Community Participation in Marine Protected Area Management: Wakatobi National Park,Sulawesi, Indonesia

Coral reef areas are threatened worldwide by growing populations, tourism development, and use of poison and dynamite in fishing in areas adjacent to the reefs. The designation of marine protected areas is one strategy for addressing these problems. Wakatobi National Park, established in Eastern Indonesia in 1996, contains approximately 50,000 ha of coral reefs and a resident population of Sama-Bajo people whose traditions and current livelihoods tie them closely to the sea. The present research, using participatory rural appraisal methods, focused upon the impact of the designation of the Marine Park on their lives and investigated the potential for public participation in park planning and management. The Wakatobi Park Management Plan does not address the needs and interests of local people. Priority should be placed on adaptation of park zoning and protection regulations to accommodate the livelihood requirements of indigenous communities.     

A Method for Evaluating Marine Protected Area Management

An assumption underlying the growing support for marine protected areas (MPAs) is that they meet conservation goals and provide economic benefits to fisheries and ecotourism. However, support for MPAs will be at risk if managers cannot assess whether various MPA objectives are being fulfilled. Current approaches to MPA management emphasize the need to evaluate performance criteria; however, there is little consensus on criteria and their evaluation. We propose a marine protected area evaluation model (MPAEM), based on and modified from a multidisciplinary approach used to assess the sustainability of fisheries, called rapid appraisal of fisheries (Rapfish). The application of the MPAEM was explored in a pilot study of 20 MPAs located in different regions of the world. Results indicate that the MPAEM can be used to evaluate MPA management effectiveness. However, the manner in which the evaluation attributes are scored and ways of engaging user groups should be explored before MPAEM can become part of the day-to-day management of MPAs.     

Sanctuary Advisory Councils: Involving the Public in the National Marine Sanctuary Program

Scientists work with marine protected area (MPA) managers to design MPAs that will protect marine resources, maintain biodiversity, promote tourism, and enhance biological production. It has become increasingly clear that scientific input is not the only requisite for ensuring establishment of these areas. Understanding the political institutions and management systems that govern these areas is as important for establishing MPAs as understanding the natural resources in the area. Recent studies have found that the success of establishing and managing MPAs can be attributed to increased public participation in the management process. This article looks at the public's involvement in the management of the U.S. equivalent of MPAs, the National Marine Sanctuaries. In particular, Sanctuary Advisory Councils are examined as one mechanism through which the public can participate in the management of marine sanctuaries. The article concludes with comments on the evolving role of these councils in marine resource management.     

Competing Visions for Marine Tenure and Co-Management: Genesis of a Marine Management Area System in Chile

Chile has been attempting to establish a Management Area (MA) system that melds the use of marine protected areas with marine tenure. The process has brought to the fore the competing interests of various user groups: artisanal fishermen, marine science professionals, government managers, tourist developers, and the Navy. We explore the core relationships among fishermen and the ecologists and biologists whose work is essential for establishing and maintaining a MA. The MA system's creation and implementation raise the key question of whether a marine tenure system can work under the conditions imposed by the Chilean government. There is a need to recognize and reconcile contradictions in a government management model that strives simultaneously to be a conservation zone and a financially profitable co-management zone. This article examines the MA management system's fault lines in the context of Chile's political economy, and the intimate interaction of management with fishermen's cultural survival strategies.     

A Socioeconomic Perspective of Environmental Degradation at Kepulauan Seribu Marine National Park,Indonesia

Kepulauan Seribu was designated as a marine protected area to promote and protect a healthy marine ecosystem and its biodiversity. However, despite numerous efforts to protect the area, the park continues to be impacted by both external and internal factors. External factors include domestic sewage, vessel traffic, industrial effluent, and urban run-off from metropolitan Jakarta. Meanwhile, internal factors include the problems created by tourism development and the impacts of the economic activities of the park's residents. The ongoing political and economic crisis in Indonesia, which has plagued the country since 1997, has amplified the pressure on the resources and on the well being of the park. This study traces and analyzes the intrinsic causes of the internal problems using a socioeconomic perspective. We suggest that alleviation of poverty and marginality of the park's residents should be prioritized, and that park management should be based on consensus building and participation of all stakeholders.     

Caught in a Maelstrom: Implementing California Marine Protected Areas

The first attempt to implement the 1999 California Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA) to establish marine protected areas (MPAs) ended contentiously in 2002. The initial MLPA process is examined by a statutory analysis and an analysis of stakeholder network relationships and beliefs. The failure of the initial MLPA process can be understood by a combination of factors: (i) Insufficient financial support from the California State government; (ii) Unclear, unranked and inconsistent statutory objectives; (iii) The application of a science-based process that excluded affected stakeholders; (iv) Implementing officials who lacked expertise in designing and managing political processes; and (v) A community of stakeholders who were polarized into coalitions of proponents and opponents of MPAs. The article concludes by discussing limitations of its methods and analysis and by offering strategies for learning from policy failures.     

Marine Protected Area Management Effectiveness: Progress and Lessons in the Philippines

Quantifying progress in management of marine protected areas (MPAs) is crucial to marine conservation and fisheries management in the Philippines. This study compiles data on the status, occurrence, and management gaps of MPAs through coordination with multiple organizations supporting and guiding MPAs in the Philippines. MPA management effectiveness was measured using a MPA Rating System. Since 2002 the modal MPA rating levels increased from level 1 (initiated) to level 4 (sustained) in 2008/9. This upward trend is attributed to factors that promoted both the establishment and improved management of MPAs. Analysis indicated that: (1) most MPAs struggle with budgetary constraints or lack of sustainable financing and (2) overall the MPAs are being maintained and progressing with notable improvement in management despite a range of difficulties encountered during the implementation process. For MPAs in the Visayan Region for which biophysical data were available, the MPA Rating System was used to assess the effectiveness of local government capacity building on MPA coral reef health. Our results suggest that MPAs with higher ratings are likely to have better reef health conditions.     

Understanding Recreational Boater Attitudes to Zoning in a Proposed Marine Protected Area

Although the success of marine protected areas (MPAs) and associated zoning schemes is largely dependent on stakeholder acceptance and support, there have been relatively few studies examining the response of recreational stakeholders to MPA proposals. This study investigates the response of recreational boaters to a proposed MPA in British Columbia, Canada. Using a structured questionnaire (n = 543) and a focus group (n = 6), the research examines the level of support for the concept of marine zoning and identifies key factors influencing support or opposition. Results indicate that a small majority of recreational boaters support the concept of marine zoning, but that there are areas of concern that ought to be addressed as MPA implementation proceeds. Support for zoning was strongly related to perceived benefits, particularly environmental benefits. Furthermore, perceived benefits overall were found to outweigh concerns as determinants of recreational boater support for zoning. Major dimensions of opposition included perceptions of over-regulation, loss of access for boating, and mistrust of the government. A suggestion is that such concerns may be mitigated through focused communication and meaningful involvement of boaters in the zoning process.     

Dynamite Fishing in a Marine Protected Area in Tanzania: Why Youth Perceptions Matter

Young men in coastal Tanzania are often blamed for damaging marine habitats by engaging in unsustainable and destructive fishing practices, including dynamite fishing, but their perceptions have not been sufficiently documented. While marine scientists, international environmental NGOs, and activists have called attention to the destructive fishing practices’ devastating impacts, insights into the contextual factors that motivate those who engage in dynamite fishing are limited. Additionally, risk perceptions and concerns regarding the environmental impact and dangers of dynamite fishing among the youth are also understudied. This paper provides ethnographic insights into the historical and contextual factors underlying dynamite fishing in rural coastal Mtwara. It draws on ethnographic data gathered through participant observation, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with residents from two neighboring coastal villages – one located inside a marine protected area (MPA), and another located outside the MPA’s boundary. The paper first examines the views of elderly men and women to provide the historical context of dynamite fishing in coastal Mtwara. It then juxtaposes youth perceptions regarding marine conservation and dynamite fishing in the two villages, vis-à-vis ongoing efforts to curb destructive fishing practices and to enhance marine biodiversity and ecotourism in the region. Results of the study reveal that unresolved tensions between the MPA authorities and local fishers surrounding enforcement practices and unfulfilled gear-exchange-related promises, and allegations of poor governance, are important contextual factors in the persistence of dynamite fishing. The paper concludes by articulating possible remedial measures to mitigate the tensions between youth concerns about their livelihoods, and the goals of marine biodiversity conservation as a way forward in preventing dynamite fishing.     

Community Participation in Marine Protected Area Implementation: A Case Study of the Sitka Local Area Management Plan

This article has two goals: (1) to consider the underlying semantic confusion surrounding the promotion of “social science” in the design and establishment of marine protected areas and (2) to demonstrate the successful community processes that led to the designation of Sitka, Alaska's Local Area Management Plan (LAMP) for halibut fishing in the vicinity of Sitka. Uniting a collection of diverse “social” issues creates ambiguity in actual problem solving—extensive generalization can not resolve a specific issue. The Sitka LAMP is a specific case with clear details and a traceable history of success, designed to sustain the healthy status of Sitka's local halibut resource. The development of the Sitka LAMP designation demonstrates the importance of community collaboration and exhibits methods that could potentially be modeled in other locations.     

轮机模拟器辅锅炉仿真系统的设计与实现

应用计算机仿真技术模拟船舶辅锅炉的操作功能，采用仿真支撑系统及VC＋＋6．0分别实现了仿真模型和操作界面，通过网络实现了仿真模型和操作界面的结合，得到人机交互界面友善的轮机模拟器辅锅炉仿真系统。     

沿海地区海洋经济可持续发展能力实证研究

实现海洋经济可持续发展是解决当前人类所面临的资源匮乏、空间紧张、环境恶化等问题的一条有效途径。本文通过构建可持续发展的评价指标体系,运用主成分分析法对我国沿海地区11个省市的可持续发展能力进行定量评价和分析,量度了沿海地区海洋经济可持续发展的总体能力和水平。该研究可以对沿海地区实施海洋开发战略,获取最优的经济和社会效益提供依据。     

船用纯甲醇发动机燃料喷射系统的设计研究

鉴于节能减排和能源危机双重压力,绿色船舶已成为未来船舶的发展方向。甲醇以其清洁、环保、可再生、可获取性强等诸多优势,已跻身未来船用燃料C位。然而,在世界范围内,船用纯甲醇发动机研究尚处于探索阶段。以船用柴油喷射系统为改装对象,通过比较甲醇与柴油的物化特性,指出纯甲醇燃料喷射系统设计开发中面临的技术难题,并提出解决方案,为船用纯甲醇发动机研究提供指导和借鉴。     

一种船用起重设备多连杆防摇装置设计及仿真研究

对于起重设备,尤其是船用起重设备,吊装作业时起吊对象的摇摆是一种常见现象,其往往影响作业效率,甚至影响作业安全,该特点在舱室空间有限的船用领域表现的尤其明显。针对该类摇摆问题,本文设计了一种新型空间多连杆防摇装置,通过三维空间正交耦合约束方式实现了吊运对象的直线导向功能,进而达到防摇效果;并基于Adams软件对该装置的防摇性能进行了仿真研究,分析出大车、小车以及吊具升降时吊装对象的运动学状态。结果表明,该装置达到了良好的防摇效果,并具有结构新颖、工作可靠、安装紧凑的优点,在船用防摇领域具有很高的工程应用价值。     

船舶电网参数基于DSP的液晶显示的研究

根据点阵液晶显示模块SED1335在船舶电网参数检测中的应用,提出了一种控制液晶显示的实现方法。针对液晶显示控制系统中遇到的大量数据的实时高速传输问题,采用具有快速的计算能力和强大的信息处理能力的数字信号处理器。具体介绍了数字处理芯片TMS320F2812及液晶模块SED1335的功能特性和控制参数,并提出以TMS320F2812为控制核心的硬件电路,给出了C语言实现软件设计的具体方法。     

Overcoming Governance and Institutional Barriers to Integrated Coastal Zone,Marine Protected Area,and Tourism Management in Sri Lanka

One of the major barriers to addressing complex social–ecological issues through integrated coastal management (ICM) is a lack of intergovernmental coordination and cooperation (horizontal and vertical fragmentation). This article describes an effort to overcome the barriers to ICM in Sri Lanka by fostering intergovernmental collaboration and initiating adaptive governance to restore one town, Hikkaduwa, and its associated marine protected area (MPA) and coastal zone habitats. Administrators from 12 national and local governmental agencies that are responsible for aspects of coastal management in the town of Hikkaduwa participated in a series of formal and informal workshops and a week-long tour of ICM projects in the Philippines. Outcomes demonstrate that these informal and formal meetings, workshops, and travel experiences fostered trust, social capital, and attitudinal organizational commitment (AOC). The experiences motivated members to overcome vertical and horizontal governance fragmentation through the formation of an independent intergovernmental committee for the restoration of Hikkaduwa into a sustainable and resilient community. ICM activities undertaken by the newly formed organization suggest that internal leadership capacity, effective local–national partnerships, explicitly linked ecological–economic projects, and long-term commitment are necessary conditions for success. Overall, attainment of sustainability and resilience through successful ICM should be thought of as a journey and not a destination.     

船舶电站相位差检测装置的设计与实现

电站是船舶动力装置的关键设备,为提高其并联运行可靠性,在分析相位差检测原理的基础上,提出采用中断方式获取恒定超前时间来提高并联运行控制器的工作精度。该方法通过中断方式对高速计数器进行复位和读取操作并通过算法计算出提前合闸的时刻,使相位差在断路器合闸的瞬间可靠为零。基于该方法设计了并联运行控制器,并完成了外围硬件电路设计,以及PLC的硬件组态和程序编程。经仿真平台运行实验验证,该并联运行控制器可有效降低合闸瞬间的冲击环流约30%,提高了电站运行的可靠性,为船舶电力系统的研究设计提供了有益参考。     

一种可视化小型海洋环境信息系统的设计与实现

提供一种可视化小型海洋环境信息系统的设计思想及实现方法，即在Visual C＋＋可视化编程环境下，利用MapX控件将CIS功能嵌入其中来开发小型海洋环境信息系统，实现对海洋环境信息的可视化在询、分析、显示等基本功能。     

一种拉伸式的船用螺旋桨边界线逆向改型设计及其模拟仿真

依靠图谱和经验进行船用螺旋桨的设计已经不能适应时代的要求,运用数字化手段进行设计与制造已经成为当前的主要发展趋势。本研究创新了一种船用螺旋桨边界曲线改型方法,改型过程中通过移动导边侧约束面和随边约束面的位置来控制边界曲线的形状,从而实现螺旋桨的改型设计。通过fluent软件模拟,发现随边侧约束面沿拉伸方向的移动可以有效提高螺旋桨推进效率,最高可以达到53.2%,而导边侧约束面的移动在一个相对较小的范围内对螺旋桨效率的提高有明显的作用。因此,这种拉伸式的逆向改型方法对设计具有高效率的螺旋桨具有重要的应用价值。     

我国航海心理学研究的现状与展望

综述了我国航海心理学发展的历史和现状,从航海心理学学科理论体系构建、生物节律、海员心理过程、海员心理疲劳、海员个性与测验编制、海员心理卫生状态等六个方面阐述了我国在航海心理学方面的研究成果,对目前航海心理学研究中存在的一些问题,提出了看法,并展望了航海心理学发展的方向。