江苏沿海滩涂资源利用现状及其存在的问题

沿海滩涂是江苏重要的后备土地资源,滩涂围垦在为江苏沿海经济发展、缓解人口增长压力、保持耕地总量动态平衡等方面做出重要贡献的同时,对沿海湿地及生态系统也带来了一定的影响。文章主要介绍了江苏沿海滩涂开发利用现状和围垦开发后期所带来的一系列问题,并从土地可持续利用的角度初步探讨了滩涂资源合理开发利用的对策和建议。     

Public Stakeholders' Perception of ICZM and Coastal Erosion in the Mediterranean

The Mediterranean area plays a pivotal role within the definition and implementation of regional strategies for integrated coastal zone management (ICZM). Under the umbrella of the Regional Framework Operation BeachMed-e, a research project was carried out in five Mediterranean EU regions (East Macedonia and Thrace in Greece, Lazio, Liguria, and Emilia Romagna in Italy and Languedoc-Roussillon in France), in order to study the different approaches to ICZM that have been applied and also to test new approaches to these regions. The aim of this article is to present and discuss the results of the common surveys conducted in order to investigate the institutional stakeholders’ perception on ICZM in the five Mediterranean regions considered. The results are presented region by region, while comparisons are carried out among regions. Summarizing the results it can be stated that some differences and common problems affecting the coastal decision-makers of the five Mediterranean regions considered were identified. Particularly, stakeholders involved in coastal management generally perceived a lack of collaboration and a poor information exchange in all the regions, resulting sometimes in a lack of awareness on coastal erosion issues.     

滨海核电厂冷却水排水建筑物布置的应用研究

冷却水排水建筑物布置是滨海核电厂水工建筑物布置设计中的关键问题,排水建筑物不仅确保核电厂冷却水系统正常运行,同时保护核电厂免受风暴潮危害影响。通过对已建滨海核电厂冷却水排水建筑物布置特点进行分类阐述,为排水建筑物布置设计提供工程应用参考。     

U.S. Coastal Flood Insurance,Risk Perception,and Sea-Level Rise: A Perspective

This article uses coastal flood insurance policy in the United States to discuss the influence of historical and existing policy frameworks on the development of new policy directions in coastal management within a context of risk perception. It is presumed that under conditions of current and future sea-level rise, coastal planning will have to develop forward-looking policy instruments focused on managing human expectations, particularly the expectations of those living along the coast. Planning will be supported, in large part, by evolving scientific evidence on sea-level rise and the attendant hazards that accompany this phenomenon. It is likely that policy proposals for future coastal management will deviate to some degree from previous management practices. The role of previous management practices in supporting a perception of risk that deviates from actual risks is explored using historical and current coastal flood insurance policy in the United States as an example. The goal of this analysis is to highlight the importance of community risk perception, as a function of past policy practice, when considering new coastal management policy directions.     

The Economics of Using Ocean Observing Systems to Improve Beach Closure Policy

Beach closure policies in the United States suffers from two shortcomings. Type I errors, in which clean beaches are closed, results when managers resort to extensive beach closures because they are unsure of the spatial extent of water contamination. Type II errors, in which contaminated beaches remain open, occur because the time from sampling to public notification can be between two and nine days. Coastal Ocean Observing Systems (COOS) could reduce the impact of both Type I and II errors. The COOS could reduce the spatial extent of beach closures by better predicting the fate of contaminants in coastal waters. An improved COOS also could reduce the time from sampling to public notification of contamination events. I estimate the lost recreational value associated with Type I errors (unnecessary closures) and the public health costs associated with Type II errors (unnecessary exposure to waterborne illnesses) for beaches in Southern California.     

Introduction to the Theme Issue: The Role of Geography in Contemporary Coastal Management Policy and Practice

This article provides a brief introduction to the theme issue on “The role of geography in contemporary coastal management policy and practice.” The theme is addressed through a suite of seven articles that collectively consider how geographical understandings and methods relate to contemporary coastal policy and practice. The key theme to emerge from the articles is that geography forms an underlying framework for considering integrated coastal management, largely due to the integrative nature of geography itself.     

Clean Water Act Section 404 and Coastal Marsh Sustainability

The “no net wetland loss” goal has not been met in urban coastal regions where conditions continue to exacerbate wetland losses. Under the Clean Water Act (Section 404) the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and U. S. Environmental Protection Agency share responsibility for regulating placement of fill material in wetlands. The `no discharge of fill' rules threaten coastal wetlands with continuing losses due to effects of changing climate, including rising sea levels, higher storm surges, and flooding. Where inland migration is limited by development, or where sediment accretion rates are lower than the rate of sea level rise, urban wetlands will be lost unless marsh topography is elevated. We explored regulatory and design approaches in recent Hudson-Raritan Estuary (HRE), San Francisco Bay Estuary and coastal Louisiana restorations, including creation of new marshland using dredge material. Questions related to sea level rise, ecological position within the landscape, or potential effects of extreme storm events were not addressed in the HRE restoration designs; these concerns were taken into account in other regions. We suggest benefits of marsh `replenishment' should be acknowledged in Federal regulatory policy and that consistent policies supportive of low-lying coastal marsh preservation in all regions should be enacted.     

港区工程给水系统设计

根据现行给水排水设计规范、海港工程设计手册,对港口码头给水系统设计、系统用水贮水量、水压、水质提出自己的浅见,希望能对港口码头给水系统设计以及系统优化设计起到积极的作用。     

基于北斗/INS的移动型水质监测系统设计与实现

移动型水质监测系统由无人巡航船和陆面监控平台组成。无人巡航船利用"北斗一号"传输水质信息,利用"北斗二号"和惯性导航系统输出的导航信息。无人巡航船可实现自主移动、采集水质信息和发送信息;陆面监控平台可接收水质信息,该信息能在以Lab VIEW为环境开发的上位机软件上显示、存储和查询。对系统进行了测试,3个通信试验的平均丢包率分别为2.42%、2.5%和2.3%,通信丢包率低,无人巡航船运行轨迹和预设轨迹基本重合,能准确巡迹。     

Nutrient Assimilation Services for Water Quality Credit Trading Programs: A Comparative Analysis with Nonpoint Source Credits

Water quality trading programs allow regulated point sources to meet some nutrient control requirements by buying nutrient reduction credits from other pollutant sources. Reduction credits can be created when agricultural land managers implement best management practices and regulators predict that those practices will result in water quality conditions equivalent to controlling discharges at the regulated source. However, natural variability in runoff combines with model and data limitations to make predictions of water quality equivalence uncertain. Nutrient assimilation credits can be created by increasing the capacity of the ecosystem to assimilate nutrients through investments in aquatic plant biomass creation and harvest, shellfish aquaculture, stream restoration, and wetlands restoration and creation. Nutrient assimilation credits and agricultural nonpoint source reduction credits are evaluated based on a number of water quality criteria including service quantification certainty, temporal matching, additionality, and leakage. Nutrient assimilation credits can provide greater certainty than agricultural best management practices in producing equivalent water quality outcomes and should be an option in trading programs.     

Coastal Ecosystems and Agricultural Land Use: New Challenges on California's Central Coast

This article uses the Central Coast region of California as a case study to examine the challenges of protecting coastal ecosystems near areas of intensive agricultural production. Coastal water quality and biodiversity are greatly impacted by regional land use. Agricultural land use can have significant impacts on water quality through erosion and the runoff of agricultural chemicals. While the Central Coast region of California is a center for intensive agricultural production, it is also home to the largest marine sanctuary in the United States. This combination has resulted in intensive efforts from government agencies and conservation organizations to reduce pollution associated with agriculture. Efforts have focused on education and incentives, but are recently facing increasing challenges stemming from new standards created by the produce industry in response to food safety concerns. Personal interviews with crop growers were used to explore these challenges and to better understand the range of possible environmental impacts resulting from new food safety standards. Results indicate that substantial management changes are taking place that are likely to impact regional water quality and wildlife. This case study also explores the role of policy networks in shaping management decisions and illustrates how certain approaches to addressing agricultural pollution may be vulnerable to external policy changes.     

外高桥新港区顺岸码头工程水环境质量影响预测数学模型

本文在外高桥顺岸码头工程水环境现状评价的基础上,采用沿水深积分平均的二维水流水质数学模型,结合一定的定解条件,建立了预测该项工程对周围水环境影响的水质数学模型。采用ADI数值计算方法离散控制方程,考虑到顺岸码头下游3km的上海合流污水竹园排放口工程,预测计算工程建成后产生的污染源对评价区水域的水质影响。计算时,主要讨论了化学耗氧量(COD_(Mn))的浓度增量。本模型也可以推广应用于其他河口、海岸流场和浓度场的计算预测研究。     

中国到港船舶压载水中致病菌分析及检测

船舶压载水是海洋外来致病细菌传播的主要途径。对国内各沿海港口到港国际船舶的压载水中致病细菌的组成和检测方法进行对比分析。结果表明:国内各港口到港船舶的压载水中都有致病菌检出,主要类群为弧菌属(vibrio)、气单胞菌属(aeromonas)和大肠埃希氏菌(escherichia coli)等;船舶压载水和沉积物均在不同程度上携有致病菌。此外,综合分析船舶压载水致病菌的各种检测方法及其优缺点。     

Water quality and shellfish management in tillamook bay,Oregon

The contamination of shellfish by pathogenic bacteria and viruses is a concern of shellfish producers, distributors, and consumers. To address these water quality concerns, the National Shellfish Sanitation Program has classified shellfish growing waters as approved, conditionally approved, or prohibited. The Tillamook estuary is one of Oregon's primary shellfish harvest areas. Degradation of water quality in Tillamook Bay has been linked to oyster bed closures, declines in salmonid populations, and decreases in recreational use of estuarine resources. In this study, water quality concerns related to shellfish management are addressed by examining the patterns of fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) concentration in Tillamook Bay. A oneway analysis of variance was used to compare log‐transformed FCB concentrations in prohibited, restricted, and conditional shellfish management areas. We found (I) a difference in Tillamook Bay water quality between all three areas and (2) a change in FCB concentrations through time in each management area. Since the designation of shellfish management areas affects the economy and public health, monitoring practices need to be reevaluated in order to draw more refined conclusions about water quality trends in Tillamook Bay.     

船舶电子装备研制质量风险建模与评价方法

船舶电子装备的发展水平是船舶工业竞争力的重要衡量标准,由于船舶电子装备研制过程繁琐、探索性极强且成本高,导致研制过程中的风险防控难度非常高,为减少损失,对船舶电子装备项目研制中的质量风险进行建模与评价是必不可少的。本文针对这些问题,首先对船舶电子装备项目研制过程中的风险进行了研究,其次给出了船舶电子装备研制项目质量风险建模方法,然后根据风险控制目标要素的特点抽取决策变量建模,并根据模型选择合适的风险评价方法进行评价。最后以某所的综合船桥系统的研制为例,对上述所提出的方法进行验证,结果表明,在该系统研制过程中该方法风险识别的覆盖率为100%,风险评价的拟合度均超过80%。     

2000年国内外环境与水运的相关关系

本文应用计量经济学方法,首先对国内外环境与运输的大量参数进行相关分析,寻求出与各运输方式密切相关的主要因素,然后通过回归分析,建立了交通体系的计量经济模型,最后按国民经济预期达到的若干主要参数,预测2000年水运运量及港口吞吐量。     

加强检测设备计量检定 确保水运工程建设质量

通过介绍中国当前水运工程检测设备计量检定的现状,指出检测设备计量检定的必要性及重要性;通过两年多的专项研究工作,科研人员得出需编写检测设备的计量检定规程和组建计量检定中心来保证水运工程建设质量的结论。     

Overcoming Governance and Institutional Barriers to Integrated Coastal Zone,Marine Protected Area,and Tourism Management in Sri Lanka

One of the major barriers to addressing complex social–ecological issues through integrated coastal management (ICM) is a lack of intergovernmental coordination and cooperation (horizontal and vertical fragmentation). This article describes an effort to overcome the barriers to ICM in Sri Lanka by fostering intergovernmental collaboration and initiating adaptive governance to restore one town, Hikkaduwa, and its associated marine protected area (MPA) and coastal zone habitats. Administrators from 12 national and local governmental agencies that are responsible for aspects of coastal management in the town of Hikkaduwa participated in a series of formal and informal workshops and a week-long tour of ICM projects in the Philippines. Outcomes demonstrate that these informal and formal meetings, workshops, and travel experiences fostered trust, social capital, and attitudinal organizational commitment (AOC). The experiences motivated members to overcome vertical and horizontal governance fragmentation through the formation of an independent intergovernmental committee for the restoration of Hikkaduwa into a sustainable and resilient community. ICM activities undertaken by the newly formed organization suggest that internal leadership capacity, effective local–national partnerships, explicitly linked ecological–economic projects, and long-term commitment are necessary conditions for success. Overall, attainment of sustainability and resilience through successful ICM should be thought of as a journey and not a destination.     

基于某型船反渗透产水水质改进方案设计与实现

简要介绍某型船海上淡水保障过程中经常出现水质发黄等异常现象,详细分析了该船反渗透海水淡化装置产水引起管路系统水质发黄的原因,通过取样试验并制定具体改进设计方案并进行实地改造,消除了管路系统水质发黄现象,实现了水质改良预期效果.     

环抱式港池水体交换与改善措施研究*

环抱式港池既有防浪挡沙的优势,也有港区内外水体交换不畅的不足.以规划中的连云港港徐圩港区为例,利用对流扩散模型,模拟计算潮流作用下环抱式港池水体半交换周期,研究探讨改善港池水质的工程措施及其效果.研究结果表明:水动力条件是影响港池水体半交换周期的主要因素,包括作用的潮型和港池位置;工程措施的效果取决于其对水动力条件的改善程度和水体交换量的大小.