and related goods account for an enormous share of international maritime trade. For the United States, the world's largest energy consumer, imports of petroleum and related products are a vital connection to foreign suppliers. This paper illustrates cartographically the geographic structure of imports of three major petroleum-related commodities—crude petroleum, refined petroleum products, and natural gas—and their changes in the 1980s. Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient analyses reveal a modest deconcentration of crude petroleum within the US port system, an increasing concentration of petroleum products, and a relatively volatile geography of natural gas imports. 相似文献
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唐山港京唐港区海域的风、波浪统计分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
根据在京唐港区建设过程中从港区附近海洋站收集的历史风速、风向、短期波浪观测资料和对上述资料进行的统计,分析港区附近的风、波浪等动力条件及其分布特征,并根据历史天气图推算不同重现期的设计波浪,分析设计波浪要素的变化情况. 相似文献
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A. Alvarez A. Orfila G. Basterretxea J. Tintor G. Vizoso A. Fornes 《Journal of Marine Systems》2007,65(1-4):299
Relatively long term time series of satellite data are nowadays available. These spatio–temporal time series of satellite observations can be employed to build empirical models, called satellite based ocean forecasting (SOFT) systems, to forecast certain aspects of future ocean states. The forecast skill of SOFT systems predicting the sea surface temperature (SST) at sub-basin spatial scale (from hundreds to thousand kilometres), has been extensively explored in previous works. Thus, these works were mostly focussed on predicting large scale patterns spatially stationary. At spatial scales smaller than sub-basin (from tens to hundred kilometres), spatio–temporal variability is more complex and propagating structures are frequently present. In this case, traditional SOFT systems based on Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) decompositions could not be optimal prediction systems. Instead, SOFT systems based on Complex Empirical Orthogonal Functions (CEOFs) are, a priori, better candidates to resolve these cases.In this work we study and compare the performance of an EOF and CEOF based SOFT systems forecasting the SST at weekly time scales of a propagating mesoscale structure. The SOFT system was implemented in an area of the Northern Balearic Sea (Western Mediterranean Sea) where a moving frontal structure is recurrently observed. Predictions from both SOFT systems are compared with observations and with the predictions obtained from persistence models. Results indicate that the implemented SOFT systems are superior in terms of predictability to persistence. No substantial differences have been found between the EOF and CEOF-SOFT systems. 相似文献
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Cheng-Chien Liu Chih-Hua Chang Ching-Gung Wen Ching-Hsiang Huang Jia-Jang Hung James T. Liu 《Journal of Marine Systems》2009,76(4):496
Mapping the water constituents from remotely sensed ocean color data enables a better understanding of the dispersal patterns of river-borne substances in the Gaoping (formerly spelled Kaoping) River, Shelf and Canyon (KPRSC) system. Based on twelve MODIS-Aqua images in the KPRSC region taken in 2005, we apply a newly developed GA-SA approach to derive maps of chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a), colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and non-algal particle/detritus/mineral (NAP). The results demonstrated that the different characteristics of Chl-a, CDOM and NAP make them ideal tracers for observing large-scale dispersal patterns. With ancillary information of averaged daily precipitation, the daily wind field obtained from QuikSCAT (Quick Scatterometer), and the 8-day composite of the temperature field obtained from MODIS-Aqua, we categorized the surface dispersal patterns as coastal, northwestward and frontal patterns. Also, for the first time, we observed a sudden increase of biomass on a large scale from a pair of ocean color images taken over only a 2-day interval. Another remarkable feature is the interaction between the southeastward flow and the intrusion of the Kuroshio Branch, resulting in complicated patterns with various scales of vortex structures and current fronts. The observed features could be used for model validation of the flow field of the KPRSC system. 相似文献
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针对海上环境气候复杂,模拟困难等原因,本系统在基于OSG三维渲染引擎的基础上,借助OsgOcean场景实现了第一视角的海洋场景漫游,包括船舶模型的调换,天气变化,键盘事件响应来控制船舶运动。首先通过将OSG视景窗口嵌入MFC框架下,并在OSG核心类cOSG中响应海洋场景的生成;其次在模型节点中通过添加和移除节点,动态实现船舶模型的加载和转换,然后通过天空盒中阳光在海面产生的不同光照效果,利用着色器,渲染不同气候下海面的颜色;最后通过OSG三维渲染引擎中的粒子效果,将自定义粒子模块实时加载到场景中,用来模拟大自然中的雨、雪效果。 相似文献
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构建船舶与海洋工程数字化性能平台促进科技自主创新 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
作为对船舶设计基础共性技术研发的一种思考,提出构建“船舶与海洋工程数字化性能平台”的设想。这一性能平台是以信息化、数字化为核心,以虚拟技术、网络协同、远程交互技术为手段,开放式和加盟式一体化的综合集成系统。在这种数字化性能平台上,运用计算流体动力学方法,可以全面地对船舶的安全性能、综合航行性能和海洋工程结构物的流体动力特性进行预报、评估和优化,成为新型舰船、新型海洋平台和海洋结构物研究开发的重要工具和手段,促进船型开发和设计的自主创新。 相似文献
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随着海洋石油开采和矿产资源开发的日益升温,海洋作业工程船的市场需求越来越大。大型起重船工程船的船员配置和工作环境较为特殊,空调系统的设置同常规船舶相比有不同要求。以3 000 t自航起重船的空调系统为例,介绍了此类工程船的设计思路,供读者参考。 相似文献